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This paper briefly reviews the state of the art in reader response research with special reference to the Danish studies in reader responses. The paper then proceeds to a discussion of a number of methodological problems inherent in setting up questions for cross-cultural (and international) studies in general, and for reader response studies in particular. The paper concludes with the first version of the questionnaire used in the "Folktale project" and describes the outcome of the test of the questionnaire with various groups of Danish readers. (Seventeen references, an appendix of data, 14 related publications of the Folktale project, and an overview of the Folktale project as of October, 1989 are attached.) (Author/RS)

Outlined in this paper are the plans for three additional pilot studies to be conducted in Denmark as part of the interdisciplinary Turko-Danish Fairytale Project. The project is concerned with the collective versus the individual nature of reader response to literature and the three pilot studies are: introspection studies during the reading, essay studies in writing, and studies to develop a tentative questionnaire to collect background variables. Sections of the paper discuss (1) readers in the Danish introspection study, (2) instructions (in Danish) to readers in the introspection study, (3) procedures used in the introspection studies, (4) procedures for the essay pilot study, and (5) procedures for the questionnaire study covering background variables. (HOD)

The theoretical background of the interdisciplinary Turko-Danish Fairytale Project is discussed in this paper. The paper first offers support for the working hypotheses of the Fairytale Project, which was designed to determine (1) if there are aesthetic principles that are universal and that guide the reader's experience of literary works; (2) whether these principles are built into people by their cultural, economic, and social experiences; or (3) whether these principles are totally individualistic. Then, the theory of reader response that suggests that text does not exist outside the experiences of the readers/listeners is detailed. This theory is applied to the project. An explanation is provided of why explicit statements from different schools of critical thinking are needed in the planning stage, for pilot studies, and for the final assessment. A description of each of the seven fairy tales under consideration is also presented. An explanation of a phenomenological approach to some features in the seven tales is offered and the cultural factors, the Propp functions, and the Holbeck metafunctions that apply to each are described in detail. Fairy tales in relation to the reader/listener and psychological symbols found in the tales are also discussed. (CRH)

This paper, number 10 in an ongoing series, is part of an interdisciplinary project on the context of reading and reading research that explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature in readers from different cultures. Presented are the written responses from 140 readers in Denmark, Greenland, Great Britain, India, and Nigeria to the Turkish narrative, "The Golden Apple," one of the three tales used in the Folktale Project. The responses are listed as heavily edited statements, summarized and edited from readers' essays which were written (after reading the narrative) in response to six questions regarding attitudes toward the story, feelings about the story's content, and readers' understanding of the story's meaning. Section 1 presents background information; section 2 describes the essay collection procedure and the readers. Section 3 lists the readers' responses, and section 4 contains concluding remarks. In combination with the information obtained from the introspection studies described in Paper 7, the statements listed in this paper will serve for the generation of a questionnaire on the readers' experience of "The Golden Apple," to be used in the final data-collection round in the Folktale Project. Three appendixes (containing the instructions to the readers, the essay questions, and the form used to report on the essay collection) and a listing of publications by the Folktale Project are attached. (SR)

This paper, number nine in an ongoing series, is part of an interdisciplinary project on the context of reading and reading research that explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature in readers from different cultures. Presented are the written responses from 137 readers in Denmark, Greenland, Great Britain, India, and Nigeria to the Greenlandic narrative, "The Barking Ones," one of the three tales used in the Folktale Project. The responses are listed as heavily edited statements, summarized and edited from readers' essays which were written (after reading the narrative) in response to six questions regarding attitudes toward the story, feelings about the story's content, and readers' understanding of the story's meaning. Section 1 presents background information; section 2 describes the essay collection procedure and the readers. Section 3 lists the readers' responses, and section 4 contains concluding remarks. In combination with the information obtained from the introspection studies described in Paper 7, the statements listed in this paper will serve for the generation of a questionnaire on the readers' experience of "The Barking Ones," to be used in the final data-collection round in the Folktale Project. Three appendixes containing the instructions to the readers, the essay questions, and the form used to report on the essay collection process are attached. (SR)

