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The goal of this paper is to detect the determinants of ecological footprint (EF) in Turkey within the scope of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis over the period 1970–2016. For this purpose, the paper sets up an empirical model including GDP, the square of GDP, foreign direct investments, renewable energy consumption, and industrialization. Hence, the paper also searches for the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) for Turkey. The findings of the paper indicate that the EKC hypothesis prevails, whereas the PHH does not dominate in Turkey. The findings also imply EF is negatively related to renewable energy consumption while industrialization does not affect EF. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution haven hypo thesis (PHH) postulates that foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows can increase environmental deterioration in developing countries as multinational firms tend to transfer their dirty industries to these countries. Turkey, as a developing economy, has witnessed intense FDI inflows over the last decades. Within this scope, the goal of this paper is to examine whether the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) prevails in Turkey within the scope of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis over the period 1970–2016. To that end, the paper employs unit root and cointegration methods based on the nonlinear smooth transition models. The empirical findings of the paper indicate that both hypotheses are valid in Turkey. The findings also imply that environmental quality in Turkey is negatively related to electricity production from renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption, total factor productivity (TFP), income, imports, and exports on consumption-based CO2 emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2019, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) method. The findings indicated that the use of renewable energy, total factor productivity and exports negatively influence CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the positive impact of income and imports on CO2 emissions was found. The negative impact of renewable energy consumption and total factor productivity highlights the importance of implementing environmentally friendly measures in the energy sector (particularly raising the proportion of renewable energy in overall energy consumption) and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's rapid population and economic growth have caused a significant increase in energy demand over the last two decades. As a result, a process of evaluating alternative energy strategies and policies was required to be formulated carefully along with the country's longer-term decarbonisation aims. Although Turkey's considerable renewable energy potential exists, its dependency on foreign energy and its dramatically depreciating currency have been the main drivers of revisions to these renewable energy-related policies. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate all the strategies and challenges of Turkey's green steps toward a sustainable future. Sustainable developments of many developed countries have been examined and compared to assess Turkish strategies and significant policies that have been taken. As findings, it has been revealed that policy revisions regarding the use of domestic technology in green power plants decelerate investments for a short time. However, it has been found that renewable energy patent applications have declined, although domestic technology in green energy plants has been promoted through these policy revisions. As a result of this dilemma, the quality and effectiveness of green research and development (R&D) in Turkey have been investigated and then benchmarked with most leading countries. It has been observed that there is no correlation and relation between the patent application and the articles on renewable energy. Therefore, the paper has provided insight into new policies and strategies to enhance the productivity of R&D for both Turkey and developing similar countries. Consequently, potential measures to increase Turkey's green energy use and production are discussed and proposed systematically, considering those findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of geopolitical risks on renewable energy generation in MENAT oil-importing countries, namely, Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey over the period 1990–2020 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The main findings emphasize that geopolitical risks play a crucial role in inducing renewable energy development in MENAT oil-importing countries in the short and long run. Financial development appears to positively and significantly affect renewable energy generation in the three countries. Furthermore, the speeds of adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium are 36.78%, 66.03%, and 17.81% annually in Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey, respectively. In today's volatile and turbulent world, dramatically rising geopolitical risks make the transition to renewable energy an inevitable reality. Consequently, it is incumbent upon policymakers and relevant authorities in MENAT oil-importing countries to preemptively redirect their efforts and strategies to conform to the demands of the inevitable transition to renewable energy sources and boost energy self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important alternative energy source in terms of both sustainable growth and climate change. In this paper, the causality nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in 15 emerging countries covering the period from 1990 to 2015. The paper adopts the bootstrap panel causality test which is developed by (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) to consider the cross-sectional dependence. The results of (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) prove the validity of the neutrality hypothesis in all countries. Then, we analyze asymmetric causality among the variables. Asymmetric test denotes a causality from negative shocks of economic growth to negative shocks of renewable energy consumption in South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Thus, a negative shock in economic growth hampers renewable energy consumption in these countries. Our results demonstrate the consequences of the application of disaggregated data in the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, interest in industrialisation has increased again, and reindustrialisation policies have begun to be discussed. Because