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An essay on Japanese foreign relations is presented. The author explores the Japanese amicable treatment for the Europeans which changes due to foreign invasion, wherein Gongen Sama proclaimed the penalty of death for foreign visits. The author mentions that to end Japan's foreign intrusion, Consul General Townsend Harris negotiated for a commercial treaty, however, a series of murderous assaults took place to restore Gongen Sama's regime.

The article focuses on the book "One Thousand Familiar Phrases in English and Romanized Japanese," by John Liggins. Japanese jugglers who are imported and Japanese embassies that come of their own the newly established communication between Japan and California is bringing into unexpected contact with the ingenious islanders. The author says that it is difficult to carry on a large business with a small capital or, turning the conversation upon Soviet Union; have remarked impressively.

This article focuses on the political and economic developments in the U.S. A curious illustration of the indirect but baleful influence of vicious and absurd civil-service system has been recently brought to light in the history of certain experiences that have befallen the Japanese in their intercourse with the U.S. Government. In the midst of this sink of corruption stands the Secretary of the Treasury, not only charged with the custody of the national funds, but charged with the duty of keeping down the price of gold, and even of keeping money easy. In other words, just as Congress, under tariff system, has it in its power to raise or lower the price of nearly all the principal necessaries and luxuries, the Secretary of the Treasury has it in his power to determine in any given week the purchasing power of the paper dollar by raising or lowering the price of gold.

The article presents information on various developments related to publishers and publishing. G. P. Putnam's Sons have published the "Journal of Social Science," for June, containing the papers read at the General Meeting of the American Association at Saratoga last year, with the customary synopsis of proceedings and the program of the meeting appointed at the same place for September 6-10, 1887. The Scottish Geographical Magazine for July opens with an article on Japan by Russell Robertson, British Consul at Yokohama, and for twenty-five years a resident of the islands. It is packed closely with geographical and industrial facts, and fairly bristles with statistics.

The article focuses on political conditions around the world. Where the U.S. Speaker's function in a Parliamentary government is concerned, it is assumed that the Speaker is indifferent to the two political parties in official capacity and both parties submit with a good grace to the Speaker's decision. A parliamentary body presided over by an avowed partisan would always be on the verge of physical violence. The recent elections in Japan have proved that Radical and Liberal are purely relative words in Japanese politics, that there are in fact no crying grievances, that the real sting of whatever measures are obnoxious is that they are imposed by a close corporation of rulers, who, be it said, have safely conducted the Government through great crises.

This article comments on the book "Japanese Pottery," by James L. Bowes. A glance at the opening pages of Bowes's sumptuous book shows that the author claims to have brought together a collection of Japanese pottery so complete, as representing provinces, makers, and marks, that he ventures to imply that the Japanese themselves will in the future be obliged to appeal to it to learn about their own pottery. Bowes's numerous mistakes in confounding the name of the kiln with that of the potter, the marks which have been wrongly read, and, above all, the erroneous dates assigned to so many specimens, and come at once to the vital question as to whether the attribution of many of his pieces is correct or not. If correct, then his book may be taken as a guide, as far as it goes.

This article focuses on the Inland sea of Japan. The Inland Sea, at once both Bosphorus and Archipelago, stretches 400 miles from Kobé to Nagasaki. It is so narrow or so islanded that in all that distance steamers are never out of sight of land, and usually hug some shore so closely that they are near enough for distinct vision. At one point the broad water narrows to 600 feet. One can have a full view weather- beaten dark houses with white gables, groves, terraced hills, here tolerant of culture to the very top, and there torn by torrents till they look like the variegated rocks of Dakota Bad Lands.

The article presents information about several books. T. Fisher Unwin's list of fall publications includes "The Real Japan: Studies of Contemporary Japanese Manners, Morals, Administrations, and Politics," by Henry Norman, with photographic illustrations and "The Autobiography of an English Gamekeeper," edited by Arthur H. Byng and Stephen M. Stephens. The Duniap Society has tardily sent forth to its subscribers as its first volume for this year, and as the thirteenth of its series, a collection of addresses, chiefly on theatrical subjects, by William Winter.

