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Ivorian cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) orchards are essentially comprised of unselected trees of diverse origins and characterized by a very low yield per hectare. In these orchards, potentially high-yielding trees have been identified. Vegetative propagation remains the most appropriate technique for the regeneration of these trees. Air layering is the regeneration technique used for a number of wood species that are difficult to root through clonal propagation. The objective of this study was to set up a regeneration protocol using the layering technique. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of the substrates, diameter class, and indole butyric acid concentration on the rooting percentage and survival of hardened plants. For this purpose, two diameter classes 5-8 mm and 8-12 mm, four substrates (sawdust, rice chip, coco peat, and coffee integument), two concentrations of indole butyric acid (2.5 and 5 mg/L) and one control (no indole butyric acid solution). were tested. Rooting percentages of 88.09, 79.36, and 61.90 were obtained with sawdust, rice chip, and coco peat respectively. No roots were observed on the coffee integument. Diameter class 8-12 mm promoted the most significant percentage of survival (89.41%) and rooting (85.18%). The concentration of 5 mg/L favored the induction of the greatest number of roots (30.79). The specific percentage of possible survival in the field of the weaned layer was above 80%. Branches with 8-12 mm diameter treated with indole butyric acid 5 mg/L in sawdust induced was the optimum treatment combination for cashew nut layering propagation in Cote d'Ivoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ximenia americana, Vitex doniana and Lophira lanceolata are species prized by the populations of the Guinean savannah highlands of Cameroon. They are unfortunately still in the wild where they are subjected to various pressures. From the perspective of the conservation and enhancement of local biodiversity, their domestication appears necessary. The objective of the work is to study the vegetative propagation by air layering of these fruit trees. The experimental device used is a split-split-plot with three repetitions. Species represents the main treatment; the substrates constitute the secondary treatment while the covering of the layers wit h aluminum foil represents the tertiary treatment. The experimental unit was 30 layers. The rooting rate of layers varies significantly (0.000<0.001) from 48.88±1.89% in Ximenia americana to 81.38±2.08% in Lophira lanceolata. Sphagnum was the best substrate with 69.63±1.38% against 61.66±1.54% for the black soil-sawdust mixture. The analysis of variance reveals a significant difference for the substrates (0.0025<0.01). Covering the layers with aluminum foil presented a rate of 69.44±2.15% while the uncovered layers presented 61.85±1.54%, the analysis of variance shows a significant difference (0,0031<0.01). Lophira lanceolata exhibited the best air layering ability; the rooted layers were weaned and acclimatized for two months before being transferred to the field. During this process 19% and 52% respectively of the layers of Vitex doniana and Ximenia americana flowered. This inexpensive technique is an essential step in the process of their domestication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate air layering, cutting, and grafting, with different indolebutyric acid (IBA) rates, for the vegetative propagation of Eugenia involucrata. Air layering was carried out for two consecutive years with five different IBA rates. Cutting was tested for woody and herbaceous cuttings, using four IBA rates, in three seasons. The grafting methods – cleft graft and splice graft – were tested in two seasons. For the air layering, cutting, and grafting trials the experimental designs were randomized complete blocks, completely randomized in a 3x4 factorial arrangement, and completely randomized, respectively. Plants were evaluated for rooting, survival percentage, and shoot development. In air layering, low rooting rates of 0 to 50% were observed, the use of IBA showed no consistent results, and no resulting propagules survived after being transplanted. The cutting technique showed low survival, rooting, and leaf retention rates, with no consistent effect of IBA rates. Grafting showed 35 to 50% graft fixation, with no significant difference between the splice and cleft grafting techniques. The air layering and cutting techniques are not efficient for the propagation of E. involucrata, as they do not favor the survival and rooting of seedlings. Grafting, by both techniques, is the most efficient method for E. involucrata propagation.

