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Background: Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) is a heterogeneous species within the genus, affecting cattle and other ruminants, with economic impact on livestock production. Aim: The study aimed to update the taxonomy of the Pestivirus A, BVDV-1 species and to verify the clustering of the strains reported as genotype 1v, originating from different countries. Methods: Recently deposited strains from China, Turkey, and Iran have been evaluated by the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) genotyping method. Results: Based on secondary structure analysis of the 5'-UTR sequences, strains reported as 1v from China were clustered as sub genotype 1.7.3 (1o). Genotype 1.19 (1w) was restricted to China and genotype 1.21 (1v) was present only in Turkey and Iran. Conclusion: The application of the PNS method clarified the taxonomical status of strains, revealing the homonymy of genetically different clusters. Furthermore, these observations indicated geographic segregation in the Pestivirus A species, and confirmed the occurrence of new atypical genetic variants, with potential implications on control and prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcophagidae is one of the main fly families that is attracted to open wounds, ulcers, lesions, and other injuries for depositing their larvae. The presence of larvae of flies in human tissues makes myiasis. Myiasis on the scalp could be more frightening in comparison with myiasis on the other parts of the body. It is a rare myiasis case that shows the ability of myiasis agents to attack various parts of the body. On the other hand, reporting of myiasis cases by Sarcophagidae larvae is not common due to difficulties in their identification. This study aimed to emphasize the importance of Sarcohagidae larvae in producing myiasis by describing the first case of soft tissue sarcoma infestation and provides a review of human myiasis by larvae of the Sarcophagidae family during 2010–2023 and also a review of wound myiasis cases associated with malignancy during 2000–2023. Case presentation: A case of sarcoma cancer myiasis is reported on the scalp of a 43-year-old man who referred to one of Tehran's hospitals for surgical treatment of cancer. Before surgery, insect larvae were observed in the area of ​​sarcoma. The larvae were isolated, examined morphologically, and identified as Sarcophaga spp. Conclusions: Myiasis has been considered as a neglected disease. Publishing of myiasis cases could be useful to alert health policy-makers about its danger and appearance in the community. It is not usual but can be expected even on the scalp of the human head. Exact daily supervision and dressing of the wound could be recommended to prevent cutaneous myiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giardia duodenalis (G. duodenalis), is one of the major causes of gastrointestinal disorders worldwide, infecting the small intestine of humans and animals. Based on the genetic characteristics of the parasite, eight genotypes (A to H) have been identified in clinical samples. The main purpose of the present study was to find the genetic diversity of Giardia in people referred to health centers in Semnan, Iran, using PCR. Totally, 300 stool samples were collected from people referred to health centers in Semnan. The stool samples were first examined using the microscopic method (direct method and Lugol staining), and the samples were checked with trichrome staining. After DNA extraction, the GDH gene of positive samples was amplified by the semi-nested PCR method. The genotype of positive samples was determined by the sequencing method. Out of 300 samples, only 20 (6.66%) samples were found to be positive in the microscopic examination of the stool. In the PCR test, only 13 (4.33%) of the samples were positive. According to the multiple alignment results, it was found that the isolates belonged to AII, BIII, and BIV genotypes. Most of which are related to people without clinical symptoms of diarrhea. Identification of AII, BIV, and BIII genotypes indicates the anthroponotic and anthropozoonotic transmission cycle of Giardia infection in Semnan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Brain tumors are the most frequent solid tumors in children. High-grade tumors are more challenging in diagnosis. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) may be mistaken for other high-grade brain tumors. Molecular genetic analysis of ATRT has shown deletion and mutation in the hSNF5/INI1 gene in most of the cases. The INI1 protein expression can be helpful for the accurate diagnosis. Methods: In this study, immunohistochemical staining (IHC) using INI1 antibody was performed to determine the possibility of ATRT misdiagnosis. Totally, 147 tumors including 6 ATRTs, 81 medulloblastomas, and 60 other CNS tumors were examined in children between 0 and 17 years old. Results: No nuclear staining was found in the six ATRT cases, while most of other CNS tumors demonstrated nuclear staining. Five cases were previously diagnosed with medulloblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and anaplastic oligodendroglioma, while the diagnoses were changed to ATRT based on the reevaluation of the H&E slides and INI1 study. Additionally, two cases were recurrent tumors whose features were consistent with those of ATRT. The INI1 immunostaining was negative in these cases. Conclusion: INI1 was very helpful