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Here, we propose an optimised protocol for controlling the initial water activity (aw) in organic reaction mixtures with soluble lipase to ensure reproducible and consistent enzyme activity measurements. Pre‐equilibration above saturated salt solutions was used to set aw of the reaction media, where aw was tracked with a hygrometer. Consistent stirring of the suspension and volume correction to compensate for solvent evaporation were found to be critical. The protocol was tested on Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in soluble and immobilised forms in three organic solvents (acetonitrile, methyl tert‐butyl ether, and hexane) at four different water activities ranging from 0.12 to 0.97. Soluble and immobilised CALB had similar aw‐profiles and showed the highest enzyme activity in hexane. The optimised protocol expands the possibility to study enzyme kinetics from immobilised enzymes to soluble enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoquinones are the topic of this review and are a class of hydrophobic lipid molecules with key biological functions that are linked to their structure, properties, and location within a biological membrane. Ubiquinones, plastoquinones, and menaquinones vary regarding their quinone headgroup, isoprenoid sidechain, properties, and biological functions, including the shuttling of electrons between membrane-bound protein complexes within the electron transport chain. Lipoquinones are highly hydrophobic molecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in aqueous solution, causing obstacles in water-based assays that measure their chemical properties, enzyme activities and effects on cell growth. Little is known about the location and ultimately movement of lipoquinones in the membrane, and these properties are topics described in this review. Computational studies are particularly abundant in the recent years in this area, and there is far less experimental evidence to verify the often conflicting interpretations and conclusions that result from computational studies of very different membrane model systems. Some recent experimental studies have described using truncated lipoquinone derivatives, such as ubiquinone-2 (UQ-2) and menaquinone-2 (MK-2), to investigate their conformation, their location in the membrane, and their biological function. Truncated lipoquinone derivatives are soluble in water-based assays, and hence can serve as excellent analogs for study even though they are more mobile in the membrane than the longer chain counterparts. In this review, we will discuss the properties, location in the membrane, and syntheses of three main classes of lipoquinones including truncated derivatives. Our goal is to highlight the importance of bridging the gap between experimental and computational methods and to incorporate properties-focused considerations when proposing future studies relating to the function of lipoquinones in membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of an eco-friendly approach towards application of polyaniline as a coating material has been one of the most challenging tasks. Herein, the synthesis of green Prunus domestica gum grafted polyaniline (PDG-g-PANI) composite is reported by a cost-effective emulsion polymerization for application as an efficient anti-corrosion material for mild steel (MS) and stainless steel (SS) in a strong corroding environment. The composite formation was confirmed by Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Visible) and Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. X-ray diffraction data revealed the amorphous nature of the PDG-g-PANI. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images showed a bi-layered structure having a parent porous layer of PANI coated with afibrous layer of PDG. The solubility test confirmed the dissolution of PDG-g-PANI in common organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, propanol, butanol, chloroform, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the mixture of propanol and chloroform. The polarization curve, open circuit potential, electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS), and gravimetric analysis were applied to investigate the corrosion protection behavior of the composite on MS and SS in 3.5% NaCl and 1 M H2SO4 solution. The PDG-g-PANI-coated MS exhibited 96% corrosion inhibition efficiency as compared to 86% and 43% for pristine PANI and PDG in 3.5% NaCl solution while PDG-g-PANI-coated SS showed 98% corrosion inhibition efficiency. Moreover, 99% and 96.6% corrosion protection was observed for PDG-g-PANI-coated MS and SS in 1 M H2SO4 solution. Gravimetric studies revealed that PDG-g-PANI coating can protect MS up to 93% for 14 days in salt solution while 97% corrosion inhibition efficiency was retained for 2 months in open air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Toxic organic solvents were avoided in the synthesis of DHA-phospholipids (PLs). • DHA-PLs were prepared via lipase-mediated transesterification in aqueous phases. • Candida antarctica Lipase B showed 34.8% DHA incorporation and 80.0% PLs yields. • Crucial residues (S101–Y116 + V174–I210) affecting enzyme activity were confirmed. Docosahexaenoic acid-phospholipids (DHA-PLs) were prepared via lipase-mediated transesterification of DHA donor and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a purely aqueous solution. Pre-existing carriers would play the role as "artificial interfaces" to adsorb water-insoluble PC and made them disperse in water. DHA donors were concentrated by a pH-responsive method and presented as supersaturated salt solutions. 153 triacylglycerol lipase structures were analyzed and screened in silico. Transesterification was carried out to further evaluate the six lipase candidates. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) was the best biocatalyst with 34.8% of DHA incorporation and 80.0% of PLs yields (involving 38.1% PC and 41.9% sn -1 lyso-PC). Toxic organic solvents were avoided. Six possible microunits of our aqueous system consisting of three PLs donors (PC, lyso-PC, sn -glycero-3-PC) and two DHA donors (DHA and DHA salts), were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) to illustrate the enzymatic mechanism based on diffusional channels, competitive bindings, and enzymatic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the polar, aprotic solvent propylene carbonate on the interfacial structure of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate on sapphire was investigated by high-energy x-ray reflectivity. Experiments at solvent concentrations between 17 mol.% and 83 mol.