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Levels of most VOCs in foods are usually low because of their volatility, and human exposure to VOCs is expected to be mainly via inhalation of ambient and indoor air. However, dietary exposures to VOCs can be significant to overall exposures if elevated concentrations of VOCs are present in foods consumed in high amounts and/or on a regular basis, and this was demonstrated in this study with the occurrence data of toluene from the recent 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS). Concentrations of toluene in the composite samples of most food types from the 2014 TDS are low and similar to the results from the previous 2007 TDS with some exceptions, such as beef steak (670 ng/g (2014 TDS) vs. 14 ng/g (2007 TDS)), poultry, chicken and turkey (307 ng/g (2014 TDS) vs. 8.8 ng/g (2007 TDS)). Toluene concentrations in most of the grain-based and fast food composite samples from the 2014 TDS are considerably higher than those from the 2007 TDS, with the highest level of 4655 ng/g found in the composite sample of crackers from the 2014 TDS (compared to 18 ng/g from 2007 TDS). Dietary exposure estimates for toluene based on the occurrence results from the 2014 TDS show that for most of the age groups, grain-based foods are the primary source, accounting for an average of 77.5% of the overall toluene intake from the diet. The highest dietary exposures to toluene were observed for the adult age groups, with estimated average exposures ranging from 177.4 to 184.5 µg/d. Dietary exposure estimates to toluene are well below oral doses associated with toxicological effects and also below the maximum estimated intake (819 µg/d) from air inhalation for adult group (20 - 70 years) based on the results from CEPA (Canadian Environmental Protection Act) assessment in 1992. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food composite samples from the Canadian Total Diet Study which was conducted each year from 2008 to 2012 rotating between different cities were analysed for bisphenol A (BPA). The overall levels of BPA in the composite food samples from each of the five years from 2008 to 2012 were similar in general with averages (range) of 7.7 ng/g (0.20–106 ng/g), 7.8 ng/g (0.26–110 ng/g), 6.9 ng/g (0.20–84 ng/g), 7.7 ng/g (0.20–105 ng/g) and 9.0 ng/g (0.15–90 ng/g) for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Levels of BPA in most of the non-canned food composite samples were low and no particular trends were observed. In contrast, the trend of BPA levels in canned food composite samples over the five years (2008–2012) varies. BPA levels in most of the canned food composite samples from 2008 to 2012 were consistent in general (e.g. canned luncheon meat: 10–18 ng/g, canned baked beans: 18–25 ng/g). While BPA levels over the five years were found to decrease for some canned food composite samples (e.g., canned fish: 109 ng/g in 2009 vs. 51 ng/g in 2012), they were also found to increase for some other canned food composite samples (e.g. canned meat soups: 90–104 ng/g in 2011–2012 vs. 29 ng/g in 2008). Thus, recent changes in can coating for food packaging to BPA-free alternatives may have not been fully reflected in all canned food products over the period from 2008 to 2012. Continued monitoring is necessary to more fully assess the potential impact on dietary exposure by the use of BPA alternatives in food contact materials. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A sensitive and selective GC-MS method was developed and used to analyse human milk samples for both free and total bisphenol A (BPA). Total BPA was detected in 72 of the 278 human milk samples (25.9%) at concentrations from < 0.036 to 2.5 ng g–1with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.13 ng g–1and median of 0.11 ng g–1, while free BPA was detected in fewer samples, 46 of the 278 samples (16.5%) at concentrations ranging from < 0.036 to 2.3 ng g–1with a GM of 0.11 ng g–1and median of 0.10 ng g–1. Ratios of [free BPA]/[total BPA] for the positive samples ranged from 7.9% to 100% with a GM of 57.2% and median of 70.3%. Concentrations of free and total BPA in most samples were low with 0.39 and 0.65 ng g–1at the 95th percentile for free and total BPA, respectively, and they are also lower than those reported in other countries. Based on the low frequency of detection of free BPA in human milk samples, in general, dietary exposure to BPA for Canadian breast-fed infants is expected to be somewhat lower compared with exposure among formula-fed infants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the period from 1985 to 1999, about 600 samples of total diet foods from Canadian cites were analysed for dioxins, furans and non-ortho-PCBs. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations on a lipid basis were found to be the highest in dairy and beef products followed by poultry and pork. These levels decreased over the 15-year period of sampling, particularly those for fluid milk, less so for poultry and pork and little or no change for beef. Calculation of the human daily intake for the years 1985–1988 showed values a little less than 1 pg of TEQ2005polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated dibenzofuran per kg body weight, falling progressively to less than 0.5 pg of TEQ in 1999. These estimates are lower than the 2.3 pg of TEQ currently recommended by the WHO. The main categories of foods contributing to the TEQ were animal meats and dairy products, with lesser amounts from fish and other foods. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the design of the fourth phase of the Canadian total diet study, conducted for the period 1992–1999. During this phase, complete sets of foods were purchased from eight cities (from one of them twice). For each of the sets, individual foods were prepared as for consumption into about 140 different food composites at Kemptville College, homogenised and bottled. Water from Kemptville, Ontario, was used for the preparation of the foods. The composites were stored frozen at −20°C and then analysed in the Food Research Division for chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, pesticides, PCBs and trace elements. The analytical results were combined with average food consumption values for different age/sex groups, and dietary intakes were calculated. The design of the total diet study provided information to achieve the following goals: (a) background concentrations of the chemicals in the 140 different food composites, (b) average dietary intakes of the chemicals by the population and by different age/sex groups, (c) percent contribution of individual foods and food groups to the dietary intakes, (d) identification of individual contaminated foods and (e) identification of trends in human exposure with time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A variety of dairy and soy-based dairy replacement products (n = 246) purchased from Canadian retail outlets were analysed for baseline levels of melamine (MEL) using a sensitive LC-MS/MS method (method quantification limit = 4 µg/kg). MEL was infrequently detected; only 14% of the items analysed contained quantifiable levels of MEL. The concentrations observed, aside from one recalled sample of candy, ranged from 0.00435 to 0.276 mg/kg, and were at least 10 times lower than the 2.5 mg/kg interim standard for melamine in products containing milk and milk-derived ingredients established by Health Canada. The consumption of foods containing these low levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of egg-containing, soy-based, fish, shrimp and vegetable products sold in Canada were analysed for melamine (MEL) using a sensitive solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS analytical method. MEL was detected above the method quantification limit of 0.004 mg/kg in 98 of the 378 samples analysed. Concentrations in the various food product groups ranged 0.00507-0.247 mg/kg (egg-containing items), 0.00408-0.0479 mg/kg (soy-based meat substitutes), 0.00409-1.10 mg/kg (fish and shrimp products), and 0.00464-0.688 mg/kg (vegetable products). MEL was detected less frequently in egg- and soy-containing products. The presence of MEL in most of the Canadian Total Diet Study shrimp composites collected after 2001 suggested the residues in shrimp were caused by a relatively recent exposure to MEL. All concentrations of MEL reported were lower than the 2.5 mg/kg interim standard established for MEL in items containing milk and milk-derived ingredients and the respective maximum residue limits for cyromazine and its metabolite, melamine, in vegetables set by the Canadian Government (2009; http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/chem-chim/melamine/qa-melamine-qr-eng.php#8). The consumption of foods containing these low levels of MEL does not constitute a health risk for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on isotope dilution headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to assess levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in 56 samples of bottled water products sold in Canada. Levels of BPA in samples of all 51 non-polycarbonate (PC) bottled water products were lower than the method detection limit (0.50 µg l-1). Levels of BPA in most bottled water products in PC carboys were low, ranging from <0.50 to 1.4 µg l-1 with an average of 0.75 µg l-1. However, BPA was detected at levels of 8.8 and 6.5 µg l-1 in two bottles of the bottled water products in PC carboys from the same product analysed over a 5-week period, likely due to accidental or careless exposure of the products to heat (e.g. under the sun) during storage and/or transportation for extended periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroform or trichloromethane is one of the trihalomethanes formed during disinfection of water with chlorine, and residues of chloroform can be detected in foods and food products due to the use of chlorinated drinking water and disinfecting food processing equipment with chlorine-based disinfectants. In this study, chloroform was detected in 37 (or 23%) of the 159 composite food samples from the 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study, but was not detected in cereals, fruits, fast foods, and most of the meat samples. Chloroform was detected in almost all 14 composite samples of dairy products, with the highest level (58 ng/g) observed in butter, followed by cream (26 ng/g), and cheese (12-21 ng/g). Chloroform was detected in tap water (23 and 29 ng/g) and most of the beverage samples, but concentrations were lower than those reported in other studies possibly due to evaporation during the preparation of the composite samples. Dietary exposures to chloroform are higher for younger age groups (0.51-1.41 µg/kg body weight/day) than for adults (0.25-0.42 µg/kg body weight/day). Drinking water contributed most to daily intakes for all age groups, accounting for between 62% and 86% of the total chloroform dietary intakes.

Intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOCs) have recently been characterized for their contributions to the formation of secondary organic aerosol in atmospheric air. However, IVOCs in air in various indoor environments have not been characterized yet. In this study, we characterized and measured IVOCs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), in residential indoor air in Ottawa, Canada. IVOCs, including n-alkanes, branched-chain alkanes (b-alkanes), unspecified complex mixtures (UCM) IVOCs, and oxygenated IVOCs (such as fatty acids), were found to have a large impact on indoor air quality. The results indicate that the indoor IVOCs behave differently from those in the outdoor environment. IVOCs in the studied residential air ranged from 14.4 to 69.0 μg/m 3 , with a geometric mean of 31.3 μg/m 3 , accounting for approximately 20% of the total organic compounds (IVOCs, VOCs and SVOCs) in indoor air. The total b-alkanes and UCM-IVOCs were found to have statistically significant positive correlations with indoor temperature but have no correlations with airborne particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) as well as ozone (O 3 ) concentration. However, indoor oxygenated IVOCs behaved differently from b-alkanes and UCM-IVOCs, with a statistically significant positive correlation with indoor relative humidity but no correlation with other indoor environmental conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

It is known that the industry already abandoned the use of bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxy resins as internal coatings for some canned food products (e.g. infant formula, soups). The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foods has also been extensively investigated, especially since late 2000. However, information on temporal trends of BPA occurrence in foods is very limited. It is not clear if BPA-based epoxy resins are still being used in internal coating for many other canned foods and if the overall exposure to BPA through consumption of canned foods has significantly decreased. As part of the Canadian total diet study (TDS) program, we have been analysing food samples for BPA since 2008. In this study, results of BPA in samples of different composite canned foods from 2008-2020 TDS were reported. Clear temporal trends were observed for canned fish and soups, with BPA levels being significantly reduced since 2014 for canned fish products and 2017 for canned soups. Temporal trends were not observed for canned evaporated milk, luncheon meats, and vegetables, with even the highest levels of BPA being detected in recent samples for evaporated milk (57 ng/g), luncheon meats (56 ng/g), and baked beans (103 ng/g). This seems to indicate that BPA-based epoxy resins are still being used in the internal coatings for these canned foods products. Thus, analysis of canned food samples for BPA should be continued for exposure assessment.

In our previous study, bisphenol S (BPS) was detected unexpectedly and at high levels in meat samples from 2016 and 2020 Canadian total diet study (TDS). In this study, samples of meat and meat products from 2008-2015 and 2017-2019 TDS were also analysed to investigate the consistency of BPS occurrence in meat and identify possible trends and provide some information on the potential sources for BPS in meat. BPS was detected again with the highest levels observed in samples of fresh pork (105 ng/g) and veal cutlets (140 ng/g) from the 2008 TDS. This indicates that the occurrence of BPS in meat is not a recent phenomenon but rather an existing one since 2008 or even earlier. BPS concentrations in meat samples from the 2008 to 2020 TDS varied significantly, e.g. 1.2-118 ng/g in roast beef, 1.8-140 ng/g in veal cutlets, but no trend was observed. The lack of trend for BPS over the period of 13 years (2008-2020) does not support the speculation that BPS is being used to replace BPA in food packaging, and sources other than food packaging may be possible and should be investigated for BPS.