This paper, number eight in an ongoing series, is part of an interdisciplinary project on the context of reading and reading research that explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature in readers from different cultures. Presented are the written responses from 129 readers in Denmark, Greenland, Great Britain, India, and Nigeria to the Danish narrative, "Per Smed's Whip," one of the three tales used in the Folktale Project. The responses are listed as heavily edited statements, summarized and edited from readers' essays which were written (after reading the narrative) in response to six questions regarding attitudes toward the story, feelings about the story's content, and readers' understanding of the story's meaning. Section 1 presents background information; section 2 describes the essay collection procedure and the readers. Section 3 lists the readers' responses, and section 4 contains concluding remarks. In combination with the information obtained from the introspection studies described in Paper 7, the statements listed in this paper will serve for the generation of a questionnaire on the readers' experience of "Per Smed's Whip" to be used in the final data-collection round in the Folktale Project. Three appendixes (containing the instructions to the readers, the essay questions, and the form used to report on the essay collection process) and a listing of publications by the Folktale Project are attached. (SR)

This paper, the fifth of seven, part of an interdisciplinary project on the context of reading and reading research that explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature in readers from different cultures, describes the methods used for the construction of a questionnaire for readers' social, educational, financial, and literary backgrounds. The paper discusses the 28 questions posed in the first international version of the questionnaire, which was made as comprehensive as possible. After explaining that the first version was then tested under field conditions, the paper relates that the subjects, 45 United States high school students in Teaneck, New Jersey and 57 Danish high school students in Copenhagen, were administered the questionnaire. The paper states that the results provided researchers with data to prepare the final version of the questionnaire to be used for the "Folktale Project." The questionnaire is appended. (MS)

This paper, the last of seven, part of an interdisciplinary project on the context of reading and reading research that explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature in readers from different cultures, supplies the "Folktale project" with readers' statements which can be used for the construction of a cross-cultural questionnaire. The paper explains that subjects were asked to read a story and comment on it in an interview. Ten readers (seven Danes and three Greenlanders) commented on the Danish version of the stories, and 11 readers (eight Americans, one Welshman, one Canadian, and one Australian) read the English version. The paper notes that the results from these interviews will be used for the construction of questionnaires on readers' responses to the three stories. Four notes are included, and two references, an overview of the project, four appendixes, and a list of publications from the project are attached. (MS)

This paper, the fourth of seven, part of an interdisciplinary project on the context of reading and reading research that explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature in readers from different cultures, describes the work on organizing texts from different cultures and nations (Denmark, Greenland, and Turkey) in the "same" versions in English and in Danish. The paper approaches the problem of translation by attempting to ensure that future readers in different cultures meet with texts which are--in textual, "physical" terms--as "identical in Danish and in English as humanly possible." The paper explains that the main objective of this part of the project is to ensure that as few differences as possible in the readers' responses can be ascribed to differences in the "stimuli," i.e. in the texts, the tales the readers read. The paper discusses the procedures employed in the translation and the social and cultural background of each story, and also records the changes wrought on the texts in the processes of linguistic transfer. Contained in the paper are the Danish versions of all three stories. One figure, one table, two diagrams, one sketch, and six notes are included, and 17 references and an overview of the project are appended. (MS)

As part of the Folktale project, which explores similarities and dissimilarities in the response to literature from and in different cultures, advanced undergraduate students in classes on literary interpretation or literary history analyzed a Danish, a Greenlandic, and a Turkish folk tale. Two male and two female students in classes on literary interpretation or literary history responded to the Danish story, "Per Smed's Whip." Four male and eight female students in a literary interpretation class discussed a Greenlandic tale, "The Barking Ones." A class of approximately 20 students of literature responded to the Turkish tale, "The Golden Apple." These analyses supplemented the reader responses obtained earlier in the folktale project by means of introspection studies and essay studies. (A list of 13 related papers and an overview of the Folktale project as of April, 1989 are attached.) (RS)