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Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. commonly identified as 'rudraksha', belonging to Elaeocarpaceae possess a great religious, spiritual and materialistic significance which is placed under the threatened category in the tropical wet evergreen forests of North East India. Because of its over-exploitation, poor germination, low viability rate and hard seed coat, an attempt has been done for mass production of planting materials through cuttings and air layering's. Cuttings trials were conducted during three different periods, mid - March, mid - July and mid - November by using Indol butyric acid and Napthalene acetic acid of 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 ppm where air layering's were done during mid - May by treating IBA and NAA solution of 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm in combination with para-hydroxybenzoic acid of 2000 ppm as synergist. Application of IBA and NAA of different concentration did not encourage the growth in the cuttings in all three periods. Air layering's treated with NAA 1000 ppm+2000ppm para-hydroxy benzoic acid and IBA 500 ppm +2000ppm parahydroxy benzoic acid resulted the highest and same value of callusing and rooting percent (70 and 66.67%), respectively while minimum callusing and rooting percentage (56.67 and 51.67%) was recorded in control. The present study focused on the mass production of planting materials in shorter duration with a reasonable cost for enhancing production as well as socio-economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brosimum alicastrum is a tree species in Mexico with wide potential for animal and human food, which is distributed naturally with no silvicultural management, so there is little information on the propagation methods of the species. The objective of this work was to analyze the scientific research published on B. alicastrum, through literature review to know the techniques that exist on its propagation. In addition, the quality of the seedling obtained by sexual propagation and asexual methods (cuttings, layers and grafts) was evaluated in the nursery, by means of experimental designs. 550 scientific articles on B. alicastrum were found, the disciplines where they were published were: Ecology (44.18%), Botany (13.27%), Forest Sciences (11.27%, of which 2.54% worked propagation in the nursery), Zoology (11.09%), Agriculture (9.64%), Anthropology (5.45%) and others (5.10%). Regarding the seed propagation method, the best seedling quality was associated with low porosity substrates (bush soil) and containers with large diameters (36 cm). In the case of asexual propagation, with the layering method when peat was used as the substrate 90% survival was obtained, and by lateral grafting technique 75% yield was found. Due to the little research that exists on the propagation of the species, it is recommended that the selection of the propagation technique is based on the purpose of the seedling; if it is required to shorten the seed production cycles of B. alicastrum the asexual techniques grafting and layering can be more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guava plants can be propagated through seed, inarching, layering, cutting, budding and grafting. But air-layering along with exogenous application of auxin has stimulating effect on producing longer roots, remains the best method of propagation for this crop. Growth regulator like IBA has been used to stimulate plant growth and specially root formation with better vigour in layering. The effects of auxins however are significantly influenced by environmental conditions, time and rooting media used. Therefore, this research was mainly conducted to find out the effects of various IBA concentration, time and rooting media on response and performance of rooting in air layering of Guava. In general, growth regulators viz., IBA alone and in combination with rooting media viz., Moss grass, Coco peat, and Moss grass + Coco peat is used in different time of layering viz., June, July favoured rooting in air-layers. It is being revealed that High percentage of rooting and root characters of air layers of guava can be successfully achieved by exogenous application of IBA in June and July. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutmeg is an important perennial spice crop, which is dioecious in nature. Vegetative propagation is the norm in commercial propagation of the tree. The existing practice of propagation is grafting and budding which needs good skill and expertise for reasonable success. As an alternative to these two methods, air layering was attempted in matured trees for the first time in the country. Air layering was successful in plagiotropic and orthotropic shoots with 100 per cent survival. This method is cost effective and is easy for adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Brazil is the largest fig (Ficus carica L.) producer in the Southern Hemisphere, it mainly uses only one cultivar, ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. In addition, propagation is almost entirely through hardwood cuttings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a propagation method that provides more successful rooting of stem segments of fig cultivars for the purpose of expanding the genetic base of the fig tree. The cultivars used were ‘Brunswick’, ‘Calabacita’, ‘Negro de Bursa’, ‘Mini Figo’, ‘Lampa Preta’, ‘Lemon’, ‘Troiano’,’ Nazaré’, ‘Três num Prato’, ‘Princesa’, ‘Colo de Dama’, ‘Montes’, ‘Bêbera Branca’, ‘Pingo de Mel’, and ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. The propagation methods used were layering, hardwood cuttings, nodal segments, herbaceous cuttings originating from the removal of sprouts, and herbaceous cuttings obtained during growth. We found that the propagation method influences the rooting of stem segments, and cultivars differ in their rooting potential.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the location and diameter of the branch in three genotypes of camu camu using the technique of air layering on rooting and sprouting. The mother plants were bent and then rooted branches were transplanted following the design of randomized complete block with three replications. At 3 months after transplantation was the assessment of the variables, finding the best values for the number of roots to the middle third, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 and the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 with 28.67 and 28.33 roots, respectively, in the variable length of the upper third roots, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 showed the best results with 15.27 cm. Regarding the number of outbreaks upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-014 and the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 achieved the best results with 13.00 and 12.67 outbreaks, respectively, in the length of shoots, the best treatment was the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 with 30.73 cm, and finally in the variable number of leaves / shoot highlights the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-014 and the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 with 15.10 leaves per shoot and 14.83, respectively. The results allowed identifying the upper, thick diameter, Genotype MD-015 as the best in terms of rooting and sprouting capacity.