% bridge the gap between diluted electrolytes described by the classical Gouy- Chapman theory and pure ionic liquids. Analysis of our experimental data revealed interfacial profiles comprised of alternating anion and cation enriched regions decaying gradually into the bulk liquid. With increasing solvent concentration, we observed a decrease in correlation length of the interfacial layering structure. At high ion concentrations, solvent molecules were found to accumulate laterally within the layers. By separating like-charged ions, they reduce their Coulomb repulsion. The results are compared with the bulk structure of IL/solvent blends probed by x-ray scattering and predictions from fundamental fluid theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate and its derivatives are annually produced approximately 30,000 tons or more and are applied to various industries as they are natural polymers. The global market for alginate and its derivatives has been growing steadily. There is little research compared to other enzymes produced through biomass degradation or modification. An alginate lyase, MtAl138, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 was cloned and identified in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). MtAl138 contains a highly conserved motif (R538TELR, Q607IH609, and YFKAGVY716NQ), which indicates that it belongs to the polysaccharide lyase family 7 (PL7). MtAl138, with a molecular weight of 77 kDa worked optimally at 45 °C and pH 7.4. MtAl138 showed twice as much activity as when there was no NaCl when there was between 100 and 600 mM NaCl. Moreover, its activity increased in organic solvents such as benzene, hexane, methanol, and toluene. Based on the thin layer chromatography analyses, MtAl38 is an endo-type enzyme that produces di-, tri-, or tetrasaccharides from polyG and polyM. This study provided that MtAl138 is an endoenzyme that showed outstanding enzymatic activity at concentrated salt solutions and organic solvents, which makes it a reasonably attractive enzyme for use in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin is an abundant natural nitrogen-containing biopolymer with great application potential in materials, environment, energy, and health. However, the structure characteristics and processing technologies have required intense research in related applications. In particular, there have been great efforts to developing solvents for chitin, and the results so far are quite encouraging. This review summarizes the main solvent systems used for chitin, namely the aqueous solvent systems (mineral acids, inorganic salt aqueous solutions, alkali aqueous solutions) and non-aqueous ones (LiCl-dimethylacetamide solvents, CaCl2·2H2O saturated methanol, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and protic organic solvents). The solvent properties, dissolution methods, and solution properties are discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to the dissolution mechanism in each system. This review can provide a reference for understanding the dissolution behavior of chitin and finding suitable solvents for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose acetate-tin(IV) molybdophosphate (CATMP) composite exchanger was prepared by mixing biopolymer celluloseacetate with its inorganic counterpart tin(IV) molybdophosphate (TMP) using sol-gel method. The physical characterization of the as synthesized exchanger was carried out by FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA-DTG and SEM-EDX techniques. Chemical properties such as ion exchange capacity, chemical stability, pH and distribution behavior were carried out. The average IEC of the composite material, as determined by batch equilibrium, was found to be 2.43 meq/g for Na+ ion; higher than its inorganic counterpart, i.e. 1.41 meq/g. This exchanger was also found to be stable in water, acids and organic solvents, but unstable in basic medium. The distribution study (Kd) of the exchanger in different solvent systems showed promising separation potential of the exchanger towards metal ions of analytical interest from a given mixture of toxic heavy metal ions. The sorption studies revealed that the material was selective for Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions and moderately selective for Co(II) ion in solvents employed in this work. Its selectivity was examined by achieving some important binary separations of metal cations on its column indicating its promising application in environmental pollution abatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility behavior and solution chemistry of CL-20/MTNP (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-hexaaza-isowurtzitane/1-methyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole) energetic cocrystals in organic solvents were first investigated to offer some important information on thermodynamics. The phase solubility diagram (PSD) and eutectic point (Keu1) of three solvents were also determined. Moreover, the solubility behavior of CL-20/MTNP energetic cocrystals was explained using the solubility product and solution complexation theories. The solution complexation results indicated that the CL-20/MTNP cocrystal has the strongest complexation effect in ethanol. The Keu1 values were all below 1 in three studied solvents, suggesting that the CL-20/MTNP cocrystal was less soluble than the other two pure components. Furthermore, studying the solubility behavior and solution chemistry of the CL-20/MTNP cocrystals has provided further insights into the screening, preparation and scaling-up of energetic cocrystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carboxymethyl cellulose derived from pineapple peel (PCMC) was fully utilized. • PCMC-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels filled with GO were prepared. • GO enhanced thermal stability and induced a porous structure of the hydrogels. • The hydrogels exhibited multiple responses to pH, salt and organic solvents. • GO enhanced dye adsorption ability and the adsorption behavior was selective. Developing biomaterials derived from the renewable resources is an effective and sustainable approach to address environmental and resource issues. Herein, hydrogels were synthesized by grafting copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide onto pineapple peel carboxymethyl cellulose with incorporation of graphene oxide (GO). The structure, swelling, and multiple responses to salt, pH and organic solvents were investigated. The incorporation of GO resulted in a higher cross-linking density of the network and thus decreased the swelling ability. Expansion of the hydrogels occurred at high pH, whereas shrinkage occurred at low pH or in salt solutions and organic solvents/water mixtures, exhibiting multiple responses to pH, salt and organic solvents. Moreover, the hydrogels showed a selective adsorption behavior to various dyes and the incorporation of GO enhanced the adsorption performance. The above results may allude several potential applications of the hydrogels, such as adsorption, smart actuators and drug release fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of simple, primitive model descriptions for electrolyte solutions is usually carried out by fitting the system parameters to reproduce some experimental data. We propose an alternative method, that allows one to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom descriptions. We obtain analytic expressions for the thermodynamic and structural properties of the ions, which are in good agreement with the underlying explicit solvent representation, provided that ion association is taken into account. Effective ion-ion potentials are derived from molecular dynamics simulations and are used within a first-order perturbation theory to derive the best possible description in terms of charged hard-spheres. We show that our model provides a valid description for a series of 1-1 electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ASEP/MD method has been employed for studying the solvent effect on the conformational equilibrium of the alanine dipeptide in water solution. MP2 and density functional theory (DFT) levels of theory were