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There has been considerable interest in studying the effect of female labor market outcomes on intrahousehold bargaining. This paper examines the effects of local labor market opportunities in India on a variety of female bargaining characteristics, including domestic violence and intrahousehold discussion of important issues. Specifically, I utilize district-level data on employment in various occupations to calculate an employment shift-share index that proxies gender-specific labor demand. I find that improvements in labor market conditions for women lead to a decrease in perceptions of domestic violence, whereas improvements in predicted demand for male employment have little or negative effects on women's household bargaining power. When disaggregated by indicators of initial bargaining power, women that have lower levels of initial bargaining power either see no effect on bargaining or experience a backlash effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many rural communities across the world, a systemic lack of environmental monitoring and technical resources can pose significant barriers in the understanding and management of the local food–energy–water (FEW) systems. Further, nexus features and solutions in rural communities can be extremely place based and require a robust engagement with community stakeholders whose local knowledge is critical to understanding and framing of appropriate decision problems. In this case study, a participatory framing approach was used to coproduce a conceptual model to adaptively manage water systems in a hyperlocalized FEW nexus in the rural village E. Palaguttapalli Gram Panchayat in Andhra Pradesh in India. We collected qualitative data regarding the perceptions and experiences of farming in the village to identify key stressors of interest, socioeconomic conditions, and natural drivers of the FEW system and individual and collective actions to manage these stressors. Results indicate that key stressors of both groundwater depletion and dwindling labor supply were felt throughout the village. However, sociocultural differences between the hamlets influenced the preferred individual and collective FEW management actions to manage these stressors, particularly for scarce water resources. The codeveloped conceptual model of the FEW system reflects the unique natural and socioeconomic conditions, as well as preferred actions to manage key stressors of interest in this village. The proposed approach to frame FEW nexus management problems serves as a useful guide for engaging communities in decision-making involving similar data-sparse and hyperlocalized FEW nexus ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The participation rate of women in India's labour force is not only one of the lowest in the world, it has also been declining. To increase women's employment, some observers argue for reducing occupational gender segregation so that more women enter non‐traditional jobs. Purpose: I ask how aspirations for non‐traditional jobs are formed among young women in Delhi. The aim was to enable policy‐makers to foster occupational aspirations for non‐traditional jobs so women could enter jobs considered to be men's work, reducing gender segregation and increasing women's participation in the labour market. Methods and approach: I interviewed 72 young women from low‐income households in Delhi, following a semi‐structured guide. These young women were training either in jobs seen as the preserve of men—taxi drivers, electricians, and electronics mechanics—or in traditionally female work in beauty salons. Findings: Contrary to conventional wisdom, young women's entry into non‐traditional training in Delhi was not a result of their occupational aspirations. Rather, entry into training saw them aspire to the jobs for which they trained. Policy implications: To increase women's entry into jobs dominated by men, policy‐makers do not need to influence young women's occupational aspirations. Instead, they should focus on factors that directly affect job entry—for example, having training centres close to where these young women live—and provide opportunities for young women to train. Traditional concepts of occupational aspirations, generally derived from the global North, do not apply in the same way to young women in India. My study raises questions about these conceptions of aspirations and prompts future studies to assess whether they apply in other parts of the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Till now, studies have determined the existence of process innovation using survey data; however, in this paper, we use secondary data to empirically establish its presence in low-tech industries. Our empirical approach consists of data envelopement analysis in the first step followed by regression analysis in the second step. We use a cross-sectional dataset, i.e., Annual Survey of Industries, 2017–2018 for our study. Our results suggest that among Indian low-tech firms, investment in computer equipment and software is the most popular strategy to trigger process innovation followed by investment in plant and machinery. We find that these factors have a greater impact on firms that export products and import inputs, than on firms that export products but do not import inputs. In other words, the export-import orientation of firms induces a differential impact of these factors on process innovation. One policy implication from the study is that government should encourage and incentivize low-tech firms to improve the capabilities of its labour force. This is the first paper in the Indian context that uses secondary data to empirically determine the existence of process innovation in low-tech industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivering specialised care for major burns requires a multidisciplinary health workforce. While health systems ‘hardware’ issues, such as shortages of the healthcare workforce and training gaps in burn care are widely acknowledged, there is limited evidence around the systems ‘software’ aspects, such as interest, power dynamics, and relationships that impact the healthcare workforce performance. This study explored challenges faced by the health workforce in burn care to identify issues affecting their performance. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample (n = 31, 18 women and 13 men) of various cadres of the burn care health workforce in Uttar Pradesh, India. Inductive coding and thematic analysis identified three major themes. First, the dynamics within the multidisciplinary team where complex relations, power and normative hierarchy hampered performance. Second, the dynamics between health workers and patients due to the clinical and emotional challenges of dealing with burn injuries and multitasking. Third, dynamics between specialised burn units and broader health systems are narrated in challenges due to inadequate first response and delayed referral from primary care facilities. These findings indicate that burn care health workers in India face multiple challenges that need systemic intervention with a multipronged human resource for health framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor force participation rate of women in India has decreased despite economic growth, which has limited the advancement of their rights unlike in most other countries. This paper examines the determinants of labor force participation by gender in rural and urban areas using a probit model with data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) for 2011–2012 to analyze the factors that restrict workforce participation. The estimation results are presented below. First, the marital status of males, both rural and urban, has a significant impact on their participation in the workforce due to family support. In contrast, females face multiple restrictions based on marital, caste and religion, demonstrating that sociocultural factors have limited their participation regardless of regional factors. Second, in rural areas, the educational years of female workers negatively affect labor participation, but the constraints of marriage are weaker than in urban areas. Women in lower castes participate more in the rural labor force, which is interpreted as a result of their livelihood in the industrial structure consisting of agriculture. On the other hand, the caste system negatively affects female participation in urban areas. Finally, these results indicate that the low-labor participation of females is the result of a complicated process influenced by various factors, including regional effects and patriarchal cultural values in India. Therefore, it is necessary to provide employment opportunities and encourage economic incentives for more women to enter the labor market spontaneously, considering