empirical and theoretical evidence indicates that industrialisation plays a significant role in economic growth and development. Nevertheless, studies analysing the factors affecting industrialisation are limited. In consequence, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of industrialisation in Türkiye over the period 1990-2020. For this purpose, the effects of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade globalisation, and renewable energy, which are thought to affect industrialisation significantly, are investigated. The ARDL bounds test, and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality test are employed in this respect. The findings prove that FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy consumption positively impact industrialisation in the long-run. At the same time, Toda-Yamamoto's (1995) causality test results indicate a unidirectional causality from FDI to industrialisation, bidirectional causality between renewable energy and industrialisation and no causality between trade globalisation and industrialisation. In this regard, for sustainable industrialisation, effective policies are necessary for FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy. In addition, FDI inflows should be directed to specific sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has become the center of worldwide environmental concerns, especially in recent years. One of the ways to deal with global warming that causes climate change is to adopt the renewable energy power technique. Different renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, ocean, geothermal, and bioenergy are currently the backbone of green and sustainable economic growth. However, renewable energy sites are directly or indirectly dependent on environmental, social, and technical criteria.The main objective of this paper is to identify potential best renewable energy site alternatives using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) and Geographical Information systems (GIS). Thus, the framework formed by the findings will guide investors in the renewable energy sector. The results showed that suitable areas for solar and wind were mainly located in the Hatay and Mersin of the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey. The energy suitability site maps indicate that 8% (3.42 km2) and 3.39% (1554 km2) of the total study area have suitability and very suitability for solar and wind energy respectively. Moreover, it is seen that 44.82% (20,689km2) of the regions are the same when suitable and very suitable regions are overlaid for the installation of solar and wind energy sites. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate model performance. The area under the curve (AUC) values are calculated 0.87 and 0.95 for solar and wind energy, respectively. Relying on realistic data, this paper proposes an innovative method to identify suitable areas for solar and wind power plants. The maps obtained to contribute to renewable energy production will be useful for creating future strategies in the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an indispensable requirement for the sustainable development of countries. Turkey has been trying to increase the use of renewable sources in electricity energy production with the policies it has implemented recently. This study investigates the effect of disaggregate energy consumption on economic growth in Turkey via the Augmented ARDL. Robust results are obtained by Augmented ARDL in econometric analysis. In this context, it is to examine the impact of renewable energy, natural gas, and coal consumption. Considering the 2001 crisis in Turkey, we add a dummy variable to the cointegration equation. The paper employs the recently developed augmented ARDL approach in the presence of one structural break to investigate annual time series data during the period 1988–2018. The results obtained in this study showed that all variables were statistically significant eventually. Long-term estimation results suggest that among the energy sources examined in the study, on economic growth has a positive effect coal consumption, natural gas consumption, and renewable energy. Moreover, empirical results indicated that economic growth and energy consumption also contribute to environmental damage. On the contrary, natural gas both increases economic growth and is effective in increasing environmental quality. The fact that the positive effect of renewable energy sources on economic growth eventually is greater than natural gas is the most striking finding of the study. In line with these results, it can be said that Turkey can reduce its energy dependence by increasing the use of domestic and renewable energy sources and providing sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A large part of the electricity generation is from imported fossil fuels, which makes Turkey heavily dependent on fossil fuels. For this reason, Turkey aims to increase the ratio of renewable energy resources in the total installed power. Among renewable resources, Turkey's wind energy potential is very high. Although the onshore wind power installed capacity has increased significantly in the last ten years in Turkey, offshore wind energy deployment has not gained satisfactory attention even though the country is surrounded by seas on three of its sides. Therefore, the installation of Turkey's first offshore wind farm, which will be established by the Turkish government was accelerated by opening a tender in 2018. Three potential candidate regions were identified, two located in the Aegean Sea and one in the Black Sea. This paper performs a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of offshore wind farm projects in identified three regions. It was calculated that the total offshore wind power capacity at the specified sites is 3,329.4 MW. In addition, offshore regions were compared in the scope of the methods used in the economic analysis. In this context, the best results an obtained in the Saros OWF region. This study aims to contribute scientifically to the region's offshore wind energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the literature on energy and environmental economics, it is generally acknowledged that renewable energy can improve environmental quality; however, certain papers suggest that an optimal level of the usage of renewable energy sources may exist. Consequently, the utilization of renewable energy sources can result in environmental degradation up to a certain threshold. Then, environmental quality can be enhanced through the continued application of renewables. This indicates that the link between renewable energy and