in distinguishing ATRT from its mimickers in challenging cases. All known ATRT cases in this study were immunonegative for INI1. Thus, INI1 is recommended to be used in the initial IHC panel for the high-grade brain tumors, especially in children under the age of three years, so that they can benefit from intensified therapeutic regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic protozoan infecting various vertebrates such as humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypes of G. duodenalis using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) in dogs of Urmia, Iran. Overall, 246 stool specimens were collected from 100 pet, 49 stray, and 97 shelter dogs in the Urmia, Iran. Totally, seven samples (2.48%) were microscopically positive in terms of Giardia cyst. The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed that three (1.21%) and two (0.83%) samples have the C and D genotypes, respectively. In addition, two samples (0.83%) were belonged to the AI sub-group. A significant association was determined between the frequency of Giardia infection and life style, age, and stool form of dogs. The findings of the study showed the high frequency of Giardia infection in stray dogs and the dogs under one-year-old. Furthermore, the C and D genotypes of G. duodenalis were predominant in dogs of Urmia, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A wide range of hosts, especially birds, can be infested with Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae), as an obligate hematophagous mite. In this study, cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene sequences were employed to perform molecular and phylogenetic analyses of D. gallinae collected from different bird species in Iran. Adult mites were collected from the body surface and cage material of ornamental and wild birds in industrial farms located in the Western and Northwestern regions of Iran. The infestation was identified in layer poultry farming by inspecting the eggs and the whole surfaces of the birds' bodies. The holding area and body surface of the ornamental and wild birds were also thoroughly examined. The D. gallinae samples were assigned to two subgroups of haplogroup A (i.e., A1 and A2). The phylogenetic tree suggested that the D. gallinae samples collected from wild birds in the A1 sub-haplogroup should be placed beside Japanese, Norwegian, Italian, and French samples isolated from wild birds in the A2 sub-haplogroup. Additionally, the highest phylogenetic similarity in the A2 sub-group was observed between mites isolated from ornamental and industrial birds in Australia. The findings of the present study suggest that crows and sparrows may play an important role in the transmission of D. gallinae infestation to other species of wild birds due to their high population, as well as their presence in most areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine molecularly the species of larvae of trichostrongylid nematodes in arrested development in the abomasum of sheep from Iran and their seasonality. Methods: A total of 240 sheep abomasa were randomly collected at different seasons from Ilam abattoir in 2017–2018. The adult nematodes were isolated and identified. The mucosa of the abomasum was removed and digested using a pepsin solution. DNA from different parts of the abomasum was extracted using a SinaPureTM kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed; the ITS2-rRNA gene was amplified using specific primers. Amplified PCR products were purified and sequenced by Bioneer Corporation (South Korea). The obtained ITS2 sequences were aligned using BLAST analysis and submitted to GenBank. Results: Morphologically, five species of adult nematodes of four genera including Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Marshallagia occidentalis, Parabronema skrjabini, and Teladorsagia circumcincta were identified. Marshallagia marshalli (65.4%, 120.2 ± 28.5) had the highest prevalence during autumn. Molecularly, arrested development of larvae of M. marshalli and T. circumcincta were demonstrated in mucosa of the abomasum in autumn and early winter using PCR of the ITS-2 region of rRNA. Conclusion: The results evidenced the first molecular characterization of the larvae of trichostrongylid nematodes from abomasum of sheep from Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Razi Institute is the property of Institut Razi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Myiasis is infection with a fly larva, usually occurring in tropical and subtropical areas. A 32-years-old immunocompromised woman with fever, gastrointestinal pain, cramps, vomiting; and fatigue was referred to Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad in July 2018. Entomological characterisation of cephaloskeletons, posterior spiracles of the excreted larvae and genital dissection of male fly were diagnosed as Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma. Accidental intestinal myiasis caused by unplanned intake of dipterous larvae by contaminated food staff or water. Patients with immune deficiency may be more at risk for the threat of maggot’s infestation, so in such cases, hospital standard should be more in attention. To best of our knowledge, S. argyrostoma has not been reported before in the indexed literature from Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal protist that infects humans and many animals globally. Thus far, 22 subtypes (STs) have been identified in mammalian and avian hosts. Since various STs are common to humans and animals, it was suggested that some human infections might arise from zoonotic transmission. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of Blastocystis sp. in domestic (dogs and cats) and synanthropic animals (rats) of Fars Province, Iran, and to genetically characterize the samples. Methods: A total of 400 fresh faecal samples from 154 dogs, 119 cats, and 127 rats were inspected by direct microscopy, Wheatley's trichrome staining, in vitro culture, and 18S rRNA gene nested-PCR. Finally, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Results: Out of 400 samples, 47 (11.8%) and 61 (15.3%) samples were detected as positive by direct wet mount and culture, respectively. Molecular analysis detected a larger number of positive samples (n = 70, 17.5%): nested-PCR showed that 29 (18.8%) dogs, 21 (17.7%) cats, and 20 (15.8%) rats were infected by Blastocystis sp. Sequence analysis of positive samples indicated the presence of zoonotic STs in all investigated host species. Specifically, ST2 (allele 9), ST3 (allele 34), ST4 (allele 94), ST7 (allele 99), ST8 (allele 21), and ST10 (allele 152) were detected in dogs; ST1 (allele 2), ST3 (allele 34), ST4 (allele 94), ST10 (allele 152), and ST14 (allele 159) were detected in cats; and ST1 (allele 2), ST3 (allele 34), and ST4 (allele 92) were detected in rats. Conclusions: Our data suggest that domestic dogs and cats can serve as possible reservoirs for in-contact humans, especially those who handle shelter-resident and client-owned animals. Moreover, rats as synanthropic animals can function as a potential source of human infections. Conversely, humans can act as a source of infections to animals. These results should be reinforced in future molecular epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Razi Institute is the property of Institut Razi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Canine hemotropic mycoplasmas occur worldwide and are caused by the uncultivable hemotrophic bacteria; Mycoplasma haemocanis (Mhc) and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (CMhp). In this study, the occurrence and differentiation of both causative agents in dogs that originated from southern Iran were investigated by employing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR and simple multiplex PCR methods based on RNase P RNA ( rnpB) and 16S rDNA markers, respectively. The results showed that the prevalence of Mhc and CMhp among 100 examined samples were 6.0 and 4.0 %, respectively. Both PCR assays provide valuable molecular tools for the differentiation of CMhp and Mhc DNA in canine blood samples compared to 16S rDNA sequencing results. Also, sequence analysis of the genes ( rnpB and 16S rDNA) and subsequent phylogenetic analysis were performed for both hemoplasmas in the Iranian dogs' population. Comparison of the Iranian sequences with those for other isolates of canine hemoplasmas deposited in the GenBank database revealed a higher interspecific variability for rnpB marker (up to 31.22 %) compared to 16S rDNA sequence (up to 17 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors of bovine thelaziosis, performed in the southeast of Iran, an endemic area for Iranian Sistani cattle. Methods: Between September 2012 to October 2014, 1924 cattle, Sistani breed (n= 1235) and Brahman breed (n=689) of all sex and age groups collected from Sistan and Baluchestan Province were examined using visual observation of the eyes by flushing the conjunctival sac and lachrymal duct with sterile saline solution. Results: The overall prevalence for thelaziosis was 50 of 1924 cows (2. 6%; 95% CI: 1. 9-3. 3%), with significant higher prevalence of infection in Sistani breed than in Brahman breed (3. 15% vs 1. 59%). Sixty adult worms (84. 5% of females and 15. 5% of males) were collected from the conjunctiva of the infected cattle: Thelazia gulosa (50/60, 83. 3%) was the most represented species followed by Thelazia. rhodesi (10/60, 16. 7%). The number of worms collected per cow ranged from one to seven (average ± standard deviation: 2. 08 ± 1. 49). Worms were gathered from cows throughout all months of the year. The difference in the seasonal variations of prevalence and the intensity of infection were significant, however, no significant correlation between prevalence, sex and age of cattle was noted. Conclusion: Bovine thelaziosis needs special attention by veterinarians in the differential diagnosis of ocular manifestations and considering its impact on cattle production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the most economically important ectoparasites in hens and some species of mammals worldwide. Cases of human infestation have been reported worldwide. In this study we report infestation in three members of a family referred with pruritus and allergic dermatitis rash. They have collected very small animals and carried them to the laboratory which later was confirmed as D. gallinae. They claimed that they had been bitten with this ectoparasite. This is the first case report of human infestation owing to D. gallinae from Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the incidence rate of cryptosporidiosis in Garmsar broilers and the factors associated with this infection. Two hundred forty histopathology samples were randomly collected from the intestine and trachea of broilers in six different age groups. After sample preparation and staining with H&E, sections were studied by light microscopy