regional effects in policies, in order for women to emerge as one group of social leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines employee volunteerism's effect in preventing workforce reduction and reducing product quality issues in India. The study used the social identity theory to explore the relationship between employee volunteerism and workforce reduction and product quality issues. A sample size of 800 firm-year observations between 2010 and 2019 was utilised. Descriptive analysis, probit regression and panel probit regression were employed for data interpretation. The study shows that employee volunteerism does not prevent but instead increases workforce reduction of listed firms in an emerging economy. The research also shows that employee volunteerism is insignificant in reducing product quality issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequality is pervasive in many societies, creating disparities between genders in terms of what they can accomplish and their access to opportunities. Achieving sustainable development necessitates providing equal chances to all, regardless of gender. Despite the remarkable economic progress India has attained, gender inequality is a major concern. Against this backdrop, the current study endeavours to comprehend gender inequality and analyse the extent of gender gap in India using secondary data. India's performance in major gender-related indices paints a stark picture of gender inequality in the country. The study also finds that there exists gender gap in India concerning health, education, political representation and economic participation. Further, the study finds that female labour force participation has steadily declined over the years, raising concerns over the inclusiveness of India's economic growth. The findings of the study provide valuable insights to policymakers to formulate effective policies that promote gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stereotypes have been a barrier to providing patients a diverse orthopaedic workforce. Our goal was to identify stereotypes and disparities among doctors and their patients regarding the attributes that should determine a competent orthopaedic surgeon. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive multicenter study was conducted in India. Tailored questionnaires were administered to patients and orthopaedic postgraduates to determine the attributes they believe patients prefer in their orthopaedic surgeon. Likert data and data on preferred sex of the surgeon were analyzed as categorical data sets using frequency statistics. Participants were asked to rank surgeon attributes and analysis was based on frequency of an item among top 5 surgeon attributes. Results: 304 patients and 91 orthopaedic postgraduates participated in the study. 70.4% and 73% of patients and 27.5% and 29.6% of postgraduates preferred an orthopaedic surgeon with greater physical strength as an outpatient consultant or operating surgeon respectively. 81% of patients had no preference of the sex of their doctor. 56% of postgraduates felt patients would prefer a male operating surgeon, none felt their patient would prefer female orthopaedic surgeon. 92.3% of the female postgraduates felt patients would prefer a male orthopaedic surgeon. Patients most often ranked years of experience, surgical outcomes, time spent with patients, reputation, and physical strength in their top 5 surgeon attributes and sex, religion, and community were given least importance. Conclusion: Diversity among the orthopaedic workforce is necessary to optimize patient care. It is our collective responsibility to educate our patients and trainees and redress the misconceptions and stereotypes that plague our profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This article presents evaluation findings of the India English Language Programme, an innovative programme aimed at providing Indian nurses with an opportunity to participate in an ethical and mutually beneficial learning programme aimed at supporting migration into the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS). The programme provided 249 Indian nurses wishing to migrate to the NHS on an 'earn, learn, and return' basis with funding to support English language learning and accreditation sufficient to apply for Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) registration. The Programme provided English language training and pastoral support to candidates, in addition to the availability of remedial training and examination entry for those not meeting NMC proficiency requirements on their first attempt. Methods: Descriptive statistical analysis of programme examination results and cost-effectiveness analysis is presented to demonstrate programme outputs and outcomes. Descriptive economic analysis of programme costings is presented alongside programme results to investigate the value-for-money provided by this programme. Results: A total of 89 nurses were successful in meeting NMC proficiency requirements, representing a pass rate of 40%. Those undertaking OET training and examination(s) were more successful, compared to those undertaking British Council provision, with over half of candidates passing at the required level. This equates to an overall programme cost-per-pass of £4139 and represents a model to support health worker migration, in line with WHO guidelines, delivering individual learning and development, mutual health system gain, and value-for-money. Conclusions: Taking place during the coronavirus pandemic, the programme evidences the effective delivery of online English language training to support health worker migration during a highly disruptive period for global health. This programme demonstrates an ethical and mutually beneficial pathway for English language improvement amongst internationally educated nurses to facilitate migration to and global health learning in the NHS. It provides a template through which healthcare leaders and nurse educators, working in policy and practice environments in the NHS and other English-speaking countries, can design future ethical health worker migration and training programmes to strengthen the global healthcare workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home-based work is among the largest forms of employment in the informal economy in India and is overwhelmingly represented by women. Employing a social reproduction framework that reframes what is counted as labor, this article asks how women's unpaid work activities are appropriated as labor in subcontracted home-based work. Applying this analytical framework, it becomes clear that domestic work in the home, often completed by women, is needed and exploited in this production process as a result of gendered constructs of care. The contribution considers how unpaid work is directly appropriated by capital as surplus value. The context of informal work is key here because of the irregular and fragmented production process, the space where work occurs, and the use of unpaid family workers. The goal of this research is to offer empirical evidence that broadens analytical perspectives to account for the context of informality in the Global South. HIGHLIGHTS Subcontracted home-based work in India relies on a gendered, fragmented, and precarious labor force. Unpaid caregiving and household work directly contributes to profit-making. Western analytical concepts of the economy need to be reexamined in the context of the postcolonial informal economies. Research tools that measure economic participation need to capture how unpaid activities directly or indirectly contribute to economic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indo-US Masters in Emergency Medicine (MEM) certification courses are rigorous three-year emergency medicine (EM) training courses that operate as a partnership between affiliate hospitals or universities in the United States with established EM training programs and local partner sites in India. Throughout their 15 years of operation, these global training partnerships have contributed to the EM workforce in India. Our objective in this study was to describe Indo-US MEM program graduates, their work environments, and their contribution to the growth of academic EM and to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response. Methods: An electronic survey was created by US and Indian MEM course stakeholders and distributed to 714 US-affiliated MEM program graduates. The survey questions investigated where graduates were working, their work environments and involvement in teaching and research, and their involvement in the COVID-19 response. We consolidated the results into three domains: work environment and clinical contribution; academic contribution; and contribution to the COVID-19 response. Results: The survey response rate was 46.9% (335 