Part of a series of studies on higher education in different countries, this paper examines the organization of higher education in Denmark, the growth of the system, the nature of the parliamentary legislation of the 1970's, and the Danish system from the standpoint of institution-building. There are three state-supported sectors of higher education. The first sector contains faculties of medicine, theology, natural sciences, arts, and social sciences (including law). The second sector involves technical and other specialized disciplines; the third, teacher training colleges, library schools, and social work schools. There has been a rapid growth in students over the last two decades and a corresponding increase in the number of teachers. Institution-building in Denmark has involved two distinct processes: (1) reshaping of the existing or pre-1970 universities at Copenhagen, Aarhus, and Odense, and later of other institutions of higher education (e.g. Danish Technical University); and (2) the building of two totally new university centers at Roskilde and Aslborg. The organizational change in Denmark's university system is seen as entwined, in some instances, with an intellectual challenge to existing standards; however, for the most part the building of new institutions kept the intellectual standards of the traditional university. (SW)

Thirty teenage exchange students from Denmark and the United States were interviewed concerning the differences they perceived in the two cultures. Salient differences were cited in the domains of family rules, education and schools, use of alcohol, romantic relationships and sexuality, communication and friendships, ethnic differences and religious beliefs and practices. Sometimes these differences caused problems. For this reason placement of exchange students should be done with care. It is noted that parents in the United States tended to be more authoritative and less likely to give their children decision-making responsibility than were their Danish counterparts. The Danish teenagers enjoyed a great deal of freedom along with the concomitant responsibility. (BZ)

This comparative study on craft apprenticeship in Europe is divided into four parts. An introductory section analyzes developments and trends in apprenticeship training in Europe. The second section is a view of vocational training derived from interviews with European commission officials. Some common issues in apprenticeship training in Denmark, Eire, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and West Germany are then examined. They include definitions of apprenticeship; legislation; participating bodies; component parts of the apprenticeship program; education, training, and work experience; starting age and duration of apprenticeship; formal qualifications and examinations; guidance and supervisory services; reform and development; take-up rates; and examples of ranges of trades involved. Appendixes provide background material on the European community, including the structure of the European economic community, vocational education and training, and general educational policy. They also provide a summary of general principles for vocational training agreed upon by the Council of Ministers in 1963. (YLB)

This report on the Automated Library Information Control System (ALIS) of the National Technological Library of Denmark focuses on the circulation control functions of the integrated, distributed processing system, which also functions as an online catalog for a bibliographic database of approximately 120,000 records with library location codes. These records represent the current technological-scientific literature. An examination of the online component of the circulation control system discusses functions available to both borrowers and personnel, functions accessible to personnel only, and publication status for borrowers and for lending personnel. The batch processing component is discussed in terms of functions that produce output for internal use and functions that concern system maintenance. Figures illustrate the ALIS system configuration and functions of the system, and sample screen displays show part of an online session, a listing of current issues of a periodical, reservations for a sample publication, borrower loans and borrower reservations, publications charged out to a borrower, publications reserved, borrower's record, the charging out of a publication, and bar code creation. (LMM)

A study examined job search in a professional labor market by specifying a variable intensity model of labor market search and investigating its empirical consequences. Variables taken into account in the theoretical model investigated included background characteristics such as grades, sex, age, and previous working experience; intensity of search; reservation income level; expected duration of search; and how employers may perform searching and the effect of employer search methods on job searchers. Data utilized in estimating the model came from a survey done on new graduates of the social sciences from Danish universities from 1974 through 1977. Among those surveyed were 852 law graduates. Most respondents were between the ages of 25 and 27. The empirical results of the study revealed that achievements at the university and other background characteristics are applied extensively as screening factors. Data concerning the optimal intensity and duration of search indicated that searchers adjust their search intensity to the probabilities of getting interviews and offers. Job searchers also vary their intensity of search to overcome deficiencies in their background characteristics. (MN)

The most striking general features of the Danish education system are these: a high degree of centralization, learner-centeredness, open access, precisely defined conditions of service for teachers, and virtually non-existent training for educational managers. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 7 and 16 years. Optional preschool classes are available. At the upper secondary level, education traditionally prepares students for entry to higher education. The Danish vocational education system offers a far more integrated and coordinated national system than does the British. In addition to two- to four-year apprenticeship training, basic vocational education has a prerequisite of nine years of compulsory schooling and lasts between three and five years. Vocational education is organized into eight main fields. Each field involves two parts: a basic year and between two and four additional years. Most fundamental problems in establishing vocational training programs center on the mismatch between supply and demand. Other forms of vocational training include permanent programs for training semi-skilled workers and for retraining and upgrading skilled workers and special programs for prevocational training for young people, adult retraining, long-term unemployed adults, and migrant workers. A wide range of measures has been undertaken to combat youth unemployment. (YLB)