used and results were compared. While in gas phase cyclic structures showing intramolecular hydrogen bonds were found to be the most stable, the stability order is reversed in water solution. Intermolecular interaction with the solvent causes the predominance of extended structures as the stabilizing contacts dipeptide-water are favoured. Free-energy differences in solution were calculated and PPII, αR, and C5 conformers were identified as the most stable at MP2 level. Experimental data from Raman and IR techniques show discrepancies about the relative abundance of αR y C5, our results support the Raman data. The DFT level of theory agrees with MP2 in the location and stability of PPII and αR forms but fails in the location of C5. MP2 results suggest the possibility of finding traces of C7eq conformer in water solution, in agreement with recent experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-solvents such as glycerol and sorbitol are small organic molecules solvated in the cellular solutions that can have profound effects on the protein structures. Here, the molecular dynamics simulations and comparative structural analysis of magainin, as a peptide model, in pure water, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol/water, glycerol/water, and sorbitol/water are reported. Our results show that the peptide NMR structure is largely maintained its native structure in osmolytes-water mixtures. The simulation data indicates that the stabilizing effect of glycerol and sorbitol is induced by preferential accumulation of glycerol and sorbitol molecules around the nonpolar and aromatic residues. Thus, the presence of glycerol and sorbitol molecules decreases the interactions of water molecules with the hydrophobic residues of the peptide, and the alpha helical structure is stabilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a chiral surface can alter the characteristics of nearby solvent molecules such that, on average, these molecules become chiral. The extent of this induced chirality and its dependence on the surface and solvent characteristics are explored in this article. Three surfaces employed in chiral chromatography are examined: The Whelk-O1 interface, a phenylglycine-derived chiral stationary phase (CSP), and a leucine-derived CSP. All three interfaces are “brush type” in that the chiral molecules are attached to the underlying substrate via an achiral tether. The solvents consist of ethanol, a binary n-hexane/ethanol solvent, 2-propanol, and a binary n-hexane/2-propanol solvent. Molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated chiral interfaces form the basis of the analysis. The chirality induced in the solvent is assessed based on a chirality index originally proposed by Osipov et al. [Mol. Phys. 84, 1193 (1995)]. Solvent chirality will depend on the solvent position relative to the surface. For this reason, a position-dependent chirality index is analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have performed measurements of the thermal diffusion coefficient DT in the dilute limit on polystyrene in cyclo-octane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, and methyl ethyl ketone and of poly(dimethyl-siloxane) in toluene. These data have been combined with literature data to test various theoretical predictions. The viscosity is identified as the dominating and only relevant solvent parameter. On the polymer side, the size or mass of an effective correlated segment determines the strength of the Soret effect. Large and heavy effective segments, as found in stiffer chains, lead to higher DT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use first-principles quantum-chemical approaches to study absorption and emission properties of recently synthesized distyrylbenzene (DSB) derivative chromophores and their dimers (two DSB molecules linked through a [2.2]paracyclophane moiety). Several solvent models are applied to model experimentally observed shifts and radiative lifetimes in Stokes nonpolar organic solvents (toluene) and water. The molecular environment is simulated using the implicit solvation models, as well as explicit water molecules and counterions. Calculations show that neither implicit nor explicit solvent models are sufficient to reproduce experimental observations. The contact pair between the chromophore and counterion, on the other hand, is able to reproduce the experimental data when a partial screening effect of the solvent is taken into account. Based on our simulations we suggest two mechanisms for the excited-state lifetime increase in aqueous solutions. These findings may have a number of implications for organic light-emitting devices, electronic functionalities of soluble polymers and molecular fluorescent labels, and their possible applications as biosensors and charge/energy conduits in nanoassemblies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass fractionation is important for the further conversion of the cellulosic fraction and the effective utilization of the lignin fraction for the production of biofuels and value-added products. Solvent properties play a crucial role on the fractionation efficiency of lignocellulosics using an organosolv fractionation process catalyzed by acidic ionic liquids (AILs). Herein, 12 organic solvents were selected as co-solvents with water based on their solubility parameters for lignin dissolution, including alcohols, alcohol ethers, lactones, and alkanolamines, in order to fractionate poplar and rice straw. Effects of fractionation liquor solubility parameters on the delignification efficiency of organosolv fractionation were investigated under the same conditions. Relative energy differences (REDs) of the cosolvent systems for lignin dissolution were closely related to the degree of delignification with adjusted coefficients of determination of 0.899 and 0.800 for poplar and rice straw processes, respectively. The application of solubility parameter analysis may provide a rational way to screen solvent or co-solvent fractionation systems for biomass fractionation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Errors are found in model coefficients for mathematical representations. • NRTL model coefficients fail to back-calculated observed solubility. • Coefficients of NRTL model were re-analyzed. Abstract Errors were discovered regarding the published equation coefficients of Yao and co-workers (2017) for mathematically describing the solubility of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole in nine organic solvents using the NRTL model. Larger differences were found between our back-calculated data and those reported in the authors' published paper. The equation parameters were re-regressed based on the reported solubility data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenoneoxime is the active component of several commercial extractants that usually also contain the modifier 4-nonylphenol as a result of the manufacturing processes. The aggregation of these components, 2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenoneoxime and 4-nonylphenol, as well as their interaction reactions in toluene at 28 °C have been studied by vapor pressure osmometry. Osmometric data have been treated numerically and the results reveal the formation of dimeric species of the components and the interaction between them to give a 1:1 adduct. The corresponding formation constant values are given. Finally, the osmometric behavior of the commercial extractant SME 529 has been studied and interpreted on the basis of the proposed aggregation and interaction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The development of chemosensors for detecting Hg(II) has long been a great concern due to its high toxicity and widespread distribution in the environment. In this work, a new fluorescent chemosensor of 2,3-diphenylpyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine (1) was facilely synthesized, which exhibited "turn-on" fluorescent response to Hg(II) with excellent selectivity and anti-interference capability. Mechanism study showed that a complex was formed by Hg(II) and 1 with a metal-to-ligand ratio of 1:1 and the formation of the complex was reversible. More importantly, the sensing process can be performed in pure water environment and barely affected by pH, which enables the detection of Hg(II) using 1 perform in aqueous solution without any buffer system or organic solvent. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • A fluorescent "turn-on" chemosensor was facilely synthesized for detecting Hg(II). • The detection of Hg(II) using 1 can be performed in buffer-free water samples. • 1 exhibited excellent selectivity and anti-interference capability for Hg(II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study elucidates the extended nature of the weak interaction between methanol and chloroform in its mixture using steady-state, ultrafast and single molecule spectroscopic methods. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy using a solvatochromic dye indicates a synergistic solvation in the methanol-chloroform binary solvent mixture, which causes the solvatochromic dye to sense increased polarity compared to the bulk counterparts. Such synergism was not observed in the emission study and is explained by the weak nature of the interaction between methanol and chloroform. Fluorescence anisotropy and single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy are employed to understand the nature of such weak interaction on femtosecond to microsecond time scale. Retardation of both the rotational and translational diffusion of the reporter molecule indicates that the observed weak interaction is extended over large dimension in the condensed phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cobalt carbonate hydroxide one-dimensional (1D) needle-like nanostructure is grown on the non-woven fabric via hydrothermal method. The 1D interlaced needle-like structure not only reduces the pore size of the non-woven fabric but also provides rough micro-nano structure of the superhydrophilic cobalt carbonate hydroxide/non-woven fabric, which is endowed with superhydrophobicity by coating with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resulting superwetting non-woven fabrics exhibit high separation efficiency for a series of surfactant-stabilized organic solvent/water emulsions (more than 99.3% for both W/O and O/W emulsions) and preferable recyclability (more than 10 cycles). The fluxes for all W/O and O/W emulsions are above 300 L m−2 h−1. Meanwhile the superhydrophobic fabric exhibits outstanding chemical stability in acid, alkaline and salt solution, and good mechanical durability after abrasion test with sandpaper. The comprehensive performances of the superwetting fabrics based on 1D nanostructure make them possible to be promising material for the separation of organic solvent/water mixtures in polluted water in harsh environments. [Display omitted] • The superwetting non-woven fabrics are fabricated by grafting one-dimensional (1D) needle-like nanostructure. • The 1D structure reduces the pore size of the non-woven fabric and provides rough micro-nano structure. • The resulting fabrics exhibit high separation efficiency and favorable reusability for surfactant-stabilized emulsions. • The superhydrophobic fabric possesses outstanding chemical stability and good mechanical durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a controllable sliding method for fabricating millions of isolated femto- to nanoliter-sized droplets with defined volume, geometry and position and a speed of up to 375 kHz. In this work, without using a superhydrophobic or superoleophobic surface, arrays of droplets are instantly formed on the patterned substrate by sliding a strip of liquid, including water, low-surface-tension organic solvents and solution, along the substrate. To precisely control the volume of the droplets, we systemically investigate the effects of the size of the wettable pattern, the viscosity of the liquid and sliding speed, which were found to vary independently to tune the height and volume of the droplets. Through this method, we successfully fabricated an oriented single metal–organic framework crystal array with control over their XY positioning on the surface, as characterized by microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pristine graphene (pG) based on solution processed coating technologies is often limited by their poor dispersibility in water and organic solvents which prevents to achieve the best performing properties of pG in coating applications. To address these limitations, we developed a dispersant-free coating approach of pG based on their intrinsic solid-lubricity and interlayer electrostatic interactions. The “rotating drum” method was established to provide suitable conditions for electrostatic deposition of pG-powder which is demonstrated on two model substrates with granular and fibril morphologies (urea and acrylic fibers) to improve their physical and electrical properties. The results showed that the pG coating enables to minimize moisture induced caking tendency of commercial urea prills at a relative humidity (RH) of 85% (higher than critical humidity) exhibiting greater moisture rejection ability (∼2 times higher than uncoated urea) and to improve their anti-abrasive properties. The pG-powder coating applied on nonconductive acrylic fibers provides a stable conductive layer (∼0.8 ± 0.1 kΩ/sq) which made them suitable for using in wearable electronics, sensors and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The developed coating method for pG-powder based on “rotating drum” is generic, simple, eco-friendly, low-cost, and scalable for broad range of coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of organic solvents, such as ethanol, to molecules in solution is an effective process for crystallization and is used in industrial settings (i.e. pharmaceutical production, downstream processing, etc.). In this study, we use solubility data of all proteinogenic α-amino acids in binary ethanol/water systems to model their excess solubility. We use the empirical and regressive models of Gude and NRTL and the predictive Jouyban-Acree model. Based on the results, we hypothesize that amino acids that are spherical and lack a reactive side chain show little or no excess solubility. Being rod-like and/or having a reactive side chain leads to a positive excess solubility in a mixed solvent of ethanol and water. The empirical and regressed models, NRTL and Gude, fit the data well and the predictive Jouyban-Acree model, not originally intended to be used for small molecules, is less accurate but offers insights into the thermodynamic properties of the amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we prepared highly porous polyamide (PA) monolith in a continuous