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Perceived tenure security is recognised to affect the socioeconomic behaviours and wellbeing of informal settlement dwellers. The provision of perceived tenure security is centred on the developmental agenda as a key policy alternative of tenure legalisation. Despite the consensus about its importance, the reason perceived tenure security is different amongst dwellers remains unclear. To fill this gap, we introduce social capital theory to understand the formation of and disparity in perceived tenure security. The hypotheses are that dwellers living in informal settlements with higher collective social capital and having higher individual social capital tend to feel more secure on their tenure because of higher backing power attained to deter the threats of eviction. We examine the hypotheses using a structural equation model approach to a dataset collected from three small property rights housing communities, which are emerging informal settlements in urban China. Modelling results support our hypotheses and suggest that female, low-income and migrant dwellers tend to feel less secure on their tenure because of the lack of social capital to deter the threats to their tenure. This study contributes to a new sociological explanation for the disparity in perceived tenure security other than the established psychological explanation. Empirically, this study contributes to the understanding of the rapid development of small property rights housing developments in China from the perspective of how dwellers develop security on informal tenure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Microbial aerosols from pig houses can be released into the environment, posing a serious threat to biosafety and public health. At present, there are few studies on the structural characteristics of aerosol bacteria in piggeries at different growth stages. It is important to understand the characteristics of aerosol bacteria in pig houses to solve the problems of air pollution and disease control in pig houses at different growth stages. In this study, bacterial aerosol concentrations and bacterial communities were compared in pig houses at different growth stages in Hebei Province, China. It was found that bacterial concentrations, community richness, and diversity in the air increased with the age of pigs. There are many pathogenic bacteria in the microbial aerosols of piggery. Our study highlights the importance of more comprehensive research and analysis of microbial aerosols in pig houses. Precautions for air pollution should be instituted in pig houses, including wearing masks, rigorous disinfection, and hygiene procedures. With the development of modern pig raising technology, the increasing density of animals in pig houses leads to the accumulation of microbial aerosols in pig houses. It is an important prerequisite to grasp the characteristics of bacteria in aerosols in different pig houses to solve the problems of air pollution and disease prevention and control in different pig houses. This work investigated the effects of growth stages on bacterial aerosol concentrations and bacterial communities in pig houses. Three traditional types of closed pig houses were studied: farrowing (FAR) houses, weaning (WEA) houses, and fattening (FAT) houses. The Andersen six-stage sampler and high-volume air sampler were used to assess the concentrations and size distribution of airborne bacteria, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify the bacterial communities. We found that the airborne bacterial concentration, community richness, and diversity index increased with pig age. We found that Acinetobacter, Erysipelothrix, Streptococcus, Moraxella, and Aerococcus in the microbial aerosols of pig houses have the potential risk of causing disease. These differences lead us to believe that disinfection strategies for pig houses should involve a situational focus on environmental aerosol composition on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of China's urbanization process, more and more people are pouring into cities, and this wave has inevitably caused urban housing shortages. In order to meet the living needs of citizens, a large number of communities with high housing density have emerged, resulting in many hidden safety hazards in the outdoor space of the community, forming an unhealthy community space environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build a health-promoting safety community. The thesis is aimed at studying the safety of outdoor spaces in cold communities, meeting the safety needs of community residents, and, from the evaluation of four levels of space accessibility, space identifiability, space privacy, and community service, judging the space. The main influencing factors of safety, according to the influencing factors, put forward corresponding planning strategies to provide theoretical support for the construction of safe cold community outdoor space. This paper provides a new idea for the health promotion research of community outdoor space planning, which can not only make the community outdoor environment full of sense of security but also be conducive to the sustainable development of health-promoting communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic accessibility plays a key role in health care inequality but remains insufficiently investigated in China, primarily due to the lack of accurate, broad-coverage data on supply and demand. In this paper, we employ an innovative approach to local supply-and-demand conditions to (1) reveal the status quo of the distribution of health care provision and (2) examine whether individual households from communities with different housing prices can acquire equal and adequate quality health care services within and across 361 cities in China. Our findings support previous conclusions