An initial study (Ram 1) in Denmark in 1970 determined whether methods could be developed to assess the effect of textual passages on readers' experiences of a short story. Subjects, 717 Danish secondary students, were given a questionnaire to check on the effect of specific auctorial techniques and to chart readers' attitudes and the way they changed during the reading. Results showed that it is possible to chart many aspects of the literary experience both during and after the reading in a way which is meaningful to virtually all readers and that the information obtained can be subjected to statistical analysis. Descriptions of the planning and the development of three more studies (Ram 2, 3, and 4) are based on the results of the original study. These descriptions include the purposes of the studies, the problems of translation, and the development of the questionnaire. Ram 2 will chart 600 Danish readers' immediate attitude to the short story. Ram 3 will use four different versions of the text to chart the effect of narrative techniques with 1,600 Danes. Ram 4 will do the same in the United States. (Five tables of data are included, and four references and an appendix containing a set of questionnaires and the translation of the original short story used in the study are attached.) (MS)

Papers from the proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society was submitted in two volumes. Volume 1 contains papers submitted at the conference held in Sofia, Bulgaria, June 14-17, 2016. Volume 2 contains papers submitted at the 4th International Partner Conference of the International Research Centre (IRC) "Scientific Cooperation," Rostov-on-Don, Russia. The overall conference theme was "Education Provision to Every One: Comparing Perspectives from Around the World" and included six thematic sections: (1) Comparative Education & History of Education; (2) Pre-service and In-service Teacher Training & Learning and Teaching Styles; (3) Education Policy, Reforms and School Leadership; (4) Higher Education, Lifelong Learning and Social Inclusion; (5) Law and Education: Legislation and Inclusive Education, Child Protection & Human Rights Education; and (6) Research Education: Developing Globally Competent Researchers for International and Interdisciplinary Research. The book contains a Preface: "Bulgarian Comparative Education Society: 25 Years of Being International" (Nikolay Popov); an Introduction: "Education Provision to Everyone: Comparing Perspectives from Around the World" (Lynette Jacobs) and papers divided into the respective thematic sections. Part 1: "Comparative Education & History of Education": (1) Jullien: Founding Father of Comparative and International Education Still Pointing the Way (Charl Wolhuter); (2) Presentation of Marc-Antoine Jullien's Work in Bulgarian Comparative Education Textbooks (Teodora Genova & Nikolay Popov); (3) "Teach Your Children Well": Arguing in Favor of Pedagogically Justifiable Hospitality Education (Ferdinand J. Potgieter); (4) Theory for Explaining and Comparing the Dynamics of Education in Transitional Processes (Johannes L. van der Walt); (5) Nordic Internationalists' Contribution to the Field of Comparative and International Education (Teodora Genova); (6) International Research Partners: The Challenges of Developing an Equitable Partnership between Universities in the Global North and South (Karen L. Biraimah); (7) Providing Books to Rural Schools through Mobile Libraries (Lynette Jacobs, Ernst Stals & Lieve Leroy); (8) South African Curriculum Reform: Education for Active Citizenship (Juliana Smith & Agnetha Arendse); (9) Universities Response to Oil and Gas Industry Demands in South Texas (USA) and Tamaulipas (Mexico) (Marco Aurelio Navarro); (10) Goals That Melt Away. Higher Education Provision in Mexico (Marco Aurelio Navarro & Ruth Roux); (11) How the Issue of Unemployment and the Unemployed Is Treated in Adult Education Literature within Polish and U.S. Contexts (Marzanna Pogorzelska & Susan Yelich Biniecki); (12) Contribuciones de un Modelo Multiniveles para el Análisis Comparado de Impactos de Políticas Educativas en la Educación Superior (Mirian Inés Capelari) [title and paper are provided in Spanish, abstract in English]; and (13) Internationalization, Globalization and Relationship Networks as an Epistemological Framework Based on Comparative Studies in Education (Amelia Molina García & José Luis Horacio Andrade Lara). Part 2: "Pre-service and In-service Teacher Training & Learning and Teaching Styles": (14) The Goals and Conditions of Qualitative Collaboration between Elementary Schools and Community -- A Challenge for the Professional Development (Jana Kalin & Barbara Šteh); (15) South African Heads of Department on Their Role in Teacher Development: Unexpected Patterns in an Unequal System (André du Plessis); (16) Do Teachers, Students and Parents Agree about the Top Five Good Teacher's Characteristics? (Marlena Plavšic & Marina Dikovic); and (17) Personality Traits and Learning Styles of Secondary School Students in Serbia (Gordana Djigic, Snežana Stojiljkovic & Andrijana Markovic). Part 3: "Education Policy, Reforms & School Leadership": (18) Routes into Teaching: Does Variety Aid Recruitment or Merely Cause Confusion? A Study of Three Different Programmes for Teacher Training in England (Gillian Hilton); (19) The Status of Teaching as a Profession in South Africa (Corene de Wet); (20) Initial and Continuing Professional Development of Adult Educators from an Educational - Policy Perspective: Rethinking from Croatia (Renata Cepic & Marijeta Mašic); (21) Educational