responses). Most graduates reported working within India (210, 62.7%) and in an emergency department (ED) setting (304, 91.0%). The most common reason for practicing outside of India was difficulty with formal MEM certificate recognition within India (97, 79.5%). Over half of graduates reported dedicating over 25% of their work hours to teaching others about EM (223, 66.6%), about half reported presenting research projects at conferences on the regional, national, or international level (168, 50.5%), and almost all graduates were engaged in treating COVID-19 patients during the pandemic (333, 99.4%). Most graduates agreed or strongly agreed that they were satisfied with their overall MEM training (296, 88.4%) and confident in their ability to practice EM (306, 91.6%). Conclusion: Indo-US MEM graduates have made a notable contribution to EM in India through clinical service delivery, teaching, and research, even more essential in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The roles of these graduates should be acknowledged and can contribute further to expandEM specialty and systems development across India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One Health has been coming of age through the G7 and G20 leadership and explicitly referred to in increasing ministerial declarations. Those leaderships, however, have been slow in knitting the One Health approach into the larger systems approach. by understanding the complexity of resilience and health system resilience is one of the key features of pandemic preparedness. Among others, health system strengthening is another key factor that urgently requires much attention in the theme of pandemic preparedness. Here, how the health system strengthening requires more imperative attention in the One Health gambit is discussed in the Indian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the pandemic, so many scenarios have changed at the workplace, such as work, workforce, working style, technology, and even the workplace. One thing that has caught the attention of business houses, leaders, and HR is the workplace hybrid, which is new conventional, more human-focused, tech-enabled, and sustainable. We are on the verge of being disrupted by the epidemic, and there has been a dramatic shift to remote work. Due to the pandemic, we are on the edge of disruption, and there is a sudden shift to remote work. Workforces in countries such as India face numerous challenges when transitioning from an office to a remote workplace. In the service industries, such as IT, education, banking, consulting, e-commerce, and so on, workers were able to handle work from remote locations more easily. Because of stringent measures, government actions, and the availability of immunizations, the number of cases has decreased since April 2021, and lives are returning to normal. It has been demonstrated that employees with suitable employment can work effectively from home without any detrimental effects on their performance or output. This change coincides with a new employment paradigm known as the "hybrid workplace," in which some employees return to work while others want to work from home. Businesses and workers' lives are gradually returning to pre-pandemic levels, and we can now say that homes are the new workplace. This study also discusses a hybrid workplace system with employees working on different profiles from different sectors. The main purpose of this study is to learn about the hybrid workplace system and employees' attitude towards it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statement discusses Jonathan Parry's recent monograph, Classes of Labour, and in particular his "labour aristocracy" thesis of the most privileged sections of India's workforces that had been widely accepted in the social sciences in the 1970s but that had later been discarded. It is argued that the ethnography of an industrial town in Central India he presents in the monograph convincingly demonstrates that the relative privileges of public-sector employment have fostered the bifurcation of the town's industrial workers into two major distinct classes with different life chances, different attitudes to caste, and with often antagonistic political interests. Classes of Labour also demonstrates that Giddens' concept of "class structuration" offers a suitable theoretical grounding for identifying the major fault lines and driving forces of class formation in his case study but also for a controlled comparison between case studies across India and beyond. This statement moreover argues that this approach conceives of class as an historical, dynamic object, and it asks whether the current crises of class reproduction in the times of jobless growth might provoke a major change in the structuration of classes in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses Jonathan Parry's 2020 monograph Classes of Labour in the context of the author's career trajectory since the 1990s. The review critiques the conceptual framework with which the book understands class relations, and notes that the breadth of the study may be daunting for some readers. However, the review characterises the book as an artisanal masterpiece that shows an ethnographer working at the very peak of their abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Indian government initiated several skill development policies and different types of vocational education and training (VET). Yet the participation in skill education is low because of poor labour market outcomes. This paper aims to calculate returns to skill education to understand the type of training that will have better labour market outcomes. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper nationally representative data from the periodic labour force survey (PLFS), collected by the national sample survey office for 2017–2018, are used to estimate the returns to formal and non-formal VET obtained (after different levels of general education) with the help of Heckman's two-stage method. Findings: Nearly 8% of the working-age population has received some form of VET (mostly non-formal), generating poor returns. For the overall population, formal on-job training (OJT) and full-time VET influence wage positively and significantly. Full-time VET obtained after secondary and below levels of education generates positive returns, whereas part-time VET is profitable only to those without formal education. At the graduate level, technical education obtained along with VET is associated with better wages. Originality/value: In India where a considerable proportion of the workforce is employed in the informal sector, different types of skill training like full-time, part-time and OJT influence labour market outcomes. This finding has policy implication for countries with large informal sector and calls for further research in such countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the low representation of female orthopedic surgeons in India and how this gender gap can be addressed. The authors conducted a study to find possible causes for the low number of female orthopedic surgeons, by examining the perceptions of orthopedics as a specialty among undergraduate medical students.

Background: Poverty is directly linked to public health care delivery in many ways and dimensions. Every aspect of the human sphere is preplanned, but a health crisis is the only emergency which pushes humanity into severe economic stress. Therefore, every nation aims to safeguard its citizens from a health crisis. In this aspect, India needs to improve its public health infrastructure in order to protect its citizens and save them from poverty. Objectives: (1) To assess the current pitfalls in public critical health care delivery, (2) to analyze whether the health care delivery matches the requirements of its population in every state, (3) to produce solutions and guidelines to overcome the stress in this priority area. Materials and methods: Data regarding the critical care workforce, which includes critical care doctors and nurses, were taken from official websites and other sources. Critical care infrastructure data were retrieved from the Internet sources. Data were validated by consulting state government sources and cross-checked for bias elimination. The data were analyzed using the "Statistical Package for Social Sciences" software version 20, and were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: There is a 1:10 percentage of deficit in the case of critical care workforce and infrastructure when compared with its need analysis. Critical care medicine specialists are in 1:75 when compared to other specialties. Conclusion: Overall, the public sector critical care needs a total boost through out of box solutions. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), India spent the third most on defense in the world in 2021. India spent 76.6 billion dollars on its military in 2021, up 33% from 2012 and 0.9% from 2020. However, since India is considered a fast-growing economy, there is still a huge disparity in critical care. Without resetting critical health care, India cannot grow in welfare indices even if it is among the top gross domestic product (GDP) countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The widespread consumption of trans-fats across the world represents a worrying scenario, as it is directly responsible for coronary heart disease and related mortality. Recognizing its dangers, the WHO has set an agenda to eliminate trans-fats by 2023. In India, the Food Safety And Standards Authority ensures safe and wholesome food consumption. In light of the WHO's standards for the elimination of trans-fats, the FSSAI recently notified limits of trans-fatty acids to not more than 3% in all fats and oils by January 2021 and 2% by January 2022, as well as a limitation on all food products in which edible oils and fats are ingredients to not contain trans-fatty acids of more than 2% mass of total oils/fats in the product by January 2022. Objective: Given the need to eliminate the consumption of trans-fats, it is necessary to assess the implementation of trans-fat regulations in India in order to determine the current status of enforcement and suggest measures for improvement. Methods: Empirical research was conducted through a questionnaire to analyze India's current status and difficulties in enforcing trans-fat regulations. Results: Although all states have included compliance of trans-fat regulation in the agenda of the State Surveillance Plan but are facing some implementation challenges such as lack of lab infrastructure, lack of trained manpower, unsupportive FBOs, insufficient budget, lack of testing kits, and excluding proprietary food from compliance with trans-fat regulations. Further, all states have felt the need to develop a guideline/manual to facilitate enforcement of the trans-fat regulations. In light of this, the article has critically analyzed the legal framework for implementing trans-fat regulations in India to identify specific implementation challenges due to scattered regulations and recommend suggestive measures for developing the guidelines/ manual to facilitate effective implementation of the said regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of social protection programs such as India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). And yet, acute crises such as pandemics are layered upon existing inequalities of gender and caste in India. We show that a distinctive feature of twenty-first-century Indian capitalism is a restructuring of the caste-gender division of labor in rural India, such that women's unpaid labor of social reproduction has increased, particularly for women from marginalized castes. Thus, patterns of participation in NREGA cannot be understood without understanding the specifics of the underlying crisis of social reproduction for labor. Social protection programs that do not consider the labor of social reproduction and are unaccompanied by broader socialization of such labor then likely fall short of mitigating deep-rooted inequalities. JEL Classification : B54, J21, J88 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global goal for early childhood education and care is to ensure universal, "quality" provision that reaches all children. Achieving this goal requires a well-prepared workforce that is equipped to adapt to and deliver early childhood programs across the vastly diverse contexts and communities where children are growing up around the world. Yet currently there is a severe shortage of early childhood workers, particularly in "low resource" and complex communities. Evidence to support appropriate training for such workers is also lacking. In response, this paper presents findings from a case study of a large-scale training program for community-based early childhood workers in central-east India. A total of 650 community-based Village Communicators were trained to deliver a responsive caregiving package to parents of young children. Data collected over 3 months highlight how the unique contextually grounded, caring and reflexive approach to training resulted in profound personal and professional change among training participants. The findings are of significance in informing policy and practice associated with global goals for early childhood. First, they challenge the technical, programmatic approaches to training that are commonly adopted for preparing this workforce. Second, they evidence the potentially transformative, long-term impact of person-centered approaches to training that facilitate knowledge-sharing to understand local needs and attitudes. Third, they provide insight into ways in which training programs can support enhanced local relevance and effectiveness of early childhood services implemented for children and families across diverse contexts. Highlights: Caring, consultative approaches to training support transformative changes in knowledge and practice among community-based early childhood workers. Community-based workers comprise a crucial yet under-researched workforce globally. Active contribution to adapting early childhood interventions for greater local relevance empowers community-based workers as well as enhancing program content. Training for community-based workers in early childhood needs to shift away from overly programmatic, technical approaches. Meeting global goals for early childhood development requires localized responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low rates of caesarean delivery (CD) (<10%) hinder access to a lifesaving procedure for the most vulnerable populations in low-resource settings, but there is a paucity of data regarding which factors contribute most to CD rates. We aimed to determine caesarean delivery rates at Bihar's first referral units (FRUs) stratified by facility level (regional, sub-district, district). The secondary aim was to identify facility-level factors associated with caesarean delivery rates. This cross-sectional study used open-source national datasets from government FRUs in Bihar, India, from April 2018–March 2019. Multivariate Poisson regression analysed association of infrastructure and workforce factors with CD rates. Of 546,444 deliveries conducted at 149 FRUs, 16961 were CDs, yielding a state-wide FRU CD of 3.1%. There were 67 (45%) regional hospitals, 45 (30%) sub-district hospitals, and 37 (25%) district hospitals. Sixty-one percent of FRUs qualified as having intact infrastructure, 84% had a functioning operating room, but only 7% were LaQshya (Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative) certified. Considering workforce, 58% had an obstetrician-gynaecologist (range 0–10), 39% had an anaesthetist (range 0–5), and 35% had a provider trained in Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) (range 0–4) through a task-sharing initiative. The majority of regional hospitals lack the essential workforce and infrastructure to perform CDs. Multivariate regression including all FRUs performing deliveries demonstrated that presence of a functioning operating room (IRR = 21.0, 95%CI 7.9–55.8, p < 0.001) and the number of obstetrician-gynaecologists (IRR = 1.3, 95%CI 1.1–1.4, p = 0.001) and EmOCs (IRR = 1.6, 95%CI 1.3–1.9, p < 0.001) were associated with facility-level CD rates. Only 3.1% of the institutional childbirths in Bihar's FRUs were by CD. The presence of a functional operating room, obstetrician, and task-sharing provider (EmOC) was strongly associated with CD. These factors may represent initial investment priorities for scaling up CD rates in Bihar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global population is ageing rapidly, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) undergoing a fast demographic transition. As the number of older adults in LMICs increases, services able to effectively address their physical and mental health needs will be increasingly important. We review the health and socioeconomic resources currently available for older people in South Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, to identify gaps in available resources and assess areas for improvement. We conducted a search of grey and published literature via Google Search, Compendex, EBSCO, JSTOR, Medline, Ovid, ProQuest databases, Scopus and Web of Science. Data on population demographics, human resources, health funding and social protection for older people were extracted. Local informants were consulted to supplement and verify the data. In the study countries, the number of health professionals with expertise in elderly care was largely unknown, with minimal postgraduate training programmes available in elderly medicine or psychiatry. Older