In this study, the occurrence of bisphenol S (BPS) in the meat and meat products from a recent Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) was investigated in more detail. In addition to their composite samples, the individual raw meat and meat products were also analysed for BPS to investigate the variations of BPS levels and provide some information on the potential sources for BPS in meat. BPS was detected in all the 11 composite samples of different meat and meat products, with the highest level in roast beef (118.23 ng/g) and lowest in cured pork (0.14 ng/g) and cold cuts luncheon meats (0.18 ng/g). BPS was also detected in all the 84 individual raw meat and meat products, with the highest level of 257.61 ng/g in roast beef, followed by 190.41 ng/g in organ meats, 110.15 ng/g in beef steak, 27.91 ng/g in veal cutlets, 17.63 ng/g in wieners & sausages, and 15.27 ng/g in ground beef. However, significant variations of BPS levels were observed in the individual meat and meat product samples under the same category collected from different stores. This may indicate that packaging is unlikely the sources for BPS in meat otherwise BPS levels would have been more or less the same with the same type of packaging (Styrofoam and cling film) regardless where they were collected. Thus, sources other than food packaging, such as the contaminated feed and farming environment (e.g. grass) for animals (e.g. cow), may be possible and should be investigated in future studies.

Background: Although more information has become available on the occurrence of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in foods including cow's milk, information on their presence in human milk, the important and recommended sole diet for infants up to six months of age, is very limited, especially for DEHA., Objective: To develop a GC-MS method for simultaneous analysis of DEHA and phthalates in human milk samples and generate occurrence data for exposure assessment., Method: Human milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction and GC-MS analysis., Results: Among the 305 human milk samples collected from the Canadian Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals Study, some phthalates (DHxP, BBzP, and DOP) were not detected in any of the samples, while DEHA and the other phthalates (DMP, DEP, DBP, DiBP, and DEHP) were detected at low frequencies with levels from 30.4-237 ng/g in up to 31 of the 305 human milk samples., Conclusions: In general, DEHA and phthalates were detected at low frequencies and low levels in the 305 human milk samples., Highlights: A GC-MS method based on dispersive solid phase extraction was developed for analysis of DEHA and eight phthalates in 305 human milk samples for exposure assessment., (© AOAC INTERNATIONAL 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: There is a lack of information on the presence of volatile organic compounds including p-cymene in foods for dietary exposure assessment. p-Cymene is a monoterpene found in many plant species, which has been used as a flavouring agent in foods and also exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. While the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has no safety concerns at current levels of intake when used as a flavouring, the current study examines p-cymene levels in foods in general, not just from possible uses as a flavouring, as there could still be a potential health concern if there were high levels of exposure., Results: 159 food composite samples from the 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study were analysed for p-cymene using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method after headspace solid-phase microextraction. Concentrations of p-cymene in the composite samples of most food types were generally low, with a maximum level of 73.5 μg g -1 , detected in the composite sample of herbs and spices. Dietary exposures to p-cymene were estimated for different age groups of Canadian populations., Conclusions: Although p-cymene was detected in various foods, estimated dietary exposures to p-cymene for different age groups are well below the human intake threshold of toxicological concern established by JECFA of 1800 μg per person per day for structural class I flavours, which includes p-cymene. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Background: The Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study was established to obtain Canadian biomonitoring data for pregnant women and their infants, and to examine potential adverse health effects of prenatal exposure to priority environmental chemicals on pregnancy and infant health., Methods: Women were recruited during the first trimester from 10 sites across Canada and were followed through delivery. Questionnaires were administered during pregnancy and post-delivery to collect information on demographics, occupation, life style, medical history, environmental exposures and diet. Information on the pregnancy and the infant was abstracted from medical charts. Maternal blood, urine, hair and breast milk, as well as cord blood and infant meconium, were collected and analysed for an extensive list of environmental biomarkers and nutrients. Additional biospecimens were stored in the study's Biobank. The MIREC Research Platform encompasses the main cohort study, the Biobank and follow-up studies., Results: Of the 8716 women approached at early prenatal clinics, 5108 were eligible and 2001 agreed to participate (39%). MIREC participants tended to smoke less (5.9% vs. 10.5%), be older (mean 32.2 vs. 29.4 years) and have a higher education (62.3% vs. 35.1% with a university degree) than women giving birth in Canada., Conclusions: The MIREC Study, while smaller in number of participants than several of the international cohort studies, has one of the most comprehensive datasets on prenatal exposure to multiple environmental chemicals. The biomonitoring data and biological specimen bank will make this research platform a significant resource for examining potential adverse health effects of prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Health.)