Reform from the Perspective of the Student (Claudio-Rafael Vasquez-Martinez, Felipe Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Jose-Gerardo Cardona-Toro, MaríaGuadalupe Díaz-Renteria, Maria-Ines Alvarez, Hector Rendon, Isabel Valero, Maria Morfin, Miguel Alvarez); (22) Leadership and Context Connectivity: Merging Two Forces for Sustainable School Improvement (Nylon Ramodikoe Marishane); (23) Approaches to In-servicing Training of Teachers in Primary Schools in South Africa (Vimbi P. Mahlangu); (24) Social Justice and Capacity for Self-development in Educational Systems in European Union (Bo-Ruey Huang); (25) Social Justice and Capacity for Self-Development in Educational System in Japan (Yu-Fei Liu); and (26) Emotions in Education Generated by Migration (Graciela Amira Medecigo Shej). Part 4: "Higher Education, Lifelong Learning & Social Inclusion": (27) Ambivalent Community: International African Students in Residence at a South African University (Everard Weber An); (28) Internationalization of Higher Education Institutions in Latvia and Turkey: Its Management and Development during the Last Decade (Sibel Burçer & Ilze Kangro); (29) Lifelong Learning: Capabilities and Aspirations (Petya Ilieva-Trichkova); (30) Where Have All the Teachers Gone: A Case Study in Transitioning (Amanda S. Potgieter); (31) An Overview of Engineering Courses in Brazil: Actual Challenges (Alberto G. Canen, Iara Tammela & Diogo Cevolani Camatta); (32) Multiculturalism and Peace Studies for Education Provision in Time of Diverse Democracies (Rejane P. Costa & Ana Ivenicki); (33) Social Inclusion of Foreigners in Poland (Ewa Sowa-Behtane); (34) An Autistic Child Would Like to Say "Hello" (Maria Dishkova); (35) Research Approaches for Higher Education Students: A Personal Experience (Momodou M Willan); (36) Social Networks Use, Loneliness and Academic Performance among University Students (Gordana Stankovska, Slagana Angelkovska & Svetlana Pandiloska Grncarovska); and (37) The Personal Characteristics Predictors of Academic Success (Slagana Angelkoska, Gordana Stankovska & Dimitar Dimitrovski). Part 5: "Law and Education: Legislation and Inclusive Education, Child Protection & Human Rights Education": (38) An Exploration of the Wider Costs of the Decision by the Rivers State Government in Nigeria to Revoke International Students' Scholarships (Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu & Queen Chioma Nworgu); (39) Strategies for Improving the Employability Skills and Life Chances of Youths in Nigeria (Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu, Steve Azaiki, Shade Babalola & Chinuru Achinewhu); (40) Examining the Role, Values, and Legal Policy Issues Facing Public Library Resources in Supporting Students to Achieve Academic Success (Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu, Steve Azaiki & Queen Chioma Nworgu); (41) Peer Exclusion at Physical Education (Gorazde Sotosek); (42) Exclusion and Education in South Africa: An Education Law Perspective of Emerging Alternative Understandings of Exclusion (Johan Beckmann); and (43) Educational and Social Inclusion of Handicapped Children. Polish Experiences (Anna Czyz). Part 6: "Research Education: Developing Globally Competent Researchers for International and Interdisciplinary Research": (44) Observations about Research Methodology during 15 Years of Presenting Capacity-Building Seminars (Johannes L. van der Walt); and (45) Using a Play-Based Methodology in Qualitative Research: A Case of Using Social Board to Examine School Climate (Anna Mankowska). Following the presentation of the complete conference papers, the following abstracts are provided: (1) Project-Based Learning in Polish-American Comparative Perspective (Marzanna Pogorzelska); (2) Teaching and Researching Intervention and Facilitation in a Process of Self-reflection: Scrutinity of an Action Research Process (Juliana Smith); (3) Investigating Perceptions of Male Students in Early Childhood Education Program on Learning Experiences (Ayse Duran); (4) Teacher Professional Development and Student Achievement in Turkey: Evidence from TIMSS 2011 (Emine Gumus & Mehmet Sukru Bellibas); (5) The Usage of CBT and Ayeka Approach at the Kedma School (Yehuda Bar Shalom & Amira Bar Shalom); (6) Factors Affecting Turkish Teachers' Use of ICT for Teaching: Evidence from ICILS 2013 (Mehmet Sukru Bellibas & Sedat Gumus); (7) Application of Big Data Predictive Analytics in Higher Education (James Ogunleye); (8) The Pursuit of Excellence in Malaysian Higher Education: Consequences for the Academic Workplace (David Chapman, Sigrid Hutcheson, Chang Da Wan, Molly Lee, Ann Austin, Ahmad Nurulazam); (9) Challenging the Value and Missions of Higher Education: New Forms of Philanthropy and Giving (Pepka Boyadjieva & Petya Ilieva-Trichkova); (10) The Effects of Major-changing between Undergraduates and Postgraduates on the Major Development of Postgraduates (Jinmin Yu & Hong Zhu); (11) Spotlight on Canadian Research Education: Access of Doctoral Students to Research Assistantships (Ewelina Kinga Niemczyk); (12) Regulation or Freedom? Considering the Role of the Law in Study Supervision (J. P. Rossouw & M. C. Rossouw); (13) The Subjectivity-Objectivity Battle in Research (Gertrude Shotte); and (14) Interdisciplinary Approach to Teaching Chemistry: Electrochemical Biosensors Case Study (Margarita Stoytcheva & Roumen Zlatev). A Name Index is included. (Individual papers contain references.) [For Volume 2, "Education Provision to Every One: Comparing Perspectives from around the World. BCES Conference Books, Volume 14, Number 2" see ED568089.]