for the presence of Cryptosporidium species. The results demonstrated that 23.75% of broilers were totally infected. There were 10.83% of samples that had an infection only in the intestine and 4.58% had an infection only in the trachea. The infection rate for both the trachea and intestine was 8.33%. Statistical analysis revealed that the age of the broiler was significantly associated with an increase risk of infection, the highest incidence rate of infection was in the 21-25-day-old group and the minimum infection rate was in the 10-15-day-old group. Incidence rate of infection was significant with respect to different age groups, hygiene condition, and nutritional status, but the incidence rate of infection was not significant in different geographical parts of Garmsar region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodents carry many ectoparasites, such as ticks, lice, fleas, and mites, which have potential public health importance. Middle Eastern countries are hotspots for many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as plague, leishmaniasis, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever, due to their ecological, socioeconomic, and political diversity. Rodent ectoparasites can act as vectors for many of these pathogens. Knowledge of rodent ectoparasites is of prime importance in controlling rodent ectoparasite-borne zoonotic diseases in this region. The current systematic review and meta-analysis performs a comprehensive synthesis of the available knowledge, providing an evidence-based overview of the ectoparasites detected on rodents in Middle Eastern countries. Following a systematic search in Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science, a total of 113 published articles on rodent ectoparasites were studied and analyzed. A total of 87 rodent species were documented, from which Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus were found to be the most common. Fleas were the most reported ectoparasites (87 articles), followed by mites (53), ticks (44), and lice (25). Xenopsylla cheopis, Polyplax spinulosa, Ornithonyssus bacoti, and Hyalomma rhipicephaloides were the most commonly described fleas, lice, mites, and ticks, respectively. Based on the reviewed articles, the median flea, louse, mite, and tick indices were highest in Israel (4.15), Egypt (1.39), Egypt (1.27), and Saudi Arabia (1.17), respectively. Quantitative meta-analysis, using a random-effects model, determined the overall pooled flea prevalence in the Middle East as 40% (95% CI: 25–55, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), ranging between 13% (95% CI: 0–30, I2 = 95%, p < 0.00001) in Iran and 59% (95% CI: 42–77, I2 = 75%, p < 0.00001) in Israel. The overall pooled louse prevalence was found to be 30% (95% CI: 13–47, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), ranging between 25% in Iran (95% CI: 1–50, I2 = 99%) and 38% in Egypt (95% CI: 7–68, I2 = 100%). In the case of mites, the pooled prevalence in this region was 33% (95% CI: 11–55, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), where the country-specific prevalence estimates were 30% in Iran (95% CI: 4–56, I2 = 99%) and 32% in Egypt (95% CI: 0–76, I2 = 100%). For ticks, the overall prevalence was found to be 25% (95% CI: 2–47, I2 = 100%, p < 0.00001), ranging from 16% in Iran (95% CI: 7–25, I2 = 74%) to 42% in Egypt (95% CI: 1–85, I2 = 100%). The control of rodent ectoparasites should be considered to reduce their adverse effects. Using the One Health strategy, rodent control, and precisely control of the most common rodent species, i.e., Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus rattus, should be considered to control the rodent-borne ectoparasites in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic infections can cause many respiratory, digestive and other diseases and contribute to some performance conditions in equids. However, knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites of equids in Iran is still limited. The present review covers all the information about parasitic diseases of horses, donkeys, mules and wild asses in Iran published as articles in Iranian and international journals, dissertations and congress papers from 1931 to July 2020. Parasites so far described in Iranian equids include species of 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia), 50 helminth species from the digestive system (i.e., 2 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 37 nematodes) and from other organs (i.e., Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca spp.). Furthermore, 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina have been reported from equids in Iran. Archeoparasitological findings in coprolites of equids include Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles. Parasitic diseases are important issues in terms of animal welfare, economics and public health; however, parasites and parasitic diseases of equines have not received adequate attention compared with ruminants and camels in Iran. The present review highlights the knowledge gaps related to equines about the presence, species, genotypes and subtypes of Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis and microsporidia. Identification of ticks vectoring pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses has received little attention, too. The efficacy of common horse wormers also needs to be evaluated systematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]