that quality hospitals are concentrated in cities with high administrative rankings and developmental levels. However, after accounting for the population size an "accessible" hospital serves, we discern "pro-poor" inequality in accessibility to care (denoted as GAPSD) and that GAPSD decreases along with increases in administrative rankings of cities and in community ratings. This paper is significant for both research and policy-making. Our approach successfully reveals an "unexpected" pattern of health care inequality that has not been reported before, and our findings provide a nationwide, detailed benchmark that facilitates the assessment of health and urban policies, as well as associated policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important changes in China's social structure, brought about by reform and the opening-up of the economy, is the formation and development of the middle class. In recent times, within the context of the implementation of the housing reform and an increase in housing prices, housing has become an important indicator of the Chinese middle class. Accordingly, based on an analysis of the Chinese General Social Survey 2015 data, with semi-structured interviews and participant observation of the Chinese middle class, this study examined how the middle class constructs its identity based on housing consumption. Through the analysis, this study revealed that there are certain similarities among the Chinese middle class in their value standards and pursuits of housing consumption. For example, they have the same requirements for elegant living environments, perfect living facilities, and homogeneous neighbors. They commonly pursue amenities such as comfort, beauty, personal interests, and safety. They all refer to various media resources and expect their housing and community to be constructed as territories that express their social class identity. Their choices of residential area, community environment, interior decoration of their house, and furniture layout express the structure and boundary of their social class. They have a common understanding of other social classes, like the nouveau riche, migrant workers, etc. The findings of this study can supplement the research on housing and the middle class; moreover, it can have great practical significance for deepening the understanding of housing consumption and the psychology of middle-class consumers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjective well‐being (SWB) of migrants is an important topic, while the research from the perspective of community choice is relatively rare. Using China Migrant Dynamic Survey, this study shows that migrants' community choice is significantly positively associated with their SWB. The SWB level of migrants living in commercial housing, work unit housing, affordable housing, and urban villages is higher than migrants living in old housing communities, even after controlling endogeneity problems by using PSM and IV estimations. Based on utility theory, social capital theory, and social stratification theory, the in‐depth analysis reveals that living in different communities has varied underlying mechanisms on migrants' SWB. Migrants living in commercial housing, work unit, and affordable housing have more local neighbors, participate in more social or community activities, spend more on local invitations and gifts. And their self‐identity is higher. These can improve their happiness level. However, migrants living in urban villages have different mechanisms, they interact more with homogenous groups (such as relatives, compatriots, or friends who migrate and work together) and seek more help from these groups, and also increase expenditures on local invitations and gifts to increase their SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban structure in China has been transformed profoundly through rounds of economic reforms. Over the past 60 years, various types of neighborhoods have emerged at different stages of economic and social transition. Formed and organized in different ways, these neighborhoods provide distinct economic, social, and physical environments to residents. However, little is known about the link between neighborhood types and the health of residents in urban China. Using longitudinal data from the China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey (2012–2014), we estimate multilevel regression models to predict self-rated health (SRH) while controlling for a lagged measure of SRH. Results show that living in traditional communities in old districts and work-unit compounds for state-owned enterprises is associated with better SRH among older adults (≥50 years old) compared with living in other types of neighborhoods, such as commercial-housing communities and migrant enclaves. Neighborhood types do not matter for the health of younger adults (<50 years old). Neighborhood water quality and distance to facilities are associated with SRH for older adults but do not account for the relationships between neighborhood types and SRH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we discussed the influence path of culture-building services provided by property management companies in China's residential communities, and their relationship with residents' evaluations of the companies' services. Using data from a survey of 501 residents of typical commercial housing communities, we constructed a structural equation model based on the stimulus–organism–response framework. Community cultural services were used as the stimulus variable; pleasure, arousal, and perceived value were the organism variables; and customer satisfaction was the response variable. Our results show that the impact of cultural services on residents' evaluations could be explained by the stimulus–organism–response model, such that a strong community culture had a positive impact on