and scalable solution foaming process. The created materials, displaying a structure with both open and closed pores, had oils or organic solvents uptake capacities ranging from about 4.8 to 10.7 g/g. Moreover, they had sorption retention higher than 96% after 10 cycling tests because the structures of pores were not broken during the adsorption process. On the other hand, they absorbed oils and organic solvents rapidly and reached saturation in 30 s. A great promising way was provided to fabricate highly porous PA for the cleanup of large-scale oil or organic solvent spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a critical review on the materials that have been applied as adsorbents in the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from matrix solutions. The review looks at adsorbents that have been used during the clean-up stage to isolate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous samples and organic solvent extracts from treatment of solid samples. Articles that report the application of adsorbents for solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction of PAHs in the past decade stretching from 2007 were considered. The review focussed mainly on recent advances that have been done to enhance the applicability of both traditional adsorbents like silica, and modern ones like molecularly imprinted polymers and nanoparticles. The application of adsorbents modified with functional organic groups is critically evaluated with areas for possible improvement suggested. Finally, the authors offer areas of exploration that can allow the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reach new heights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Alkyl-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cage is combined with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene under the same roof. The corresponding monomer called EDOT-POSS is used to get soluble poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-POSS) analogue. Both chemically and electrochemically obtained polymers are soluble in common organic solvents like dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and so forth. The PEDOT-POSS has somewhat higher band gap (1.71 eV at 618 nm) than its parent PEDOT (1.60 eV at 627 nm) and as expected the PEDOT-POSS exhibits higher optical contrast (74% at 618 nm) and coloration efficiency (582 cm2/C for 100% switching), lower switching time (0.9 s), higher electrochemical stability (93% of its electroactivity retains after 5000 cycles under ambient conditions) when compared to the PEDOT. A number of advantages of the PEDOT-POSS over the PEDOT can make it a promising material in the areas of electro-optical applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3935-3941 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility data of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene in nine organic solvents at various temperatures and mixing properties of solutions were reported by our group ( J. Chem. Thermodyn. 90 (2015) 259–269). The numerical values of the activity coefficients for 1,8-dinitronaphthalene dissolved in nine solvents of the published paper was incorrectly evaluated by our group. In addition, some flaws were identified regarding our calculation of the mixing thermodynamic properties by Wilson model, especially for infinitesimal concentration reduced excess enthalpy. The relevant mathematical errors were corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study results related to the in vivo administration of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES)-solubilized berberine are reported for the first time. NADES are mixtures of small natural compounds having a melting point significantly lower than that of any individual component. Such solvents have gained much attention of the scientific community in the green chemistry area, being considered useful alternatives to common organic solvents. NADES can be used also as administration vehicles, and this can be attractive for nutraceutical products when eutectics are formed with food grade ingredients. In this work, different NADES were prepared using mainly food grade constituents and were tested as solvents for the alkaloid berberine. Three selected NADES/berberine solutions and an aqueous suspension were orally administered to mice with in dose of 50 mg/Kg. Blood levels of berberine were measured by a LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a 2-20 fold increase in blood concentration of NADES/berberine with significant changes in pharmacokinetic profile. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents may thus be considered attractive solubilizing agents and may also play a role in the increase of absorption of poorly bioavailable natural products such as berberine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method, the solid-liquid phase equilibrium for 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole in ten organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, n -propanol, isopropanol, 2-butanone, acetonitrile, n -butanol, toluene, 1,4-dioxane and isobutanol was established over a temperature range from (283.15 to 318.15) K at atmospheric pressure (101.1 kPa), and the solubility of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole in these solvents were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mole fraction solubility of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole in the solvents increased with increasing temperature within the temperature range studied, and obeyed the following sequence from high to low in different solvents: 1,4-dioxane > acetonitrile > methanol > isobutanol > ethanol > n -propanol > isopropanol > 2-butanone > toluene > cyclohexane. The obtained solubility values of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, Wilson model and NRTL model. The maximum values of root-mean-square deviation ( RMSD ) and relative average deviation ( RAD ) were 4.95 × 10 − 4 and 0.62%, respectively. In total, the four thermodynamic models were all acceptable for describing the solubility behavior of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole in these solvents. Furthermore, the mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, activity coefficient at infinitesimal concentration and reduced excess enthalpy were obtained with Wilson model. The results demonstrated that the dissolution process of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole was spontaneous and favorable in the ten organic solvents. Moreover, the solute–solvent intermolecular interaction was roughly estimated based on the values of activity coefficients. The determined solubility data and thermodynamic models in this work would be helpful to optimize the purification procedure of 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the effect of organic solvents on microalgae cultures from molecular to industrial scale is presented. Traditional organic solvents and solvents of new generation-ionic liquids (ILs), are considered. Alterations in microalgal cell metabolism and synthesis of target products (pigments, proteins, lipids), as a result of exposure to organic solvents, are summarized. Applications of organic solvents as a carbon source for microalgal growth and production of target molecules are discussed. Possible implementation of various industrial effluents containing organic solvents into microalgal cultivation