adults are therefore cared for by general physicians, nurses and community health workers, all of whom are present in insufficient numbers per capita. Total average healthcare expenditure was 2.5–5.5% of GDP, with 48.1–72.0% of healthcare costs covered by out-of-pocket payments. Pakistan did not have a social pension; only India and Nepal offered financial assistance to people with dementia; and all countries had disproportionately low numbers of care elderly homes. Inadequate healthcare funding, a shortage of healthcare professionals and insufficient government pension and social security schemes are significant barriers to achieving universal health coverage in LMICs. Governing bodies must expand training programmes for healthcare providers for older adults, alongside increasing social protection to improve access to those in need and to prevent catastrophic health expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender individuals are those individuals whose identity, demeanor, and demonstrative behavior are alternative to mainstream gender binaries. In keeping with the subject's sensitive nature, the mode of the interviews was face-to-face for data collection. The total number of participants in this qualitative research was 16, though around 35 people were approached. The age group of the assigned female at birth participants ranged from 25 to 40 years, from across India in different small and medium enterprises. The findings reveal the current gender-related issues that negatively affect performance in the workplace and a sense of abandonment from society. Suggestions are provided to address existing challenges, and future research implications are discussed. From the Indian perspective, research on transgender workforce members is limited. Thus, this research is a study of the issues pertaining to this minority workforce with an accompanying exposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an attempt to look at the change in the regional disparity in the likelihood of educational transition from lower to higher levels of education from pre to the post-liberalization period. Secondly, we try to investigate the association between the likelihood of educational participation and educational transition from one to the next level of education and two labour market outcomes, such as likelihood of getting employment and expected earnings after the completion of education. This enables us to comment on the impact of the labour market outcomes on educational participation vis-à-vis this allows us to explain the reasons behind the inter-regional disparity in educational transition and overtime persistence of this disparity. For the accomplishment of these objectives we use the datasets provided by six quinquennial employment and unemployment surveys conducted by National Sample Survey Offices and third annual Periodic Labour Force Survey (2019–20), and we employ the sequential logistic model of regression. Findings reveal that there was a substantial regional disparity in educational participation and educational transition in school and college/university education across Indian states, though this disparity had declined satisfactorily in school education without any satisfactory decline in college/university education from pre-liberalization to post-liberalization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To implement rehabilitation services in a rural area of Raigad district, Maharashtra, India. Methods We piloted a rehabilitation service delivery model through the Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, in five villages. The institute performed participatory rural appraisal and focus group discussions with stakeholders to identify general issues in village life that could affect delivery. To integrate rehabilitation service delivery into the existing primary care system, a team from the institute developed a strategic plan through multidisciplinary clinical meetings. A rehabilitation team conducted a door-to-door survey and referred people needing rehabilitation services to the outreach visits the team was making to the primary health centre twice a week. If needed, patients could be referred to a university teaching hospital for tertiary-level care. Findings The rural appraisal identified lack of awareness, inadequate workforce and infrastructure as key issues for rehabilitation services delivery. In response, we conducted awareness campaigns and formed a rehabilitation team consisting of personnel and students from the institute. Between 2018 and 2021, the team provided care to 1800 patients, of which half (900 patients) had musculoskeletal disorders. After rehabilitation, 360 (40%) of these 900 patients performed daily-living activities and continued to work with reduced pain within 2-3 days after rehabilitation. The team provided antenatal care to 1629 pregnant women with musculoskeletal pain or stress urinary incontinence. Conclusion Provision of rehabilitation services built awareness about physiotherapy, developed a rehabilitation care pathway and established a need for regular services. Using existing resources of the institute and involving students rendered the model sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While India is entering the period of demographic dividend, female labour participation rates remain very low. This paper aims to provide the very first labour force projections for India and its regions up to the year 2060. Projections are achieved using a discrete-time microsimulation model in which changes in population size and composition come from the interaction between demographic characteristics, educational attainment, and secular tendencies. Labour force participation rates are estimated at the individual level using personal characteristics as predictors. Results show that under constant labour force participation rates, the labour force dependency ratio (non-workers/workers) is very unlikely to attain favourable levels, which compromises the potential demographic dividend that the country could gain from its favourable age-structure. At the subnational level, the forecast yields the most favourable dependency ratio in 2060 in the regions that combine both a low-age dependency ratio and a higher participation of women. Results moreover suggest that female labour force participation is a better driver of the labour force dependency ratio than the age composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicriteria mathematical modeling is an analytical framework for formally describing real‐life problems involving multiple and conflicting objectives. In the past decade, multicriteria decision‐making techniques have been applied in almost every area of the decision‐making including energy‐economic planning and sustainable development. Various mathematical and analytical models have been presented for the sustainable development planning and their assessment. In this paper, we discuss an approach related to multicriteria decision‐making and apply it for the assessment of the sustainable development goals of India by the year 2030. In the INDC report submitted to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015, http://www..unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf), India has identified many goals related to the sustainable development like energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, GVA growth, and an increase in the employment by the year 2030. This paper overcomes the energy resource allocation problem in related literature due to the lack of sectorial data for the same year by calculating the estimates for each sector for the year 2030. We presented a multicriteria decision‐making model which allocates public labor force in the key economic sectors of India. The presented model is validated with the data of the key economic sectors and their contribution in the identified goals. The paper provides a decision support for the better management of future sustainable policies by assessing the efficiencies of the current policies toward future sustainable goals. We evaluated the identified goals using the multicriteria decision‐making approaches so that the strategic planning can be implemented by the policy makers and to present a quantitative justification of planning strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Study investigates the Socio, economic and demographic conditions of Beedi workers with special reference to Melapalayam located in the banks of Tamirabarani river adjunct to Tirunelveli city, Tamil Nadu in Southern part of India. Melapalayam a densely populated area in Tirunelveli which predominantly occupied by Muslim neighborhoods in which most of the women engages in beedi rolling. India's Beedi workers is one of the unorganized vulnerable segment of labor force in rural areas consist majority of women faces very low wages