It has now become in Japan an interesting question whether the Government is justified in transferring masterpieces of painting from temples to museums. The question would be a less difficult one if interests of religion or any other high interests were served by keeping the property as it is. But so many dangers threaten it under present circumstances, so important are the artistic interests involved, and so selfish and undeserving are the aims of the custodian priests, that expediency and justice give but one answer.

This article focuses on the book "Japans Volkswirthschaft und Staatshaushalt," by Karl Rathgen. Japanese economics and finance, while they have engaged the best talent of the native Japanese, have not thus far awakened much interest in foreign students. A few incomplete studies in the Proceedings of the Asiatic Societies are all we have of value in this department outside of newspaper records. The financial and economic portions of Rein's works are meagre and antiquated. Rathgen had a comparatively unexplored field of investigation, or at least a field not thus far systematically surveyed.

The theme of foreign jurisdiction in Japan, is that form of invasion of national-sovereignty which consists in maintaining indefinitely a staff of foreign judges and foreign sheriffs within the confines of an independent state, of a system that substitutes for foreign laws and foreign procedure for the sovereign rules of a civilized nation; of a policy that denies efficacy to the merest police regulations until they have been confirmed by the assent of seventeen States, scattered all the globe.

The article presents information about two books on Japan. The book "A Handbook for Travelers in Japan," by B.H. Chamberlain and W.B. Mason gives vivid illustration of the changes which have taken place in Japan during the last ten years. The book "Things Japanese," by B.H. Chamberlain is a Japanese cyclopedia. The information contained in various articles is not only authoritative, but the most recent available, and what makes it more valuable still is that most articles have an appendix containing a list of books to be consulted by those who wish to make special studies.

This article presents information on political conditions in Japan during 1893. Japanese are straining every nerve to introduce the most radical form of party government, though their Parliament is hardly three years old. The very loyalty of the Japanese makes them more eager to overthrow the present government. The most powerful man at present within the ranks of the government, the most versatile and enlightened of her statesmen, is Count Ito, Prime Minister of Japan. Japan at present is in a state of suspense between two extreme parties, each eager to carry out its own purpose and to overthrow its opponent.

The article focuses on the book "Japan" by author David Murray. The book bears a firmness of touch and warmth of coloring which are lacking in the narratives of hasty tourists. There is especially that appreciation of perspective which is often exasperatingly absent from the sketches of those who give their readers the real, or the aesthetic, or the religious or political Japan. Accepting the myths and legends as reflections of Japanese thought and representations in outline of history, Murray has selected with excellent taste and judgment the prettiest and most interesting portions of the narratives of the ancient compilations.

The dominant note of Japanese polities is the popular feeling of hostility toward the present Sat-Cho government, or, as it is often called, clan government. Of this feeling of hostility, of its widespread character, of its essential justice, there can be no doubt whatever. When Parliament opened in November, it was certain that there would be an interesting session. Hoshi Torn, President of the lower House, one of the most powerful men in the Radical party, and one of the political leaders of Japan, had succeeded in rousing the bitter enmity of the "Kaishinto."

The article presents information on the book "Landscape Gardening in Japan," by Josiah Conder. The book volume of one hundred and sixty pages recites that "the present work is an exposition of the rules and theories of the Art of Landscape Gardening in Japan, so far as they can be gathered from a study of native authorities, added to personal observation. The book is divided into twelve chapters, treating of the history and design of Japanese gardens, and such special topics as enclosures, lakes, bridges, lanterns, and the all-important garden stones The work is illustrated by twelve inartistic but highly instructive full-page lithographic plates, and by about one hundred woodcuts from drawings by a skilful native draughtsman.

The article presents information on political conditions of several nations. The fight over the tariff bill has already lasted long enough to show where the Democratic party stands. It always takes a few days for public sentiment to formulate itself and secure expression through public meetings, the columns of the weekly newspapers, and the other channels of its utterance. The peculiar feature of the political situation in Japan is that no party that wishes the least measure of popular success can openly support the Government. Individual Japanese may be found who will go so far as to say that the present Government had better remain in power until the existing parties have received a more thorough political training, but more than this they will not say in its support.