environmental devastation is inverted U-shaped. This paper presents empirical evidence concerning this possible association between renewable energy and environmental destruction in Türkiye, a country where fossil energy predominates in the energy mix. Additionally, the paper investigates the environmental influences of natural resource rents and schooling. This study utilizes annual data from 1971 to 2020 and implements time series methodologies that rely on the Fourier approximation. The paper thus accounts for an undetermined quantity of structural breaks. The results suggest that an inverted U-shaped link occurs between renewable energy and environmental destruction, signifying renewable energy initially contributes to a diminution in environmental quality before subsequently improving it. Additionally, environmental quality is positively associated with natural resource rents and negatively associated with schooling, according to the findings. Furthermore, the findings reveal that schooling worsens the combined effect of renewable energy on environmental degradation. These conclusions are discussed in the paper. [Display omitted] • A nonlinear pattern exists between renewable energy and the environment. • Natural resource rents decrease environmental destruction. • Schooling increases environmental destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind is a stochastic and intermittent renewable energy source. Due to its nature, it is extremely hard to forecast wind power. Accurate wind power forecasting can be encouraging and motivating for investors to shed light on future uncertainties caused by global warming. Thus, CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) which are harmful to the environment will not be released into the atmosphere, while generating electrical energy. This paper presents a novel precise, fast and powerful hybrid metaheuristic wind power forecasting approach based on statistical and mathematical data from real weather stations. The model was developed as a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and radial movement optimization (RMO). Real-time wind data was gathered from wind measuring stations (WMS) at two separate places in Burdur and Osmaniye cities, Turkey. The key contribution of this new model is the ability to perform wind power forecasting studies, without needing wind speed data, with high accuracy and rapid solutions. Also, wind power forecasting studies with high accuracy have been carried out despite the height differences between the sensors. That is, for WMS-1 and WMS-2, it has succeeded the wind power forecasting at 61 m and 60.3 m using temperature (3 m), humidity (3 m) and pressure (3.5 m) data. The performance results were presented in tables and graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is a developing country with rising energy demands. Energy access is one of the key parameters to sustain the development, since the country meets a considerable part of energy demands by imported fossil fuels. Distributed photovoltaic power generation (DPPG) is one of the sustainable solutions to increase renewable energy sources (RES) shares in primary energy demand. This paper investigates Turkey's current policy system with its excellences and shortcomings in different stages of distributed photovoltaic power generation development in the country. By the assessment of the current situation, a strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) and external opportunities (O) and threats (T) analysis is also conducted to propose urgent strategies to contribute the development of DPPG sector in Turkey. In conclusion, future roles of the government and energy market are discussed to increase integration of DPPG in Turkish renewable energy market comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Paris Climate Conference (COP21), many countries start progressing towards carbon neutrality targets. In doing so, green technology innovations (GTIs) and clean energy are the essential factors that can help to achieve the carbon neutrality goal. Therefore, this paper examines the linkages between green technology innovation and renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions based on the STIRPAT model in Turkey during the time of 1990-2018. The study used testing like "unit-root" to verify the variables' integrative properties containing the information for structural breaks. Also, the bootstrapping ARDL-bound testing technique is used to analyze the relationship between the variables. The causal relationship between green technology innovation, energy consumption, renewable energy, population, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions is tested through a Granger causality test. The empirical findings show that green technology innovation, renewable energy, energy consumption, population, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions are co-integrated for the long-term association. Additionally, green technology innovation and renewable energy decline carbon dioxide emissions, whereas energy consumption, population, and per capita enhance carbon emissions. This paper helps the policymakers design a comprehensive policy for strengthening environmental sustainability through green technology innovation and renewable energy, specifically in the region of Turkey., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Not only the steadily growing demand for electricity generation but also the environmental concerns in recent years have led to the belief in the importance of renewable energy. Wind is one of the most important renewable energy sources utilized in electricity generation for a sustainable environment. This paper deals with performance assessment for existing onshore wind plants in terms of triple bottom line of sustainability and aims to propose a structural methodology. Furthermore, the proposed framework is essentially formed through two stages: the first stage is the determination of relative weights for sustainability factors through the best-worst method (BWM) and the second stage is a sustainability performance assessment of the available 42 wind plants in Izmir, Turkey. According to the findings, the environmental dimension is the most significant, followed by the economic and social dimensions. The results also reveal that distance to protected areas is the most important factor among others in terms of sustainability performance and that the wind plants throughout the north side of Izmir have a higher sustainability performance. To validate the robustness and reliability of the introduced framework, a sensitivity analysis is also conducted. The proposed framework could be employed successfully in other scientific applications.