media, is evaluated. The effect of organic solvents on extraction of target compounds from microalgae is also considered. Techniques for lipid and carotenoid extraction from viable microalgal biomass (milking methods) and dead microalgal biomass (classical methods) are depicted. Moreover, the economic survey of lipid and carotenoid extraction from microalgae biomass, by means of different techniques and solvents, is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simplification of the overall method of producing trimethylsilylcellulose solutions in common organic volatile solvents is reported. Microcrystalline cellulose was derivatized aiming its solubilization in tetrahydrofuran and toluene to obtain ultra-thin films of cellulose by spin-coating. The main simplifications are: 1) elimination of a swelling step before dissolution in the binary solvent N,N -dimethylacetamide/LiCl by using microcrystalline cellulose; 2) derivatization of cellulose –OH groups with –Si(CH 3 ) 3 groups was successful with no additional catalyst, like trimethylsilyl chloride, the degree of substitution (DS) being 2.2 ± 0.1. The DS at the extreme surface of the films was computed from the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy data: using solely C 1s fitted component areas and, alternatively, from both C 1s and Si 2p areas. The DS estimated with a technique specific of the surface is close to the bulky one obtained from gravimetric measurements reported in the literature for materials synthesized with catalyst. The topographic uniformity is shown by Atomic Force Microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mole fraction solubility of paclobutrazol ((R,R) and (S,S)) mixture in nine pure solvents including ethanol, isopropanol, n -propanol, 1-butanol, ethyl acetate, toluene, acetone, acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane was determined experimentally by using the isothermal saturation method over a temperature range from (278.15 to 318.15) K under atmospheric pressure. The mole fraction solubility of paclobutrazol in the selected solvents increased with a rise of temperature. In general, at a certain temperature, they decreased according to the following order in different solvents except for ethyl acetate: toluene > 1,4-dioxane > acetone > 1-butanol > n -propanol > ethanol > isopropanol > acetonitrile. The paclobutrazol solubility showed stronger dependency on temperature in ethyl acetate than in the other solvents. The solubility determined for paclobutrazol in the selected solvents was correlated with the modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, Wilson model and NRTL model. The maximum values of root-mean-square deviation ( RMSD ) and relative average deviation ( RAD ) were 3.98 × 10 −4 and 1.53%, respectively. On the whole, the four thermodynamic models were all acceptable for describing the systems of paclobutrazol in these solvents. Furthermore, the mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, activity coefficient at infinitesimal concentration ( γ 1 ∞ ) and reduced excess enthalpy ( H 1 E, ∞ ) were obtained. The mixing process of paclobutrazol was spontaneous and exothermic in the solvents studied. The solubility determined and the thermodynamic properties derived should be very helpful for optimizing the purification process of paclobutrazol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several errors and shortcomings in the paper by Liu et al. (J. Solution Chem. 45:932-946, 2016) concerning the calculation of Abraham model solution descriptors of telmisartan are discussed. The authors' calculated solute descriptors give an unreasonable value for the water to 1-octanol partition coefficient of telmisartan, which is eight orders of magnitude smaller than values predicted by other methods. The correct computation methodology for determining solute descriptors from experimental solubility data is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility of N -phenylanthranilic acid in nine pure organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, n -propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol and toluene was determined experimentally by using the isothermal saturation method within the temperature range from (283.15 to 318.15) K under atmosphere pressure. For all the selected solvents, the solubility increased with a rise in temperature. In general, solubility followed the order from high to low in different solvents: acetone > ethyl acetate > 1-butanol > n -propanol > ethanol > isopropanol > methanol > toluene > acetonitrile. The experimental solubility values for N -phenylanthranilic acid in these solvents was correlated by the modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, Wilson model and NRTL model. The largest value of root-mean-square deviation ( RMSD ) was 8.94 × 10 −4 , and of relative average deviation ( RAD ), 3.55%. For a specific solvent, the RAD value obtained with the modified Apelblat equation was smaller than those with the other models. By and large, the four thermodynamic models were all acceptable for the systems of N -phenylanthranilic acid in these solvents. In addition, the mixing properties of the solutions, including the mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, activity coefficient at infinitesimal concentration ( γ 1 ∞ ) and reduced excess enthalpy ( H 1 E, ∞ ) were achieved. The solution process of N -phenylanthranilic acid was spontaneous and endothermic in the studied solvents. The solubility and modelling and thermodynamic studies would be helpful for the purification process of N -phenylanthranilic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility of 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one in twelve organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, n -propanol, isopropanol, ethylbenzene, toluene, n -butanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane, cyclohexane and isopentanol were determined experimentally by using the isothermal saturation method over a temperature range from (278.15 to 313.15) K under 101.3 kPa. For the temperature range studied, the solubility of 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one in the solvents increased with a rise of temperature. The mole fraction solubility obeyed the following order from high to low in different solvents: isopentanol > 1,4-dioxane > n -butanol > n -propanol > ethyl acetate > methanol > ethanol > isopropanol > ethylbenzene > toluene > acetonitrile > cyclohexane. The obtained solubility data of 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one in the studied solvents were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, Wilson model and NRTL model. The largest values of root-mean-square deviation ( RMSD ) and relative average deviation ( RAD ) were 1.35 × 10 −4 and 0.32%, respectively. The RAD values obtained with the modified Apelblat equation were smaller than those with the other three models for a given solvent. So the four thermodynamic models were all acceptable for the systems of 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one in these solvents. Furthermore, the mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, activity coefficient ( γ 1 ∞ ) and reduced excess enthalpy ( H 1 E, ∞ ) at infinitesimal concentration were calculated. The obtained solubility and thermodynamic studies would be very helpful for optimizing the purification process of 