We consider the question whether pupils from the lower social strata perform better in private government-dependent schools than in public or private-independent schools, using the PISA 2000 data on European high schools. In the eighty's, Coleman and Hoffer (1987) found in the USA that the performance of these pupils was better at religious schools than at comparable public schools. Dronkers and Robert (2003) found in PISA-data for 19 comparable countries that private government-dependent schools are more effective then comparable public schools, also after controlled for characteristics of pupils and parents and the social composition of the school. The main explanation appeared to be a better school climate in private government-dependent schools. Private independent schools were less effective than comparable public schools, but only after controlling for the social composition of the school. As a follow-up we now investigate, again with the PISA-data of these 19 countries, whether this positive effect of private government-dependent schools differs between pupils from different strata. We use various indicators to measure social strata: social, cultural and economic. We expect that the thesis of Coleman & Hoffer does hold for private government-dependent schools, because in these 19 countries they are mostly religious schools, which have more opportunities to form functional communities and create social capital. But for private independent schools, which due to their commercial foundation are less often functional communities, this relation is not expected to hold. However, the results show that public and private schools have mostly the same effects for the same kind of pupils and thus mostly not favor one kind of pupils above another kind of pupils. But private government-dependent schools are slightly more effective for pupils with less cultural capital. However, private independent schools are also more effective for pupils from large families or low status families. (Contains 4 tables, 12 notes and a list of 25 Literature Resources .)