The monitoring of wind installations is key for predicting their future behavior, due to the strong dependence on weather conditions and the stochastic nature of the wind. However, in some places, in situ measurements are not always available. In this paper, active power predictions for the city of Santa Marta-Colombia using a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (NARX) network were performed. The network was trained with a reliable dataset from a wind farm located in Turkey, because the meteorological data from the city of Santa Marta are unavailable or unreliable on certain dates. Three training and testing cases were designed, with different input variables and varying the network target between active power and wind speed. The dataset was obtained from the Kaggle platform, and is made up of five variables: date, active power, wind speed, theoretical power, and wind direction; each with 50,530 samples, which were preprocessed, and in some cases, normalized, to facilitate the neural network learning. For the training, testing and validation processes, a correlation coefficient of 0.9589 was obtained for the best scenario with the data from Turkey, while the best correlation coefficient for the data from Santa Marta was 0.8537. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power has become one of the cost-effective options for improving the energy mix, while the wind farm installations reach higher shares by new capacity additions in Turkey, similar to many other countries, in order to support the sustainable development targets. Various methodologies are implemented and applied for planning and optimizing energy systems of countries, taking into consideration the energy, economy, and ecology aspects as a whole. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the implications of "2023 energy targets" policy in terms of wind power. A futuristic scenario was tailored and applied to a comprehensive energy model for the energy system of Turkey. The official wind energy vision and goal of Turkey were analyzed by applying a scenario based on 20,000 MW wind power capacity installation by the year 2023. The results indicated that, if applied, this action will increase the share of wind power utilization to the level of 16% in the total renewables while the installed wind capacity will reach 18%. Finally, the total cost of this strategic target which doubles the installed capacity and electricity generation by wind power, including the respective investment costs and subsidizations results, were calculated as $24.78 billion on the analysis horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy cooperatives (RECs) in Turkey have received considerable attention in recent years and the total number of cooperatives is 46 in 2020. With increased environmental awareness and energy demand, RECs aim the local and renewable resources to be used by the people of the region by creating an example venture model through cooperatives. The growth in the number of cooperatives has resulted largely from Turkish energy policy and arrangement of Renewable Energies Act. This study is aimed to identify energy cooperatives, current situations, advantages, characterizing the implementation barriers RECs face and external factors. For this purpose, an online questionnaire was carried out with REC members and questionnaires were sent to 468 members of 20 cooperatives via e-mail, and approximately 80% return was obtained, 16 management board members were interviewed with categorized questions, and RECs websites were examined, as well. This paper presents an overview of This paper presents an overview of Turkish energy cooperatives in terms of organization, financing, membership, technology, policy, internal and external barriers drawing on collected data. How to create a better understanding of energy cooperatives and contribute to the Turkish energy policy were discussed. RECs could be an example venture model to provide the local and renewable resources to be used by the people of the region. Also, RECs can be an important building block of the energy transition in Turkey where consumed energy mainly imported from abroad and if RECs are to continue to play an important role in the energy transition, policy makers are expected to support their growth. These findings may be a guide for further researches for Turkey. • RECs can be an important building block of the energy transition in Turkey. • Differences in the development of RECs exist mainly regarding the finance. • The main external factor in the development of RECs is policy. • The amount of electricity produced is the most important indicator of success of RECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the impact of real interest rates (RIN), income, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and energy consumption on Turkey's carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2 ) over the period from 1980 to 2014. This study differs from the existing literature by introducing a new discussion in the determination of environmental degradation, namely real interest rate. Hatemi-J (HJ) cointegration with two structural breaks and the newly developed Bayer-Hanck (BH) combined cointegration tests are used to enhance and support the robustness of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test. The Granger causality test within the vector error correction model (VECM) is employed to examine the causality direction among the variables in both the short and long run. The empirical results demonstrate that RIN negatively effects CO 2 emissions. This impact is also supported through energy, income, and FDI channels. It is suggested that policy makers should promote the stability of the real interest rates channel to reduce CO 2 emissions and encourage the renewable energy investment through the production of electricity using renewable sources.