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of solubility for terephthaldialdehyde in different solvents is essential for its purification and further theoretical investigations. In this work, the solubility of terephthaldialdehyde in ten solvents of ethanol, n -propanol, 1-butanol, isopropanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-butanone, acetonitrile, isopentanol, N , N -dimethylformamide, and acetone were determined by an isothermal saturation method at temperatures ranging from (273.15 to 318.15) K under atmospheric pressure. By and large, the solubility of terephthaldialdehyde decrease according to the following order in different solvents: N , N -dimethylformamide > benzyl alcohol > 2-butanone > acetone > acetonitrile > isopentanol > 1-butanol > n -propanol > ethanol > isopropanol. In addition, values of the measured solubility were correlated with the Buchowski–Książczak λh equation, modified Apelblat equation, Wilson model and NRTL model. The largest values of relative average deviation and root-mean-square deviation were 1.2% and 8.7 × 10 −4 , respectively. The correlated values with the four models agreed well with the experimental values and the Apelblat equation model provided better correlation results than the other three models. Furthermore, the mixing properties, including mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, activity coefficient at infinitesimal concentration ( γ 1 ∞ ) and reduced excess enthalpy ( H 1 E, ∞ ) were computed. The solution process of terephthaldialdehyde was spontaneous and favourable in these solvents. Knowledge of the solubility and thermodynamic investigations would be very important for optimizing the purification process of terephthaldialdehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubilities of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid in twelve organic solvents of ethanol, isopropanol, n -propanol, n -butanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, toluene, acetone, acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N , N -dimethylformamide were determined experimentally by using the isothermal saturation method over a temperature range from (283.15–318.15) K under 101.1 kPa. The solubilities of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid in each solvent increased with the increase in temperature. In general, the solubility obeyed the following order from high to low in different solvents: ( N , N -dimethylformamide, N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone) > 1,4-dioxane > acetone > toluene > ethyl acetate > isopropanol > (methanol, ethanol, n -propanol, n -butanol) > acetonitrile. The experimental solubility data of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid in the selected solvents were correlated by the modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, Wilson model and NRTL model. The maximum values of root-mean-square deviation ( RMSD ) and relative average deviation ( RAD ) were 13.69 × 10 −4 and 1.18%, respectively. Generally, the four thermodynamic models were all acceptable for the systems of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid in these solvents. In addition, the mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, activity coefficient at infinitesimal concentration ( γ 1 ∞ ) and reduced excess enthalpy ( H 1 E, ∞ ) were calculated. The dissolution process of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid in the solvents was spontaneous and endothermic. The obtained solubility and thermodynamic studies would be very helpful for optimizing the purification process of 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abraham model solute descriptors are calculated for 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-methyl-6-nitroaniline, and terephthaldialdehyde using experimental solubility data taken from papers published in This Journal in 2016. The calculated solute descriptors are then used to predict the solubility of the three fore-mentioned solutes in 29 different organic solvents of varying polarity and hydrogen-bonding character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a straightforward methodology to achieve small linear trinuclear molecules based on the CoII-carboranylcarboxylate system obtained by carving a 1D polynuclear analogous system with the use of diethylether. The reaction of the carboranylcarboxylic ligand, 1-CH3-2-CO2H-1,2-closo-C2B10H10 (LH) with different cobalt salts leads to the polynuclear compound [Co2(μ-H2O)(1-CH3-2-CO2-1,2-closo-C2B10H10)4(THF)4], 1 and the polymeric [Co(μ-H2O)(1-CH3-2-CO2-1,2-closo-C2B10H10)2]n(H2O)n2. This latter 1D chain has been obtained by an unprecedented synthetic strategy for the isolation of cobalt(ii) compounds. [Co3(μ-H2O)2(1-CH3-2-CO2-1,2-closo-C2B10H10)6(H2O)2(C4H10O)2], 3 is formed by the dissociation of the polymeric structure that forms 2 when a mild coordinating solvent such as diethylether is added. These compounds have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. X-ray analysis of 1 and 3 revealed that 1 presents a dinuclear structure whereas 3 is trinuclear; in both cases a six-coordinated CoII compound with water molecules bridging each of the two CoII centres has been observed. The magnetic properties of 1 and 3 show a weak antiferromagnetic behaviour, respectively, between the CoII centres mediated by two carboxylate ligands and a molecule of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common separation materials are divided into two-dimensional (2D) materials and three-dimensional (3D) materials, among which three-dimensional materials have excellent durability and stability. Herein, we developed a durable S@P@PU sponge by simply immersing polyurethane (PU) sponges in a blending solution of starch granules and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Blending starch granules and PDMS could achieve more reliable adhesion of starch granules to the PU sponge by utilizing the high adhesion of PDMS. At the same time, the presence of starch granules could make PDMS form a spot-like secondary structure on the sponge. The sponge exhibited excellent hydrophobicity and high organic solvent affinity, and could separate and absorb organic solvents from the turbulent flow. The results showed that the sponge could absorb and hold 46 times its organic solvent weight, with a separation efficiency greater than 98.5% for different organic solvents. In addition, the sponge maintained a water contact angle of more than 140° after 40 abrasion cycles or after immersion in different pH and salt solutions for 48 h, showing excellent mechanical durability and chemical stability. [Display omitted] • The modified sponge water contact angle is increased from 86° to 157°. • In extreme environments, sponges still have water contact angles of >140°. • The separation efficiency of the modified sponge is greater than 99%. • The modified sponge can hold 46 times its own weight of organic solvent. • The sponge has the advantages of low cost and short time consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Co(III) complex of 3,6,9,15-tetra-azabicyclo[9.3.1]penta-deca-1,11,13-triene (L1) has been synthesized in DMF and isolated as a blue solid (1) ([L1CoIIIClX]n+, X = Cl−or DMF,n = 1 or 2). Complex1exhibits solution behavior similar to the classic cobalt(II) chloride equilibrium. When1is dissolved in water, the solution is pink and this complex exists as1a, which consists of