This article presents information on political conditions of several nations. The doctrines of Anarchy have found many adepts in Germany. In 1848, in France it seemed as if the establishment of the Republic, universal suffrage, an absolute liberty of the press, and the right of meeting would have given satisfaction to the most ardent partisans of social and political reform. Such savage doctrines threaten the very life of a nation; they reveal under the surface of civilization a residuum of potential crime. The peculiar feature of the political situation in Japan is that no party that wishes the least measure of popular success can openly support the Government. Individual Japanese may be found who will go so far as to say that the present Government had better remain in power until the existing parties have received a more thorough political training, but more than this they will not say in its support.

The article focuses on the initiative of a Japanese newspaper photographer who utilize a balloon to get images of the war between Japan and China. His strategy of getting into the balloon kept him safe from the two opposing countries while succeeding in providing accurate news to their papers. It discusses the significance of this strategy to the photographers who want to take new scenes and original things with their cameras.

This article presents information on political conditions in the U.S. during 1895. A late decision of the U.S. Supreme Court affirms the constitutionality of a state law which prohibits the selling of any substance compounded in whole or in part of fats, oils, or any oleaginous material not produced from milk or cream. California is now afflicted with a new apprehension, namely, of being overrun by the Japanese. The new treaty with Japan, which has just been negotiated, gives the people of each nation the right of free entry into the other.

Japan has preeminently displayed some qualities in her struggle with her gigantic neighbor. The first of these is the moderation of her conduct towards China in declaring war. Not less creditable to Japan, moreover, was her complete readiness for beginning the war. Not only did she have her soldiers in perfect training, not only was her navy in a state of great efficiency but the Japanese military authorities had a far bettor knowledge of the state of China than the Chinese themselves. Most important of all, is the thorough organization of the Japanese army and its entire military equipment.

This article presents information on various political issues around the world. It is almost thirty years since a small party, mostly civil-service reformers, sat down to breakfast in Washington, with the view of introducing their subject to the notice of a few men in public life, one of whom was a U.S. Senator. The legislature at Albany usually sits about four months, but the time occupied by the session bears comparatively little relation to the bulk of legislation turned out. Early in January the members of the parliamentary opposition introduced an address to the throne making the present ministers responsible for the retrocession of the Liaotung Peninsula and the failure of Japan's Corean policy.

This article focuses on party politics in Japan and presents information on two new volumes of the book "Memoirs of Barras." Early in January the members of the parliamentary opposition introduced an address to the throne making the present ministers responsible for the retrocession of the Liaotung Peninsula and the failure of Japan's Corean policy. Two new volumes of the book "Memoirs of Barras," have appeared, the two last, and complete what is to be remembered of the political career of the terrorist Viscount do Barras, who left the political stage when he was still young and in full possession of all his facilities. He disappeared in the movement which he had himself prepared, before political leader Napolean Bonaparte, whom he always considered his own creation.

The article discusses about the election in Japan, which has just been held for new members of Parliament. Since the first election there were no party cries, no party platforms, and no special party excitement. Beyond the fact that the Constitution of Japan prescribes an election within a certain period after the dissolution of Parliament and requires the sanction of Parliament for the enactment of certain measures, it is difficult to see why the late election took place. The article also throws light on relationship of Spain with the U.S. Issues of war and peace have been remitted to the hands of the U.S. President. The only possible escape from some resort to force is apparently the surrender of Spain to the American demands.