This study focuses on the resistance to geothermal energy projects in the Aegean region in Turkey. It explores, drawing on the analysis of documents and the fieldwork conducted in four Aegean cities, why there is a widespread local resistance to geothermal energy, which is widely promoted as environmentally benign and renewable and, as such, critical for the low-carbon energy transition. Examining the resistance from a political ecology perspective, I show how the power/resistance nexus in the field of renewable energy is shaped in those contexts where authoritarianism, populism, and geographically specific forms of capital accumulation operate in and through each other. Specifically, I demonstrate that the formulation of geothermal policy and practices to perpetuate and consolidate the power of the authoritarian populist AKP government laid the groundwork for the generation of widespread resistances by threatening to create new environmental injustices and to deepen existing class, and gender inequalities. The study also shows that geothermal energy may be as destructive as fossil fuel-based energy when not planned, regulated, or monitored effectively. It is concluded therefore that the practice of grouping renewable energy sources in a single 'clean energy' category should be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to specify people's awareness, acceptance and needs for the Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy efficiency (EE) innovations in Jordan. This took place after having studied the most influential innovations on RE and EE in Germany, Spain and Turkey. Then, two suitable innovations were selected; in particular, PV mobile charger and sodium light unit regulator. Our research was based on the analysis of qualitative interviews and a questionnaire. The results showed that (53%) are willing to buy PV mobile charger depending on its life cycle and efficiency even if it is expensive. About (89%) of respondents realized that it is important to develop and support the EE innovative solution of using sodium regulator in lighting the streets by the municipalities, and about (49%) would like to take practical steps for the RE and EE developments if they could. The results also show that all respondents are willing to pay extra cost to obtain green energy; (20%) want the cheapest possible solution in this regard. the study results indicate that Jordanian people do expect more from the public sector about renewable energy production; whereas a large percentage (63%) thinks that public sector should take the first step towards renewable energy production. The acceptance and awareness of the society on RE and EE innovations is one of the most important drivers towards the transition to RE and EE in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of (non-renewable and renewable) energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution in an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) setting in Turkey for the 1965–2016 period.Design/methodology/approach Besides conventionally used unit root tests, Zivot–Andrews unit-root test is also employed to account for a possible structural break. To investigate the interrelationships among the variables, the autoregressive distributed lag and the vector error correction methodologies are employed.Findings The results verify the EKC hypothesis. Moreover, increases in trade and non-renewable energy consumption rise carbon emissions in long run, while renewable energy consumption reduces it in both short- and long-run. The causality analysis reveals that there are bi-directional long-run causalities between non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and between trade and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the renewable energy consumption-income nexus in both short- and long-run. For the non-renewable energy consumption-income nexus, the neutrality hypothesis holds only in short-run and the conservation hypothesis holds only in long-run.Originality/value This is the first study which incorporates both renewable energy consumption and trade into its environmental pollution model for Turkey. Moreover, by investigating short- and long-run causalities among the employed variables, more robust policy implications are put forward. Lastly, this study employs a longer sample period and considers a structural break in its models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the use of the green sukuk, particularly, for financing the renewable energy projects. More precisely, three case studies have been chosen for discussion. In the first case study, we highlight "Hybrid Sukuk" framework adopted by Tadau Energy Sdn. Bhd. for financing solar photovoltaic (PV) plants. The second case study, we reviewed "Sukuk Wakalah" issued by BEWG (M) Sdn. Bhd., as an ideal solution for water treatment project. Finally, for the third case study, we have discussed in detail about "Sukuk Murabahah" which is being used by Sarawak Hidro Sdn. Bhd. for financing the hydroelectric plant (BAKUN hydroelectric project). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public acceptance of renewable energy (RE) will accelerate the transition from energy sources that cause high emissions to environmentally friendly energy sources to combat climate change. For this reason, it is crucial to investigate the adoption intentions of different target audiences. This research delves into the determinants that shape the intention of Turkish university students, who are the future decision-makers, to adopt RE within the context of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Previous research in existing literature primarily focuses on "RE awareness" and "willingness-to-pay" in Türkiye. However, RE adoption intention has remained an underexplored topic in research. This paper investigated two frameworks within the context of TPB. The first model analyzed the effect of attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) on students' intention to adopt RE and utilized structural equation modeling. The second model extended TPB constructs with background factors (Cost of RE (CRE), awareness of RE (ARE), beliefs about the benefits of RE (BBRE), moral norms and values (MNV), and perception of neighbor's participation (PNP)) and used path analysis. A total of 418 students were surveyed. i-) The main TPB constructs (ATT, SN, PBC) are valid in explaining students' adoption intention in both models. ii-) CRE, ARE, BBRE, MNV, and PNP significantly influence the students' attitudes towards adopting RE. Additionally, ARE and PNP significantly shape students' subjective norms regarding RE adoption. Iii-) MNV and ARE positively affect the intentions of students to adopt RE. iv-) Turkish youth are willing to pay up to 10 % more to receive energy from renewable sources. • The TPB is confirmed with two separate model and analysis method for the students' intention to adopt RE in Türkiye. • The variables of CRE, ARE, BBRE, MNV, and PNP significantly influence the students' attitudes towards adopting RE • MNV and ARE positively affect the intentions of students to adopt RE. • Turkish youth are willing to pay up to 10% more to receive energy from renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet all energy requirements by renewable energy (RE) sources, hydrogen is an effective energy transport and storage instrument. Because of being a highly innovative field in developing countries, there