residents' emotions and perceived value, and on customer satisfaction. The findings of this study enrich understanding of how property services managers can construct a community culture system to satisfy owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid aging of the world population, great pressure has been placed on the provision of community-based care in China. This paper aimed to compare the demand and its determinants for various community-based care services among the elderly in the affordable housing community (AHC) and commercial housing community (CHC) of China. Two community-based surveys were conducted separately in the AHC and CHC of Nanjing City, China. In total, 408 valid questionnaires were returned from the Daishan AHC while 8422 valid questionnaires were received from the CHCs. The chi square test indicated that the respondents in the AHC had significantly higher demands for five types of services (the meal-aid service, the cleaning-aid service, the bath-aid service, the rehabilitation therapy service, and the first-aid service) than those in the CHCs of Nanjing. Further, the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test showed that factors influencing the elderly's demands for these services varied across communities. Several policy implications could be obtained to improve the efficiency of community-based care provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid economic and urban development in recent decades, sociospatial inequalities in Chinese cities are exacerbating. In China, the sociospatial structure of cities has experienced tremendous changes during the economic transition. Based on a person‐based perspective, this study explores the relationship between urban spaces and individual behaviours of low‐income and non‐low‐income groups in general and at the community level. The results indicate that low‐income residents are more likely constrained to outer suburbs than non‐low‐income residents. However, differences in urban‐space use between income groups vary in different communities. The differences in inner‐city communities are the most moderate, while the differences are the most significant in affordable housing communities. The logistic regression models reveal that the income variable influences only the outer‐suburb individuals' use of urban space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community-based care services refers to the professional services provided at home to the elderly with formally assessed demands. The growth of the elderly population has increased the demand for these services, and this issue is even worse in the affordable housing community (AHC) of China. Understanding of elderly's demands for different types of community-based care services and its determinations would enable the implementation of appropriate incentive schemes to promote utilization of community-based care services in the AHCs of China.Methods: Guided by previous studies, a conceptual framework was developed. Then, a questionnaire was designed and a community based survey was conducted from May 10-20, 2018 in Daishan AHC of Nanjing City, China. Four hundred eight participants from 25,650 elderly people were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Binary logistic regression was applied to the data about the elderly' primary demands for community-based care services in the AHC, to quantify the elderly's demands and explore related individual-level factors.Results: The finding indicates that more than 50% of respondents had the demand for an elderly care hotline, building health archives, on-call nursing and doctor visits, medical lectures, regular medical examinations and sporting fitness. The binary logistic regression models revealed that the primary demands of the elderly for community-based care services were influenced by distinct factors.Conclusions: Our findings help clarify different types of community-based care services and provide fresh information about the demand for community-based care among the elderly in AHCs. Several policy implications are discussed to enhance the efficiency of community-based care service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Britain and China have experienced periods of rapid population growth and inadequate housing construction. Social housing is a form of housing tenure easing the housing pressure. It solves residential demands of different living patterns in middle to low income groups. The sustainable strategy lies in three aspects:1. Making utmost use of the local natural environment; 2. Providing reasonable public space and suitable traffic to revitalize community awareness; and 3. The holistic design of multiple dwelling units for different people and long-term needs. This paper shows two projects – Park Hill in Sheffield, UK and Longnan Garden in Shanghai – as precedents of how to design social housing with sustainable approaches by following the local natural characteristics, by respecting traditions and the different demands of residents and the long-term housing usage. UP TO HERE Compared with China’s 20-year social housing development, that in Britain has a long history and presents complicated multiplicities, could provide significant references. This paper shows that such communities could be design in steps: using the organic gallery apartment building layout, the special corridor system connecting the public function to neighborhoods, SI House theories optimizing the hostile design of dwelling units and components. During the design, the local nature and tradition should be respected. Specifically, the Park Hill is built up along the sloping field, four types of apartment units are based on the traditional terraced house, designed holistically for different families; the deck, which is called “street in the sky”, is not only the traffic but also the active place promoting public and neighborhoods