than other industries. Tamil Nadu is one of the top producers in Beedi industry among the southern states. Lower compensation and Health hazards are the alarming issue in the Industry. Melapalayam is home to more than one hundred thousand populations with Muslim majority also holds hundreds of beedi workers from door to door. The study analyzed the contribution of beedi industry to the development in the area towards their education, health spending, social status and problems faced by the beedi workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earning inequality in India has unfavorably obstructed underprivileged in accessing elementary needs like health and education. Periodic labour force survey conducted by National Statistical Office of India generates estimates on earning status at national and state level for both rural and urban sectors separately. However, due to small sample size problem, these surveys cannot generate reliable estimates at micro-level viz. district or block. Thus, owing to unavailability of district-level estimates, analysis of earning inequality is restricted to the national and the state level. Therefore, the existing variability in disaggregate-level earning distribution often goes unnoticed. This article describes multivariate small area estimation method to generate precise and representative district-wise estimate of earning distribution in rural and urban areas of the Indian State of Bihar by linking Periodic labour force survey data of 2018–2019 and 2011 Population Census data of India. These disaggregate-level estimates and spatial mapping of earning distribution are essential for measuring and monitoring the goal of reduced inequalities related to the sustainable development of 2030 agenda. They expected to offer insightful information to decision-makers and policy experts for identifying the areas demanding more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did the 1918 influenza pandemic affect female labor force participation in India over the short run and the medium run? We use an event-study approach at the district level and four waves of decadal census data in order to answer this question. We find that districts most adversely affected by influenza mortality saw a temporary increase in female labor force participation in 1921, an increase that was concentrated in the service sector. We find suggestive evidence that distress labor supply by widows and rising wages help account for this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite income growth, fertility decline, and educational expansion, female labour force participation in rural India dropped precipitously over the last decade. Nation-wide individual-level data allow us to explore if random reservation of village leadership for females affected women's access to job opportunities, their demand for participation in the labour force, and income as well as intra-household bargaining in the short-and medium term. Gender reservation of local leadership affected female but not male participation in public works and regular labour markets, their income, and their influence on key household decisions with a lag, suggesting that such reservation affected social norms and stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is the foremost challenge in recent times, given the demographic shift in populations across the world. It implies the costs of healthcare burden and involves economic and social security challenges through shortage of labor supply, consumption–saving paradox, increase in expenditure on healthcare, and most importantly, social capital among the developing countries. Furthermore, there is a likely challenge of old age security in terms of income and expenditure due to increasing healthcare costs and low earning incentives at older ages. India currently has the second largest population globally, with >9% of its population accounting for aging. Based on the multidimensional aging index (AI) using the latest longitudinal survey data of older adults in India, we examined the possible challenges of the economics of aging in India while examining the economic health and social outcomes of the elderly. Our results found that the elderly in India are highly exposed to negative impacts due to vulnerability in socio-economic and health spheres of life. Low labor force participation, lack of skills, and low literacy are the prevalent challenges faced by the elderly Indian population, particularly women. Similarly, the fiscal challenges include increased income tax and insurance coverage for the elderly, while health challenges imply a greater proportion of the disabled and multi-morbid, leading to more burden on the health and welfare system of India. Thus, given the possible short- and long-term effects of aging on the path of economic growth in India, policy incentives are required to minimize the impact and avert the burden of population aging in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale, aims and objectives: A key consideration in designing scalable solutions for improving global mental health involves balancing the need for interventions to be uncomplicated for mental health workers (MHWs) and the need for the intervention to be widely applicable to many clients. Often these needs are in competition, since interventions are routinely simplified by removing procedures or reducing their dynamic responsivity, which in turn lowers their overall utility in serving large, clinically diverse populations. The principal aim of this pilot study involved evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a brief strategy designed to delegate problem classification and practice selection to MHWs operating within a flexible, modular, cognitive behavioural protocol. A secondary aim involved gathering data on which to base a hypothesis regarding the potential effectiveness of this strategy. Method: Within an open trial, an educationally diverse sample of local MHWs in India (N = 18) reviewed fictional case vignettes, classified mental health problems, and then selected practices before and after a two‐hour training that included a one‐page decision‐making resource. Feasibility was measured by assessing the integrity of the study protocol and training, the measurement and administration of questionnaires as well as study recruitment and completion. Acceptability of the intervention was measured by MHW‐perceived performance, ease of use, value, importance, and intention for continued use. Decision‐making accuracy was assessed by comparing MHWs' clinical decisions with criteria established through consensus among psychologists with expertise in modular protocols. Results: Results suggested high feasibility and acceptability on all metrics. Secondary analysis revealed that MHW's decision‐making accuracy and confidence also significantly improved, providing a basis for the hypothesis that this brief approach is useful for building MHW capacity in low‐resource settings. Conclusion: Overall these findings provide initial support for these methods and potential training outcomes to test within a larger, randomized controlled trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economy of India is growing continuously with its gross domestic product increasing rapidly than most of the developing countries. Nonetheless an increase in national gross domestic product is not revealing the earning parity at micro level in the country. The earning inequality in a country like India has adversely obstructed under privileged in accessing basic needs such as health and education. The Periodic labour force survey (PLFS) conducted by the National Statistical Office of India generates estimates on earning status at state and national level for both rural and urban sectors separately. However, due to a small sample size problem that leads to high sampling variability, these surveys cannot be used directly to produce reliable estimates at micro level such as district or further disaggregate levels. As earnings are often unevenly distributed among the subgroups of comparatively small areas, disaggregate level statistics are inevitably needed in the country for target specific policy planning and monitoring to reduce the earning disparity. Nonetheless, owing to unavailability of estimates at district level, the analysis and spatial mapping related to earning inequality are limited to the national and state level. As a result, the existing variability in disaggregate level earning distribution are often unavailable. This article describes multivariate small area estimation (SAE) to generate precise and representative district-wise model-based estimates of inequality in earning distribution in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh state in India by linking the latest round of PLFS 2018–2019 data and the 2011 Indian Population Census