are high uncertainties with different subcomponents in the hydrogen energy (HE) field. In the literature, fuzzy set extensions are heavily preferred to model different types of uncertainties when making decisions in the energy field. As one of the most comprehensive ones, spherical fuzzy set (SFS) is used to model the uncertainties caused by refusal and inconsistency within some theoretical limitations. In this study, a novel fuzzy set (FS) extension called neutrosophic picture fuzzy set has been developed to obtain a more flexible and reliable modeling approach usable with the information having higher inconsistency, and suitable with the problems requiring precise calculations. As a popular decision-making (DM) techniques, TOPSIS methodology has been redesigned based on neutrosophic picture fuzzy set. By using the developed methodology, the available hydrogen production (HP) alternatives of Türkiye have been evaluated. Biomass gasification (BG) has been decided as the best hydrogen energy production method under the current conditions. The results have been compared with the results obtained by spherical fuzzy TOPSIS and it has been proved that more reliable results are obtained by the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey’s rapid economic growth followed by increasing gap between domestic energy production and consumption signifies the large-scale integration of low-carbon and renewable resources into energy system. Turkey’s energy demand is increasing and supplying fossil energies such as oil and gas is becoming more challenging due to the lack of domestic hydrocarbon resources. The country is facing two main issues; first, maintaining energy balance and second, handling environmental issues. Nevertheless, Turkey has substantial renewable and low-carbon energy resources with co-benefits for the country’s fast growing economy and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to present a comprehensive update on Turkey’s renewable and low-carbon energy sector. It reviews not only the current status of the technology, policy and economy, but also provides an insight into the social aspects as well. From a policy point of view, the paper critically discusses Turkey’s energy strategy and perspectives and from the social point of view, the paper argues that there is a research gap in recent literature regarding public awareness and social acceptance of low-carbon energy technologies. Also, the future challenges for promoting low-carbon society in Turkey are discussed in terms of sustainable development and socio-environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector with 70% public budget influence in Turkey is unsurprisingly one of the sectors over which most policies have been developed. Although Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources such as solar, water, wind, geothermal; as the speed of the consumption of the energy generated through these resources is higher than the production, the use of other non-renewable energy sources is at stake, and increases the emission amount released into the environment depending on this type of energy used. In this study, Energy Extended Input-Output Analysis has been conducted using the data of emission occurred depending on energy use within the framework of energy economy as an interdisciplinary field of study. And research has been carried out on the mutual interdependency between energy and economy. This paper employs an analysis recently published as an input-output table of the year 2014 of Turkey and energy use emission data of the same year in the World Input-Output Database. The emission occurred as a result of one single unit of energy use in the sector of electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply, which are one of the two sectors including the whole components of the energy sector in Turkey, comes first with 51.4327 TJ/million-dollar coefficient, manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, which is the other sector, ranks at the ninth row with the coefficient of 4.4556 TJ/million-dollar. As a result of the conducted analysis, while normalized total backward energy use emission linkages coefficients (BL j) equal 10.1074 TJ for Electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector, they are 1.1676 TJ for the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Normalized total forward energy use emission linkages coefficients (FL i) are 21.448 TJ for electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, yet they are 1.3941 TJ for manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Policies on the sustainable use of energy in Turkey have been developed through the achieved results in the content of the study. Policies by focusing on the economy and prioritizing the role of energy in providing sustainable development, preferring environmentally friendly renewable energy sources, and encouraging less production of emission, have especially been mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, as a result of the rapid increase in population and industrial development, the need for energy has increased. Many investments are made especially for electrical energy which is an inevitable requirement for the industry. Most of these investments are made by using fossil resources in countries' lands. Fossil sources are known to be consumable as well as too poisonous gases they give to the atmosphere during energy production. This situation causes global climate change. To prevent climate change, the carbon emitted to the atmosphere has to be brought under a certain control mechanism. In this context, the first Kyoto Protocol and then Paris Climate Agreement was signed. Under these agreements, countries will be responsible for the level of their greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This situation led to the carbon trade among countries. This situation accelerated the transition of countries from fossil sources to renewable energy sources. In this study, the effect of hydroelectric power plants, one of the renewable energy sources, on carbon emissions was investigated. According to the results, based on fossil sources of 408,533.57 tCO 2 per year from Turkey Gökçekaya dam has been shown to reduce the carbon footprint. • The paper provides a comparison of carbon emissions between hydroelectric and fossil fuel energy sources. • The article examines carbon emission reduction from a perspective of carbon markets and the legal framework. • The study also provides an analysis based on the example of Gökçekaya HEPP in Turkey. • The study provides an economic analysis of the Gökçekaya HEPP with the feasibility analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The