relationships; the renovation design retains the former structure and makes the maximization of indoor flexibility. Longnan Garden is surrounded by existing resident districts; the organic planning based on the traditional courtyards ensures the enough sunlight and river views in the community; the community environment is improved by the courtyards, which include the ground area and roof gardens; elevated corridors run through courtyards connecting common rooms on the second floor; the 7.6-meter-height skeleton is innovated from SI housing and the experience of European social housing. The paper summarizes the development tendency of social housing and provides reference for future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevailing property management philosophy in China is outdated and is therefore not useful for improving the sustainability of buildings and their facilities. However, the introduction and integration of basic ecological concepts in the existing studies of ecological property management theory has been limited. The analysis related to the methods for and the influencing factors on ecological behavior implementation has hardly been covered. Based on the use of grounded theory, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of property management ecological behavior by setting the influencing factors as the research target. First, a literature review is conducted to identify the definition of property management ecological behavior. Based on the theory of planned behavior, a preliminary theoretical model of the factors influencing ecological behavior in property management is constructed. Then, the research framework and a data analysis scheme are designed based on grounded theory. An in-depth review is used to gather information on property management in community and public housing. The interview data are coded and analyzed with the help of NVivo11 software to identify the influencing factors of the property management ecological behavior in China. Studies have shown that factors influencing property management ecological behavior include stimulus, status, scenario, and result. The stimulus factors include government regulations , market pressure , and social supervision. The status factors include scale, nature, capabilities, value , environmental awareness of managers, and financial situation. The scenario factors include service cost, resource availability, object factor , and owner willingness. The result factors include the profits of the company and the satisfaction of the owners. This study comprehensively identifies the influencing factors of the property management ecological behavior in China and enriches the definition of property management ecological behavior. A theoretical model of influencing factors of property management ecological behavior is built and employed to systematically analyze the characteristics of the ecological behavior of property service companies. This study provides a foundation for further analysis of the mechanisms guiding ecological behavior among property management companies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have examined the determinants of housing prices in Chinese cities. However, most of them ignored the hierarchical structural characteristics of housing prices because of the use of ordinary least squares and hedonic pricing to model the housing prices for a single city. Therefore, this study explores the multi-level determinants of housing prices and their interactions at different levels. To this end, it proposes a three-level hierarchical linear model (HLM) using observations from 146,099 communities nested in 1120 counties of 31 provinces in China as a case study. The results of the hierarchical linear regression indicate significant variances in average housing prices. This finding suggests HLM to be appropriate when dealing with housing prices inherently nested at multiple geographic levels. Overall, housing values in China are not only determined by accessibility factors but are also driven by multi-level socioeconomic aspects. Among the selected variables, high-speed railway shows a significant positive effect, while ordinary railway shows a significant negative effect on housing values at the community level. At the county level, rural–urban migration and per capita living space have significant positive impacts on housing value. At the province level, the relationship between rural–urban migration and housing prices depends on economic development and urban employment. Similarly, the average wages of urban employment influence the relationship between per capita living space and housing prices. These results suggest that contextual effects exist between the determinants of housing prices at county and province levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable housing has emerged as a key issue in urban development in a wide range of countries. Themes in research on affordable housing development across the world are reviewed. Affordable Housing Communities for low income households have been built on a large scale in developing countries such as China during the last two decades, mainly in urban fringe areas. Evidence on the impact of the location on access of residents to services is rare. Studying Nanjing, this paper compares spatial access to services between Affordable Housing Communities and Other Housing Communities by measuring distances and imputing walking time between residential land parcels and facilities. Affordable Housing Communities have significantly poorer access than Other Housing Communities, because of poor neighbourhood provision of low order services and poor access to high order services. A household survey of Affordable Housing Communities and Other Housing Communities records the daily lives, degrees of satisfaction and community attachments of residents. Residents in affordable