A method based on solid phase extraction followed by derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was validated for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in canned food products. This method was used to analyze 78 canned food products for BPA. Concentrations of BPA in canned food products differed considerably among food types, but all were below the specific migration limit of 0.6 mg/kg set by the European Commission Directive for BPA in food or food simulants. Canned tuna products had the highest BPA concentrations in general, with mean and maximum values of 137 and 534 ng/g, respectively. BPA concentrations in the condensed soup products were considerably higher than those in the ready-to-serve soup products, with mean and maximum values of 105 and 189 ng/g, respectively, for the condensed soups and 15 and 34 ng/g, respectively, for the ready-to-serve soups. BPA concentrations in canned vegetable products were relatively low; about 60% of the products had BPA concentrations of less than 10 ng/g. Canned tomato paste products had lower BPA concentrations than did canned pure tomato products. The mean and maximum BPA concentrations were 1.1 and 2.1 ng/g, respectively, for tomato paste products and 9.3 and 23 ng/g, respectively, for the pure tomato products.

A method based on solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in liquid infant formula. In this method, instead of trying to isolate and measure each individual form of the molecules, hydrolysis of BADGE, BFDGE, BADGE x H2O, and BFDGE x H2O was forced to completion to their stable forms, BADGE x 2H2O and BFDGE x 2H2O, before extraction. The method LODs were 2.0 ng/g for BADGE and 3.0 ng/g for BFDGE. Extraction recoveries were 61-91% for BADGE, and 55-82% for BFDGE over the concentration range of 10 to 50 ng/g. The method was used to analyze samples of 21 canned liquid infant formula products for BADGE and BFDGE. BADGE was detected in samples of all products at levels ranging from as low as 2.4 ng/g to as high as 262 ng/g. BFDGE was detected in only one product (40 ng/g), and this product also had the highest BADGE level (262 ng/g). HPLC/MS/MS with a similar LOD was also used to confirm the results. The probable daily intakes (PDI) of BADGE and BFDGE due to consumption of canned liquid infant formula were estimated for infants from premature to 12-18 months of age. The maximum PDI of BADGE was 22 microg/kg body weight/day for the 12-18 months old with the maximum formula intake. The maximum PDI of BFDGE was < 3.4 microg/kg body weight/day.

A method based on solid phase extraction and derivatization with acetic anhydride followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was validated for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in baby foods. The average method detection limit (MDL) was 0.18 ng/g for a 5 g sample. Method repeatability was demonstrated with the replicate analyses of various different types of baby foods; relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 1.2 to 16.1% with an average of 8.7%. Extraction recoveries ranged from 93.5 to 102.5% for different types of baby foods spiked at levels of 1-8 ng/g. This method was used to analyze 122 baby food products of 7 brands in glass jars with metal lids for BPA. The presence of BPA could not be confirmed and quantified for 23 of the 122 products due to interference from sample matrices. For the other 99 products, 15% had BPA levels of less than the average MDL, about 70% had BPA levels of less than 1 ng/g, and the average BPA levels in all 99 products was 1.1 ng/g. The average BPA level in the baby food products from brand E (3.9 ng/g) is higher than the average BPA levels in the products from the other brands (0.54-1.1 ng/g). The highest level of BPA, 7.2 ng/g, was found in two products from brand E as well. The average BPA level in the fruit products from all brands (0.60 ng/g) is lower than those in the mixed-dish products (1.1 ng/g) and the vegetable products (1.2 ng/g).