most profitable system is on-grid PV-Wind Turbine system with an NPC of $52.8 M. • For 0% and 25% sale constrained systems low penetration systems are optimal. • For 50% sale constrained and unconstrained systems high penetration systems are preferred. • Fire hawk Optimizer, Grey Wolf Optimizer and Particle Swarm Optimizer are used to size the system by power flow analysis. Fire Hawk Optimizer is found to be usable in optimal power flow analysis and system sizing. • Increase in penetrations leads to enlargement of the system in the region with high load demand because of optimizations. Today, with a human population of 7.5 billion, increasing power consumption, and widespread use of high-technology equipment, the need for energy in the world is increasing day by day. The damage to nature caused by non-renewable energy resources and the economic and political disadvantages they cause in countries that must import these resources have led the world to search for alternative energy sources. One of the most important benefits of renewable energy sources is that they can create hybrid energy systems with other energy sources. Hybrid energy systems are structures in that more than one energy generation unit works together to feed the electrical load. In this paper, a hybrid system will be designed by using Homer PRO, to supply the energy consumed in the residential areas of Karaburun and Urla districts of Izmir province in Turkey with hybrid renewable energy systems. Systems of different sizes are designed for 50%, 75%, and 100% penetration rates, and sales to the grid are constrained to 0%, 25%, 50%, and no constraint on sales. Sensitivity analyses have been performed for 10% and 20% more power required by the load. Techno-economic analyses were done for the systems and the optimal system has been identified. The power flow of the optimal system is inspected by defining the network in Python and Fire Hawk Optimizer (FHO), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used for optimal sizing of the system. The optimal system has a Net Present Cost (NPC) of $52.3 M, 34 wind turbines, and 954 kW PV with conditions of 100% penetration and no restrictions on sales to the grid. FHO proposed 26 wind turbines and 780 kW PVs for Urla and 8 wind turbines, and 174 kW PVs for Karaburun. GWO proposed 25 wind turbines and 747 kW PVs for Urla, 9 wind turbines, and 165 PVs for Karaburun. PSO offered 24 wind turbines and 708 kW PVs for Urla, 10 wind turbines, and 246 kW PVs for Karaburun. When there is no sale to and 25% sales to the grid, it is seen that the optimal scenario is the system with a 50% penetration rate. In fully sale-constrained systems, NPCs are higher than the base system and they can never pay for themselves compared to the base system. It is concluded that smaller-sized systems are more suitable for systems with high constraints. The proposed FHO algorithm and GWO algorithm react to increasing penetration ratios by enlarging the system size in the regions with high load demand. PSO sizes the system like predictions by load demand. FHO reacts quicker to increasing penetrations than PSO and GWO. FHO algorithm is found to be usable to solve optimal power flow problems and optimal system sizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential for renewable energy-based electricity generation using existing wave, wind, and solar energies in Türkiye. A significant part of Türkiye's energy needs is still met using fossil fuels. Considering the country's resources, renewable energy sources appear as an alternative source to meet these needs. The objective of this study is to find an effective, efficient, economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable way to produce electricity to reach net-zero targets and transition towards low-carbon and carbon-free energy systems. To be able to make a deep investigation about the relevant issue, six provinces from different regions of Türkiye (Antalya, Çanakkale, İstanbul, İzmir, Kırklareli, and Muğla) are assessed in terms of wave, wind, and solar energy potential, including wave data, wind speeds, sunshine duration, and global radiation values. Wind, wave, and solar energy data of the selected regions were taken from the ERA5 database, which is the weather forecast model of the European Center for Medium-Term Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Türkiye and the General Directorate of Meteorology. Calculations were made using monthly data for the last 5 years. Considering the coastal lengths in the determined regions, the annual total electrical power produced from wave, solar, and wind energies was calculated. In these calculations, the coastal length parameter was assumed to be uniform across all cities, and the electrical power potential from these energy sources was analyzed. Within the framework of these analyses, the number of houses in the selected regions whose electricity needs can be met was calculated. As a result, the potential electrical power and the amount of affordable housing units in the selected regions were compared. As an important result of the studies, it was determined that the characteristic features of the selected regions, such as wavelength, wave height, and wind speed, were directly related to the applicable coast length. The power obtained from wave energy was higher than that from other renewable energy sources, considering the determined coast lengths. Wave energy was followed by parabolic solar collector, wind, and photovoltaic solar energy systems. According to the model, the power obtained from renewable energy systems was at the highest level in the Kırklareli/Demirköy province compared to other locations. Kırklareli was followed by İstanbul, Antalya, İzmir, Muğla, and Çanakkale. It was also found that the electricity needs of 763,578 houses were met in the Kırklareli/Demirköy region, and the electricity needs of 470,590 houses were met in the Çanakkale/Ayvacık region. The statistically optimized factors using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for wind, photovoltaic, parabolic solar collector, and wave power were reported as 995.278, 4529.743, 2264.546, and 276,495.09, respectively. The optimal factors aim to achieve a total electricity generation rate of 2.491 × 109 (kWh/year), a total number of houses of 682,590.55 (number/year), and a total cost of USD 813,940,876. In line with the results obtained, the Kırklareli/Demirköy region becomes favorable when considering wave and wave-integrated wind and solar energies. The proposed system has the potential to meet the entire electricity demand of the Kırklareli province based on data from the Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an