data. The diagnostic measures demonstrate that the district-wise estimates of earning generated by multivariate SAE method are reliable and representative. The spatial maps produced in this analysis reveal district level inequality in earning distribution in the state of Uttar Pradesh. These disaggregate level estimates and spatial mapping of earning distribution are directly pertinent to measuring and monitoring the sustainable development goal 10 of inequality reduction within countries. These expected to offer evidence to executive policy-makers and experts for recognizing the areas demanding additional consideration. This study will definitely provide added advantage to the newly launched schemes of Government of India for fund distribution along with the better monitoring of these schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide doctors have been migrating from low- and middle-income countries to high-income countries for decades. This contributes to dearth of doctors, especially psychiatrists, in low- and middle-income countries – often referred to as 'brain drain'. Australia has a fair share of psychiatrists of Indian origin in its workforce. This article endeavours to re-formulate the migration phenomenon as 'brain exchange' through the experiential insight of the authors along with published literature and discusses the contribution of substantial number of psychiatrists of Indian origin to the Australian society. Furthermore, the article highlights the potential for the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists to be a leader in this area by facilitating globally responsible practice by giving back to countries from which psychiatrists originate. The key observations and recommendations are transferrable to other similar countries and equally to other medical specialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major health and social issue that affects around 30 percent of women globally. This study investigates the relationships through which witnessing IPV in adolescence may impact the labor force participation and employment prospects of women in early adulthood, using a unique dataset from Bihar (India), which surveyed youth (primarily girls) in adolescence and again nine years later. The study examined the relationship between exposure to IPV and labor market outcomes among young women, including intermediate factors likely to influence their employment prospects, such as educational attainment, self‐efficacy, mental health, and soft skills. Witnessing IPV as an adolescent had a negative effect on educational attainment, mental health, and social and behavioral aspects of young women almost nine years later. IPV was not associated with the likelihood of paid employment or participation in skilled work among women, although it was associated with higher levels of labor force participation. These findings suggest that witnessing IPV should be considered one of multiple forms of violence that may expose young women to longer term vulnerability related to poorer educational and employment prospects, mental health, and social networks, with implications for economic and social development far beyond the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversifying household livelihoods and increasing women's labor force participation is a major developmental challenge in South Asia. Multi-sectoral development approaches can provide better economic opportunities and women's employment simultaneously. This study provides evidence on the livelihoods and women's labor supply impacts of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), a $5.1 billion livelihoods initiative. The study matches primary data from 4,202 households and 726 villages using the 2011 Population Census and the 2012 Socio-Economic and Caste Census. The instrumental variable estimates suggest that participation in NRLM is associated with an improvement in the number of household livelihoods by 0.707, livelihood diversification by 0.13σ, and women's working participation rate (WPR) by 15.4 percent. The study identifies two sets of channels, namely, formation of productive assets and access to formal credit, through which NRLM influenced livelihoods and women's WPR. Heterogeneous program effects suggest that women in socially and economically deprived households benefitted most. HIGHLIGHTS The study highlights India's National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), the world's largest livelihoods initiative. NRLM improved opportunities for women's gainful employment in farm and nonfarm productive activities. The program's impact reflects the efficacy of multi-sectoral development interventions. It relies on a unique multi-sectoral approach that mobilizes rural poor women into SHGs and their federations. The study argues for interventions that influence gender roles in the context of rural growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The actual manpower in blood centres in India is far below the recommended minimum manpower published by National Blood Transfusion Council of India. • Inadequate manpower increases the workload on the already burdened staff, leading to long working hours, that results in fatigue and loss of attention. • Total quality management in blood transfusion services can only be achieved with adequate manpower in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While trade opening is generally welfare enhancing, it requires a reallocation of capital and labor across sectors and firms. The empirical evidence on how this reallocation works is still relatively thin. Our paper contributes to this literature by studying how the labor's share of income adjusted due to trade liberalization in India's formal manufacturing sector during the period 1998–99 to 2007–08. Our baseline model suggests that a fall in output tariffs led to an increase in the labor share while a fall in input tariffs brought about a decrease in labor share. However, once we control for factor and technology intensity of production, we find that this differential impact of tariff reduction on labor share aligns with these classifications. Tariff liberalization led to a decline in labor share in technology and capital-intensive sectors while in labor-intensive and low-tech sectors it brought about an increase. This suggests that following trade opening, demand for labor improved in labor-intensive and low-tech sectors but deteriorated in capital-intensive and high-tech sectors. India's manufacturing bias towards the latter explains the overall decline in labor share in the post-reform period. Furthermore, we find that labor adjustment occurred more efficiently in states with flexible labor laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of mental health problems and substance abuse in the migrant population is higher than the general population. Aims and Objectives: To assess the prevalence and pattern of mental health issues and substance use in the migrant population and highlight the association with the reverse migration of migrant workers. Methodology: The field staff visited the shelter homes for migrant population in four cities of Northern India (Chandigarh (UT), Bhatinda (Punjab), Panchkula (Haryana) and Jaipur (Rajasthan). After maintaining the social distance and wearing masks by the staff and migrants, written informed consent was taken for participation in the study. The socio-demographic details of reverse migrants were noted down and Hindi version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for mental health problems and screening tool for pattern of substance abuse was administered. Geographically matched undisplaced were also administered these tools. Results: A total of 275 reverse migrants and 276 undisplaced were included in the study. The prevalence of ever use for all the substances among reverse migrants was 44.4% (122/275) and among undisplaced, it was 45.3%. The prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis was higher than the general population. The prevalence of at least one diagnosis on PHQ-9 is 13.45% (reverse migrants 19.3% and undisplaced 7.6) and the prevalence of other depressive disorder is significantly higher in reverse migrants (17.1%) than undisplaced (4.0%). Conclusion: The study concludes that prevalence of mental health issues and substance abuse in migrant population is significantly higher than the general population and the prevalence of at least one diagnosis and other depressive disorder is significantly higher in reverse migrants than undisplaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rural India has a severe shortage of human resources for health (HRH). The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) deploys HRH in the rural public health system to tackle shortages. Sanctioning under NRHM does not account for workload resulting in inadequate and inequitable HRH allocation. The Workforce Indicators of Staffing Needs (WISN) approach can identify shortages and inform appropriate sanctioning norms. India currently lacks nationally relevant WISN estimates. We used existing data and modelling techniques to synthesize such estimates.