This article presents information on various political developments in the world. The party Cabinet in Japan that came into power with so much applause in June has reached an inglorious end in a shorter time even than its enemies predicted. Its supporters at the start confidently affirmed that this Cabinet would have a term of six years at least, while its enemies, the Conservatives attached to the old regime, hardly dared to limit its duration to less than two years. A tenure of office lasting scarcely four months has seen the rise, decline, and fall of the first party cabinet in Japan, together with a complete disintegration of the Constitutional party. Ever since the war of 1870, France imagined that she had and could have but one enemy, the thought of a war with England never entered her mind. Not that there was anything between France and England like an alliance, France thought that her ancient ally of the Crimea had been too indifferent to her misfortunes, and had too readily acquiesced in the hard conditions of the Treaty of Frankfort. But this sentiment did not create any ill-will, as the war of 1870 had really been provoked by the Empire, as it had been short, and as the victories of Prussia had been too crushing to give to the neutral Powers much influence in the result.

The article presents information on practical politics. In his admirable address at the recent meeting in the interest of Hampton Institute, its president, H. B. Frissell, dwelt upon a curious phase of African Americans' problem in the South. To outward appearance, neither Russia nor Japan is financially in a position to wage a great war. A circular note from Sublime Porte, complaining of the warlike attitude of Bulgaria does not necessarily mean war, but it does mean that the Sultan intends to exercise a free hand in Macedonia and Albania.

The article focuses on some political and economic developments. Japanese Government has at last allowed a number of war correspondents to join the army in Korea. It is but an expected decision which the French court renders against the Colombia shareholders in the Panama Co. Their suit, however, was the least of the legal difficulties in the way of the transfer to the United States. According to another information, it is now some twenty-two years since the last effort of an individual bond-holder to collect his money from a repudiating State failed in the Supreme Court.

This article focuses on the sociopolitical developments in various parts of the world. This has been a test year for organized labor of the U.S. Two years ago, wages were on an ascending scale, the movement culminating in the demands of railroad hands in all parts of the country for a larger share of the profits resulting from the great industrial boom. The extent and the cost of the victory at Liaoyang are still in doubt, no such doubt invests the sudden coming of Japan to her military majority. Indeed, the war power of Japan has already been admitted with a premature if prophetic readiness.

The article discusses various political developments around the world during 1905. The article states that a single new invention or development in marine engineering may consign the enormously costly fleet to the scrap heap without a moment's warning. The victory of the floating mine, resulted in all the losses that the Japanese suffered. Other development cited was the participation of City party in the election in Philadelphia on February 21, 1905. It nominated candidates for councilmen, and endorsed two Democrats, for the "minority" magistrates.

The article presents information about various books. "Girls' Christian Names," by Helena Swan is a reprint of a work that appeared several years ago. There has been, however, no attempt to bring its information up to date, so that the Princess of Wales is still referred to under "Alexandra" and the Queen under "Victoria." The geographical bibliography for 1904, in the September number of the Annales de Géographie, contains over a thousand main entries, being more than in any previous year. The works relating to France and its colonial possessions occupy naturally the largest place with some two hundred titles, while there are but forty-nine for the U.S. and eight for Japan, scientific works only.

The article presents information on various developments around the world. If Japan, on the one hand, and the second great power involved, the San Francisco Board of Education, on the other, assent to the "solution" of the question of Japanese immigration devised at Washington, an end of the controversy is reached for the time being. William Hurrell Mallock's series of lectures on Socialism promise to make a pleasant book. His literary reputation had, of course, preceded him to the U.S., and he was certain to receive a welcome and to find good audiences.

The article focuses on issues related to international relations. It is hard to believe that so discreet an official as the foreign minister of so diplomatic a nation as the Japanese should have really made use of the uncalled for and almost brutal threats against the Chinese Government, with which a Korean dispatch credits him. In the absence, however, of testimony to the contrary, Japanese foreign minister Viscount Hayashi is on record as declaring that the fate of Korea may be regarded by China as a lesson; it should be a warning to that country to put her house in order, ere some strong nation, whichever one might be moved so to do, imitates events in Korea. From the moment when peace was signed with the Boers at Vereeniging, South Africa in 1902, the union of Africa south of the Limpopo and Orange Rivers, South Africa under one autonomous government might have been taken for granted. The British trend towards colonial federation, which had manifested itself in North America and Australia under the sole influence of internal causes, could not but run with greater force in South Africa, where was to be found the additional powerful stimulus of neighboring foreign territories and, consequently, foreign rivalry.