a cobalt(III) bound toL1and twocis-chlorides with a perchlorate counter-ion to balance the complex charge ([L1CoIIICl2][ClO4]). In contrast, when1is dissolved in DMF or other organic solvents the solution is blue and is observed as1b. The1bcomplex salt contains two cobalt centers. One cobalt(III) is bound toL1, Cl−, and DMF. Charge balance is accomplished by the second cobalt center: [CoIICl4]2−, thus making1b(L1CoIIICl(DMF)][CoIICl4]). This equilibrium was confirmed using UV–visible spectroscopy, EPR, and X-ray crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many solution processing methods of exfoliation of layered materials have been studied during the last few years; most of them are based on organic solvents or rely on surfactants and other funtionalization agents. Pure water should be an ideal solvent, however, it is generally believed, based on solubility theories that stable dispersions of water could not be achieved and systematic studies are lacking. Here we describe the use of water as a solvent and the stabilization process involved therein. We introduce an exfoliation method of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) in pure water at high concentration (i.e., 0.14 ± 0.01 g L−1). This was achieved by thinning the bulk MoS2 by mechanical exfoliation between sand papers and dispersing it by liquid exfoliation through probe sonication in water. We observed thin MoS2 nanosheets in water characterized by TEM, AFM and SEM images. The dimensions of the nanosheets were around 200 nm, the same range obtained in organic solvents. Electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that electrical charges may be responsible for the stabilization of the dispersions. A probability decay equation was proposed to compare the stability of these dispersions with the ones reported in the literature. Water can be used as a solvent to disperse nanosheets and although the stability of the dispersions may not be as high as in organic solvents, the present method could be employed for a number of applications where the dispersions can be produced on site and organic solvents are not desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple dual impedance tester has been designed for determining the water content in organic solvents. The detection cells are formed by a pair of semi-cylindrical electrodes of aluminium foil, located opposite one another around the outer surface of a glass tube with the tested solution. Thus, the electrodes are not in contact with the analysed solution. The detection cells are connected as a capacity determining the frequency of the integrated multivibrator. The analytical signal is the difference between the frequency of the multivibrator with the measuring cell filled with the analysed solution and the multivibrator with the cell filled with pure anhydrous solvent. Solvents with various permittivities and water contents to 50% v/v were tested, with a detection limit from 0.2% (dioxane) to 1.4% (acetonitrile). The method can also be used for determining the relative permittivity of solvents with various water contents. The detector can even be used outside the laboratory because it can be powered by a standard 9-V battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soluble algal organic matter (AOM) resulting from cyanobacterial blooms can cause severe fouling for water treatment membranes as it contains a large proportion of high molecular weight (MW) organics such as biopolymers and humic-like substances. UV/H 2 O 2 advanced oxidation of feedwater containing AOM derived from Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated as a means of mitigating the fouling of a ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane and degrading the algal toxin microcystin-LR. The result was compared with the pre-treatment using coagulation with ACH. UV/H 2 O 2 treatment and coagulation achieved a marked and comparable reduction in total fouling resistance, however coagulation led to considerably lower irreversible fouling. The significant reduction in membrane fouling by the pre-treatments was attributed to the effective breakdown/removal of the very high MW biopolymers (≥20,000 Da) and high MW organic substances (~10,000 Da) in the AOM. UV/H 2 O 2 treatment resulted in the generation of lower MW substances due to partial oxidation of the large molecules, and consequently greater irreversible membrane fouling compared with coagulation. Microcystin-LR was completely inactivated by UV/H 2 O 2 , whereas coagulation was ineffective for removing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu 2 ZnSn(S x Se 1−x ) 4 (CZTSSe) nanocrystals (NCs) are synthesized via a one-pot solvothermal method under the mild reaction condition. By varying the S/Se ratio in the solution, the chalcogen composition of CZTSSe NCs can be well controlled over the whole range, leading to a tunable bandgap from 1.11 to 1.49 eV. Furthermore, it reveals that the S/Se ratio of anionic precursors has a dramatic effect on the phase structure of CZTSSe NCs. When the S/(S + Se) ratio (x) is higher than 0.5, wurtzite (WZ)-derived structure is the dominant phase; on the contrary, the zinc blende (ZB)-derived structure overwhelms the former as x gradually reduces from 0.5 to 0. Our findings thus suggest a novel and facile method to obtain CZTSSe NCs with metastable WZ phase, which is distinguished from previously reported routes based on carefully choosing organic solvents and/or capping ligands. In addition, the obtained CZTSSe NCs are readily dispersed in low boiling point and low toxicity solvent to form homogeneous and stable NCs ink. The photocurrent response measurement on the CZTSSe NCs films demonstrates its potential as a low-cost, high-reproducibility and high-yield NC preparing approach towards efficient CZTSSe solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodic patterns resembling spiralswere observed to form spontaneouslyupon unassisted cooling of d-glucaric acid- and d-galactaric acid–based polyamide solutions in N-methyl-N-morpholine oxide (NMMO) monohydrate. Similarobservations were made in d-galactaric acid-based polyamide/ionicliquid (IL) solutions. The morphologies were investigated by optical,polarized light and confocal microscopy assays to reveal pattern details.Differential scanning calorimetry was used to monitor solution thermalbehavior. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering data reflected thecomplex and heterogeneous nature of the self-organized patterns. Factorssuch as concentration and temperature were found to influence spiraldimensions and geometry. The distance between rings followed a first-orderexponential decay as a function of polymer concentration. Fourier-TransformInfrared Microspectroscopy analysis of spirals pointed to H-bondingbetween the solvent and the pendant hydroxyl groups of the glucoseunits from the polymer backbone. Tests on self-organization into spiralsof ketal-protected d-galactaric acid polyamides in NMMO monohydrateconfirmed the importance of the monosaccharide’s pendant freehydroxyl groups on the formation of these patterns. Rheology performedon d-galactaric-based polyamides at high concentration inNMMO monohydrate solution revealed the optimum conditions necessaryto process these materials as fibers by spinning. The self-organizationof these sugar-based polyamides mimics certain biological materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]