An isotope dilution method based on solvent extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was developed and used to determine aniline in vegetable and fruit samples collected from the Canadian total diet study. Aniline was not detected in any of the 23 vegetable samples from the 2005 total diet study at a method detection limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1). Among the 16 fruit samples, it was detected only in apple samples, with an average concentration of 0.278 mg kg(-1). Aniline was not detected in apple samples collected in the 2002, 2003, 2006 or 2007 total diet studies, but it was detected in the apple samples collected from the 2001 and 2004 studies, at concentrations of 0.085 and 0.468 mg kg(-1), respectively. The average aniline concentration for the 2001, 2004 and 2005 apple samples was 0.277 mg kg(-1). Good repeatability of the method was observed with replicate analysis of apple samples, with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging 3.8-21% and an average of 11%.

The method developed previously for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in liquid infant formula was adapted and validated for determination of BPA in soft drink products. This method was based on solid phase extraction and derivatization with acetic anhydride followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected-ion monitoring mode. The average method detection limit was 0.045 microg/L for a 10 mL sample. The average extraction recoveries were 101 and 99.9% obtained with seven different soft drink products spiked with BPA at 0.5 and 2.5 microg/L, respectively. Good repeatability of the method was observed with replicate analyses of seven different soft drinks; relative standard deviations ranged from 1.3 to 6.6%. This method was used to analyze samples of 72 canned soft drink products for BPA. Except for three products from which BPA-d16 could not be recovered at all due to interference of product compositions (e.g., quinine hydrochloride in tonic water), BPA was detected in samples of all the other products at levels ranging from 0.032 to 4.5 microg/L. About 75% of the products had BPA levels of <0.5 microg/L, and 85% of the products had BPA levels of <1 microg/L. Exposure to BPA through consumption of canned soft drink products is low; dietary intake of BPA was estimated at 0.027 microg/kg of body weight/day on the basis of the consumption of one canned soft drink with the highest BPA level (4.5 microg/L) for an adult with a 60 kg body weight, well below the provisional tolerable daily intake of 25 microg/kg of body weight/day established by Health Canada.

A sensitive, efficient, and reproducible method, based on solid phase extraction and derivatization with acetic anhydride followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected-ion monitoring mode, was developed for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in liquid infant formula. The method quantification limit was 0.5 ng g(-1). Extraction recoveries were 85-94% over the concentration range of 2.5-20 ng g(-1). Good reproducibility of the method was observed at levels of 0.54 and 10.4 ng g(-1) with relative standard deviations of 5.0 and 2.8%, respectively. The method was used to analyze samples of 21 canned liquid infant formula products for BPA. BPA was detected in all samples at levels ranging from as low as 2.27 ng g(-1) to as high as 10.2 ng g(-1). The probable daily intakes of BPA due to consumption of canned liquid infant formula were estimated for infants from premature to 12-18 months of age. The maximum probable daily intake of BPA was 1.35 microg kg(-1) of body weight day(-1) for 0-1-month-old infants with the maximum formula intake, which is below the provisional tolerable daily intake for BPA established by Health Canada, 25 microg kg(-1) of body weight day(-1).

The isotope dilution headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for bisphenol A (BPA) developed previously was used successfully in a BPA migration study at 70 degrees C of polycarbonate baby and reusable water bottles recently sold in Canada by using the whole bottles instead of pieces cut from the bottles. Migration of BPA from the PC bottles heated at 70 degrees C was found to increase over the time in the quadratic equations. Migration levels of BPA in water varied from 228 to 521 microg L (-1) or from 0.26 to 0.90 microg cm (-2) after being heated at 70 degrees C for 6 days. The average migration rates of BPA from the PC bottles into water at 70 degrees C ranged from 1.84 to 4.83 ng cm (-2) h (-1).