Although Brazil is the largest fig (Ficus carica L.) producer in the Southern Hemisphere, it mainly uses only one cultivar, 'Roxo de Valinhos'. In addition, propagation is almost entirely through hardwood cuttings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a propagation method that provides more successful rooting of stem segments of fig cultivars for the purpose of expanding the genetic base of the fig tree. The cultivars used were 'Brunswick', 'Calabacita', 'Negro de Bursa', 'Mini Figo', 'Lampa Preta', 'Lemon', 'Troiano',' Nazaré', 'Três num Prato', 'Princesa', 'Colo de Dama', 'Montes', 'Bêbera Branca', 'Pingo de Mel', and 'Roxo de Valinhos'. The propagation methods used were layering, hardwood cuttings, nodal segments, herbaceous cuttings originating from the removal of sprouts, and herbaceous cuttings obtained during growth. We found that the propagation method influences the rooting of stem segments, and cultivars differ in their rooting potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cecropia is a relatively well-known and well-studied genus in the Neotropics. Methods for the successful propagation of C. obtusifolia Bertoloni. 1840 from cuttings and air layering are described, and the results of an experiment to test the effect of two auxins, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA), on adventitious root production in cuttings are presented. In general. C. obtusifolia cuttings respond well to adventitious root production (58.3 % of cuttings survived to root), but air layering was the better method (93 % of cuttings survived to root). The concentration of auxins used resulted in an overall significantly lower quality of roots produced compared with cuttings without auxin treatment. Future experiments using Cecropia could benefit from the use of isogenic plants produced by vegetative propagationCecropia es un género bien conocido y bien estudiado en los Neotrópicos. Se discuten métodos exitosos para la propagación de C. obtusifolia Bertoloni, 1840 de fragmentos de troncos y acodos aéreos. A continuación se presentan los resultados de un experimento para examinar los efectos de dos tipos de hormonas (NAA e IBA) en la producción de raíces adventicias en fragmentos de troncos. En general, los fragmentos de C. abtusifalia responden bien en la producción de raíces adventicias (y sobreviven al azar 58.3% de los cortes), pero el método de acodos aéreos funcionó mejor (sobreviven al azar 93 %). El uso de hormonas resultó en raíces de baja calidad en comparación con cortes sin hormonas. Experimentos en el futuro que usan Cecropia pueden beneficiar al usar plantas isogénicas producidas por propagación vegetativa

Prosopis africana is a species of great socioeconomic importance but threatened with extinction in Niger because of overuse and regeneration problem. This study, conducted in the Maradi (Niger) area, precisely at El Gueza in the south of Gazaoua department, aims to evaluate the vegetative propagation capacity of P. africana by air layering under the Sudano-Sahelian climate of the south-central Niger. A ring of bark was taken on each selected branch and the wound was covered with a black plastic filled with a damp mixture of soil and wood debris. The chosen parameters are the diameter class and the position on the branch. In all, 60 branches were treated and followed for 130 days: 28.33% produced shoots and there was no significant difference between the diameter classes and between the positions. These results show that propagating trees of the species by air layering is possible and this technique can be used to multiply and keep this species, which will reduce the regeneration problem linked to a low seed germination rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades there has been a growing interest in the attributes of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to food security, income generation, and poverty alleviation. In the Guinean Savannah Highlands (GSH) of West Africa, species producing these products are still in wild stands where they are subjected to various pressures. To conserve these species, their domestication is required. Air layering is a low-cost propagation technique easy to use by farmers. The present study aims at evaluating the effects of the wood type (hardwood, semi-hardwood, and softwood) as well as branch diameter (Φ ≤ 6.67 cm; Φ > 6.67 cm) in the rooting ability of the marcots (air-layered propagules) ofLophira lanceolataVan Tiegh. Ex Key.,Parkia biglobosa(Jacq.) Benth,Syzygium guineensevar.macrocarpumEngl.,Vitex donianaSweet.,Vitex madiensisOliv., andXimenia americanaL. The experimental design was a split-plot with three replications. The rooting percentage of the marcots varied significantly from 13.5 (X. americana) to 55.85% (Lophira lanceolata;p< .001). The diameter * wood type interaction was significant (p< .05) due to the high rooting percentage obtained in large semi-hardwood cuttings (40%).Lophira lanceolata,Syzygium guineensevar.macrocarpum, andVitex madiensiswere the easiest marcotting rooting species. Large branch diameters as well as semi-hardwood are suitable for layering. This information will help in developing appropriate domestication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate asexual propagation of olive cultivars through air layering. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements having four replications. Timing factor was allotted to main plot while various cultivars were kept in sub plots. Layering was done at different times, i.e. 15th May, 15th June and 15th July in various olive cultivars i.e. Pendallino, Coratina and Hamdi. Shoots were wounded by complete removal of ring bark just below the buds in the month of May, June and July. Garden soils were used to cover the wounds on shoots. Maximum number of days to rooting (30.12) was taken by layering in Pendallino, root diameter (0.15) cm in Hamdi and Coratina and root length (5.84 cm) in Hamdi, while maximum number of roots (10.97) was observed in Pendallino and percent plant survival (60.24%) was recorded in Coratina. Minimum no of days to rooting (28.11) and number of roots (6.22) were recorded in Coratina. While minimum root diameter (0.14 cm) and root length (2.78 cm) were observed in Pendallino and minimum percent plant survival (55.16%) in Hamdi. In case of timing Maximum days to root initiation (37.19) was taken by layer made on 15 May. While higher root diameter (0.16 cm), root length (5.21 cm) and number of roots (12.25) were noticed by the layers, which were made on 15 June. Maximum plant survival (64.44%) was recorded in the layers, which were made on 15 July. While minimum days to rooting (21.97) and lower root diameter (0.13 cm) were noticed by layer made on 15 July. Minimum root length (3.08 cm) and percent plant survival (47.55%) was recorded by the layer made on 15 May. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]