housing have low degrees of satisfaction, weak community attachments and desire to move. The findings emphasize that service provision should be planned to keep pace with Affordable housing construction, so that these communities become better places to live. • Affordable Housing Communities (ACs) are found in Nanjing's periphery. • Access to services was measured as walking time from land parcels to facilities. • Residents in ACs have poor access to health care, schools and shopping malls. • AC residents were dissatisfied with the lack of access and wished to move. • Planners need to invest in making services accessible to AC residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2010s, the return of the state in land expropriation and urban (re)development processes has resulted in a new type of neighborhood in urban China, namely, displaced villagers' resettlement community (DVRC). The government aimed to promote the social integration of land-lost peasants into urban society by placing DVRCs in areas with good accessibility and mixed land-use development. However, some studies found that the territorial stigmatization of DVRCs as poor and uncivilized neighborhoods has caused the depreciation of houses in DVRCs. Does this disamenity effect spill over to nearby houses? If yes, does this disamenity effect vary across space? This research uses Chengdu, the largest city in Western China, as the case study. A big data approach is used to analyze the list price of 53,969 houses and their housing attributes. An ordinary least squares hedonic model is used to determine the effect of the proximity to DVRC on house price at an overall statistical level. Then, a mixed geographically weighted regression model is used to examine the spatial heterogeneity of this disamenity effect. The empirical results support the account that DVRCs depreciate nearby houses. In these underdeveloped suburban areas, the proximity to DVRCs is positively associated with housing prices because of its function as a proxy for the prospective proximity to urban service facilities. These findings indicate that the government trial of social integration promotion is not that successful and help identify areas that require interventions the most to mitigate socio-spatial segregation. • This return of the state in land acquisition and urban (re)development has resulted in DVRC in China. • DVRC are examined to depreciate nearby housing price by 10,440 CNY. • The disamenity effects of DVRC on housing price is heterogeneous across space. • Two typical areas where the proximity to DVRC appreciates housing price are identified. • The trial of promoting the social integration of land-lost peasants through mixed-use developments was unsuccessful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses collective strategies of indigenous villagers in the urbanizing region of northwestern China. Topics discussed include collective strategies in response to land development, localization of urbanization in Northwestern China, economic power of indigenous residents, several strategies including self-developmemt projects such as construction of community housing and agricultural greenhouses.

In the 2010s, China witnessed a return of the state in land acquisition and urban (re)development processes. This return of the state has resulted in a new type of neighborhood, namely displaced villagers' resettlement community (DVRC), which is well built by the government and located close to middle-income communities' amenities. The displaced villagers are entitled to full ownership and sale right of their resettlement houses. However, these houses in DVRCs are depreciated in the housing market. This study examines and explains the housing depreciation in DVRCs with a combination of quantitative hedonic models and qualitative field investigations. We explain the housing depreciation in DVRCs through the lens of territorial stigmatization theory. Based on the findings, we argue that the housing depreciation DVRCs is caused by the entrenched prejudice towards the peasantry in Chinese society. This prejudice has mutated into territorial stigmatization of DVRCs as uncivilized and poor neighborhoods. This paper innovatively bridges territorial stigmatization thesis and housing price research to provide a new method to reveal territorial stigmatization in the context of rising market approach to social housing. It contributes to the debate on whether social mix development can avoid the stigmatization of social housing communities. • China witnessed a return of the state in land acquisition and urban (re)development processes. • This return of the state has resulted in a new type of urban neighbourhood, namely displaced villagers' resettlement community (DVRC). • This study examines and explains the housing depreciation in DVRCs. • The depreciation phenomenon in DVRCs is caused by the entrenched prejudice towards the peasantry in Chinese society. • This prejudice has mutated into territorial stigmatisation of DVRCs as 'uncivilised and poor neighbourhoods' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Perceived environmental governance (PEG) impacts individual waste sorting behavior. • PEG of the central government decreases individual engagement. • PEG of the local government motivates individual engagement. • Community type mediates the effect of PEG on individual participation in China. • People in danwei and affordable housing communities respond positively to the central government. Individual waste sorting is necessary for effective, efficient waste management. Despite active government interventions, waste sorting has achieved limited success in China. Previous research provides contradictory theories and mixed evidence of the relationship between perceived environmental governance and individual waste sorting behavior. Some researchers argue that perceived environmental governance