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of existing survey data for 93 facilities from 5 states over 8 years to create WISN calculations for HRH cadres at primary and community health centres (PHCs and CHCs) in rural areas. We modelled nationally representative average WISN-based requirements for specialist doctors at CHCs, general doctors and nurses at PHCs and CHCs. For 2019, we calculated national and state-level overall and per-centre WISN differences and ratios to depict shortage and workload pressure. We checked correlations between WISN ratios for cadres at a given centre-type to assess joint workload pressure. We evaluated the gaps between WISN-based requirements and sanctioned posts to investigate suboptimal sanctioning through concordance analysis and difference comparisons.Results: In 2019, at the national-level, WISN differences depicted workforce shortages for all considered HRH cadres. WISN ratios showed that nurses at PHCs and CHCs, and all specialist doctors at CHCs had very high workload pressure. States with more workload on PHC-doctors also had more workload on PHC-nurses depicting an augmenting or compounding effect on workload pressure across cadres. A similar result was seen for CHC-specialist pairs-physicians and surgeons, physicians and paediatricians, and paediatricians and obstetricians-gynaecologists. We found poor concordance between current sanctioning norms and WISN-based requirements with all cadres facing under-sanctioning. We also present across-state variations in workforce problems, workload pressure and sanctioning problems.Conclusion: We demonstrate the use of WISN calculations based on available data and modelling techniques for national-level estimation. Our findings suggest prioritising nurses and specialists in the rural public health system and updating the existing sanctioning norms based on workload assessments. Workload-based rural HRH deployment can ensure adequate availability and optimal distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper re-focuses attention on the big picture question of the persistently low level of female labour force participation in India. • We show how attention on a binary indicator (in the labour force or out of it) misses a crucial aspect of women's economic/productive work. • We suggest that women's work in developing countries should be viewed in terms of at least three categories. • We find that the social norm that places the responsibility of domestic chores exclusively on women is primarily responsible for women's inability to participate in paid work. • We demonstrate the existence of 'virtuous cycles' within families: a history of working women in the family increases the probability of the woman being in paid work. Based on primary data from a large household survey in seven districts in West Bengal in India, this paper analyses the reasons underlying low labor force participation of women. In developing countries, women who are engaged in unpaid economic work in family enterprises are often not counted as workers, whereas the men are. We show that for women, not being in paid work is not synonymous with not being in the labour force. Women are often involved in expenditure saving activities i.e. productive work within the family, over and above domestic chores and care work. We document the fuzziness of the boundary between domestic work and unpaid (and therefore invisible) productive work that leads to mismeasurement of women's work and suggest methods to improve measurement. Counting women's expenditure-saving activities yields a substantially higher estimate of women's participation in economic work. On social norms, we show that religion and visible markers such as veiling are not significant determinants of the probability of being in paid work. We find that being primarily responsible for domestic chores lowers the probability of "working", after accounting for all the conventional factors. Our data shows substantial unmet demand for paid work. Given that women are primarily responsible for domestic chores, we find that women express a demand for work that would be compatible with household chores. We demonstrate the existence of 'virtuous cycles' within families: a history of working women in the family (mother or mother-in-law ever worked) increases the probability of being in paid work between 18 and 21 percentage points. This suggests that the positive effects of increasing women's labour force participation today are likely to have positive multiplier effects on the prospects for work in future generations of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a panel of establishments from the annual survey of industries, I study the impact of the 1991 trade liberalization episode in India on the employment share of women. Contrary to the predictions of a taste-based discrimination model, I find that establishments exposed to larger output tariff reductions and import competition reduced the share of female workers. I also find that input tariff reductions neither raised nor reduced female employment share. The negative association between output tariff reductions and female employment appears to be driven by establishments which increased the number of shifts per worker. Since women in India are prohibited by law from working long hours and night shifts, this hours-constraint appears to have reduced relative employment of women. This paper is the first to provide empirical evidence of how an ostensibly pro-women policy of limiting female work hours might have unintended side effects. In order to look at the overall effects of liberalization on the gender employment share, I use Census of India data to create a district level panel. I find that districts which were more exposed to the reforms experienced a reduction in the share of female workers. This was observed for both urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study on spatial analysis of child labour in India is a macro level analysis on child labour using the census data, 2011 of Government of India. The population census which is conducted once in 10 years only provides district level data on work-force distribution. The study has spatial analysis of child labour in the age group of 5–14 years in India. To assess the magnitude of the children in the labour force, district level data of Census 2011 has been used in the study. The study has made an attempt to identify the districts where there is high level of children in the labour force. This paper aims to estimate the magnitude and trends of children's workforce participation using the census data as it is the only data base, which is available at the district level since 1961 onwards. The study has made an attempt to identify the clustering of child labour across districts in India and how child labour is clustered by different background characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: The study has used ArcGIS software package, GeoDa software and local indicator of spatial association test. Findings: The findings of study reveal that the proportion of rural, total fertility rate (TFR) and poverty headcount ratio is positively associated, whereas female literacy and the pupil-teacher ratio are negatively associated with child labour. It suggests that in the hot-spot areas and areas where there is a high prevalence of child labour, there is need to increase the teacher's number at the school level to improve the teacher-pupil ratio and also suggested to promote the female education, promote family planning practices to reduce TFR in those areas for reducing the incidences of child labour. Research limitations/implications: The study also recommends that the incidences of child labour can be controlled by a comprehensive holistic action plan with the active participation of social workers. Practical implications: The promulgation of effective legislation, active involvement of judiciary and police, political will, effective poverty alleviation and income generation programmes, sensitisation of parents, corporates and media can play effective role in mitigating the incidences of child labour in India. To achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2015 to eradicate child labour in all its forms by 2025. Social implications: The study aims to achieve the SDGs adopted by world leaders in 2015 to eradicate child labour in all its forms by 2025. Originality/value: The study is purely original and there are no such studies in Indian context by using the latest software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]