This article focuses on various political and social issues around the world. The formal announcement made through the financial agents of Japan in this country, that the Japanese government has decided on a drastic cut in its military and naval outlay, need cause no surprise. Germany has explained that when she let loose her latest Moroccan thunderbolt, she was merely offering advice, but French journalists when discussing German policy with regard to Morocco will continue to use the favorite adjective, brutal. The Kentish hop-growers are having a hard year. A few months ago they were complaining so bitterly on the "dumping," of American hops on the English market that a select committee was appointed to report on the industry. A striking difference may be pointed out between the Roman Catholic Church and the average young person who writes verses for the magazines.

The article comments on various social and political developments around the world. There has been considerable stir over the anti-Japanese bills laid before the California Legislature; and in an address in Washington on Monday, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt has made a fresh demand for a "square deal" for the Japanese. Apparently, the matter is now to be threshed over again in the terrifying headlines of the sensational press. But a recent investigation by the Federal Bureau of Labor shows how little basis there is for the demagogue's frequent assertion that his opposition to the Japanese is neither blind nor selfish, but can stand the test of facts and logic.

The article presents the economic and political updates of the U.S., as of November 25, 1909. Careful perusal of the opinion in Saturday's decision against the Standard Oil Co. will convince most readers of the journal "The Nation," that it is not only sound law as the statutes stand, but is conservative interpretation of the law. The decision of the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals is, like the Supreme Court Vs Northern Securities decision of 1904, leveled primarily against the holding-company device, when employed for monopolistic purposes. In another political update, the U.S. State Department's approval of the China-Japanese conventions concerning Manchuria, China, signed on September 4, comes somewhat belated, but welcome nevertheless.

The article presents information on various literary works. Methuen & Co. of London, England announce a book on "The Fall of Abdul-Hamid" by Francis McCullagh. McCullagh was in Constantinople at the time of the revolution and was able to supplement his own observations by interviews with most of the chief actors. In the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, M.W. de Visser, recently appointed curator of the Ethnographic Museum at Leyden, continues his scholarly studies of the dog and cat in Japanese folklore, especially at the native notions are reflected in literature.

This article presents information, related to socio-political issues. The compromise which has now been reached by the Railroad-Bill Conference Committee regarding the question of Federal control of issues of stocks and bonds, is of a kind very natural under the circumstances. The decision of the California Labor Bureau that Japanese immigration is necessary to the welfare of that State, comes as a striking commentary on. the anti-Japanese agitation of two years ago. The protest at that time seemed to be unanimous. The Legislature was prepared to pass a whole series of restrictive laws, ranging from the total exclusion of Japanese laborers to the segregation in schools of all Japanese children.

Presents various books on different topics. The books on Japan includes "Behind the Screens: An Englishwoman's Impression of Japan," by Evelyn Adam, "Highways and Homes of Japan," by Lady Lawson, "Japan for a Week," by A.M. Thompson, "Military Japan. The Japanese Army and Navyin 1910," by J.C. Balet. The books on Japan recall the kind of criticism and appreciation we used to get a score of years ago, when the globe-trotter discovered the country. The current fiction includes "The Broad highway," by Jeffery Farnol, "The Prodigal Judge," by Vaughan Kester, "Fortunata," by Marjorie Patterson, "Angela's Quest," by Lilian Bell.

University chairs of general religious history were established in Holland in 1876 and in France in 1880, and their example has been followed to some extent in this country and in Japan. The endowment of Henry Wilde has now given Oxford University a lectureship in natural and comparative religion and the choice of the first Wilde lecturer has happily fallen on a scholar whose distinguished services to the history of Greek religion are recognized everywhere. Lewis R. Farnell in the book "Greece and Babylon: A Comparative Sketch of Mesopotamian, Anatolian, and Hellenic Religions," has chosen as the theme of his first course the religious influence of the East on the West, in the East he includes Babylonia, Assyria and Asia Minor.