enhances individual engagement by offering a supportive atmosphere, whereas the crowding out thesis suggests that it undermines intrinsic motivation and suppresses participation. This study suggests that the controversy is partially attributed to people's varying expectations for central and local governments. Multivariate analyses of nationally representative data in China show that a positive evaluation of local government motivates individuals' sorting behavior, whereas the perceived effective environmental governance of the central government decreases individual engagement, net of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Additionally, people in danwei and affordable housing communities who perceive the central government's environmental governance to be effective are more likely to sort waste. Institutional trust and the involvement of local actors may lead to differential outcomes. These findings suggest that waste sorting results from systematic evaluations of both individual preferences and institutional settings, and effective environmental governance requires more nuanced measures to evoke intrinsic motivation, preferably at the community level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Discovery of women's leadership roles as rescuers, decision makers and breadwinners. • Empowering women's leadership will reduce vulnerability and advance resiliency. • Supporting gender equality engagement for communities affected by disasters. • Examination of women's leadership at three post-disaster stages of their lifespans. Community engagement in disaster risk reduction activities assists women to discover and build their capacity for leadership before, during, and after disaster. In the study of the entire process after an extreme event, previous research has been scarce in the examination of women of different ages' capacities of engagement, leadership, and resilience. Developed during 10 years of ongoing research after the Wenchuan earthquake, this paper employs qualitative research methodology that scrutinizes women's leadership at different stages of their lifespans during all the post-disaster stages (emergency rescue, short-term reconstruction, and long-term recovery and mitigation) that took place after the Wenchuan earthquake, in the rural areas of Sichuan Province, China. This paper discovers that (1) during the emergency rescue stage, women became rescuers augmenting and supporting the urgent response; (2) during the short-term reconstruction stage, women served as decision makers guiding the reconstruction of housing and communities; and (3) during the long-term recovery and mitigation stage, many women took on the role of breadwinner, managing the family livelihood and long-term development. From the perspective of built environment, this paper argues that women's leadership in managing existing and obtaining new resources (internal and external), in parallel effort alongside the official missions, not only strengthened the men's dominant aftermath efforts, but also promoted gender equity engagement in post-disaster reconstruction and recovery as well as powerfully advanced resilience capacity at individual, family, and community levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the data from "China Migrants' Dynamic Survey" conducted by China's National Health and Family Planning Commission, we examine the impacts of affordable housing programs on migrants' social integration in Chinese cities. We measure social integration in terms of migrants' participation in local activities and sense of belonging. We find that, after controlling for individual characteristics, the social integration level of migrants living in affordable housing program communities is significantly higher than that of migrants living in other communities. Heterogeneous analyses show that the migrants living in the rental units in affordable housing program communities exhibit a much higher level of social integration than do similar migrants living in other rental units. However, owner-occupied affordable housing communities do not show a significant effect in improving social integration, compared to other owner-occupied housing communities. Further analysis suggests that the inclusiveness of the living environment and neighborhood helps explain the main difference. • We study the impacts of affordable housing program on migrants' social integration. • We use "China Migrants' Dynamic Survey" data for our empirical research. • Migrants living in affordable housing communities are more social integrated. • Tenants exhibit higher level of social integration than home owners. • The inclusiveness of the living environment and neighborhood are main factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first professional night-time light remote sensing satellite in China, Luojia1-01, has raised the resolution of night-time light data to 130 m, which provides a possibility for the study of small-scale night-time light. This paper is the first research on spatial analysis and quantitative modeling between night-time light intensity (NTLI) and community housing price (CHP) on a small scale by using the Luojia1-01 night-time light imagery. This paper takes Wuhan as the research area, CHP data obtained by web-crawler technology as the research object, combines Luojia1-01 data, and carries out spatial correlation analysis and quantitative modeling on a small scale for them. The experimental results show that there is a strong linear positive correlation between the NTLI and CHP based on geographically weighted regression (GWR), and the CHP data in Wuhan have obvious spatial non-stationarity. Moreover, the coupling mechanism between the NTLI and CHP is also revealed. We can conclude that there is potential for estimating the CHP by using Luojia1-01 night-time light imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]