experimental performance comparison of a 2-axis tracking system with a fixed panel in a solar renewable energy system is conducted. The paper mainly focuses on a cost-benefit analysis of fixed and tracking modules. For this aim, an experimental setup was built and periodical measurements were then obtained from the setup. To provide a better comparison, the panels were exposed to the same conditions during the measurements. By considering the real-time experimental results, the paper provides a quantitative analysis of the feasibility of tracking panels for domestic applications as well as an analysis of payback period if a tracking system is used for a home-building application instead of using a conventional fixed module. The study is restricted to the geographical region of Duzce, Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total energy consumption per capita of any country is a critical input for the economic and social development. But nowadays, the current energy production systems are not sustainable and they are not environment friendly. Increased fossil energy consumptions in manufacturing, transportation and standard of living in the growing population have the highest impact on the environment in terms of global warming potential and air pollution. Also fossil fuel prices are increasing because of shortening of fossil fuel sources. Sustainable development improves standard of life economically and environmentally over the long term in a way that must be supported by the industrial structure of the country. In order to sustain energy availability and keep environment livable for future generations, finding new alternatives is necessary. Increased awareness of society about environmental issues and fossil energy sources depletion support new clean alternatives. These alternatives are one of the important and determinant policy areas for the countries, and should include both short and long term energy policies. This paper discusses the environmental pollution caused by energy consumption, and the role of conventional and renewable energy technologies as one component of the effective sustainable development and solution. Also, renewable energy potential of Turkey for assessment of the green energy systems is investigated in terms of sustainable development, environmental impact and prices. All the given results in this paper will be useful to researchers, engineers, decision and policy makers in industry and government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is one of the most important factors for developed and sustainable societies. However, its utilization in electrical power grid systems can be very challenging regarding rates predictably. Renewable energy depends mainly on environmental conditions such as rainfall-runoff ratios and temperature. Because of that, the expected power production heavily fluctuates, which makes the prediction and calculation of feed-in into the power grid very challenging. The accurate forecasting of energy production is a very crucial issue for power management process. This paper presents the results of deploying Machine Learning Techniques in short-term forecasting of the amount of energy produced of General Circulation Models (GCMs) Data by Almus Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Tokat, Turkey. The study demonstrates the use of modeling techniques in hydropower forecasting process using the predicted monthly hydroelectric power generation data of GCMs from 2018 to 2080. Decision Tree, Deep Learning, Generalized Linear, Gradient Boosted Trees and Random Forest models are utilized to forecast the hydropower production. The results show that the correlation value of the gradient boosted trees model equals 0.717, which means that the gradient boosted trees model is the most successful model for the present data. The gradient boosted trees model used in the prediction process for each GCM in each scenario is 4.5 and 8.5. The results show that there are small differences between the models, which means that the predictions are going in similar directions for all these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of the study is to rank and evaluate renewable energy sources that are the only alternative of non-renewable energy sources, according to twenty-six regions in Turkey. Multi-criteria decision making methods are widely employed in the solution of energy selection problems because energy selection problems contain many criteria contradicting each other. In this study, the importance levels weights of the evaluation criteria were measured by the Fuzzy Entropy method. Later, with the Fuzzy COPRAS and Fuzzy MULTIMOORA methods, renewable energy sources alternative rankings were acquired for the regions. According to the fuzzy COPRAS results in Appendix 2, the hydroelectric energy source has been defined as the suitable renewable energy source alternative for seventeen regions. According to the fuzzy MULTIMOORA results in Appendix 2, the hydroelectric energy source has been determined as the suitable renewable energy source alternative in the first rank for eighteen regions. With this study, a resource is presented to regional investors to reach an investment decision for renewable energy sources. This study constitutes an indication for development agencies along with investors. • Ranking and evaluation of renewable energy sources. • Weights of the evaluation criteria were measured by the Fuzzy Entropy method. • The Fuzzy COPRAS and Fuzzy MULTIMOORA methods were applied for ranking. • Paper concentrates on choosing the most proper RES for twenty-six regions. • Hydropower have been classified as a suitable alternative RES for most regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the renewable energy capacity of Turkey in order to consider main priorities in the energy policy of Turkey. In this paper, renewable energy potential and regulatory conditions are discussed in Turkey in comparison with European Union. The results of the study implemented within the framework of EnviroGRIDS project indicated a promising yet very susceptible future for the implementation of renewable energy power plants in Turkey. The forecasts have shown that the solar power potential utilization is becoming more significant after 2020. The projections for 2050 indicate that electricity consumption from small and medium renewable energy sources including solar and wind will constitute 15% of the total, whereas the solar thermal will constitute around 16%. Geothermal and other renewables will remain around 3%. According to the high demand scenario, in 2050 the share of hydropower in overall electricity generation will be 12%, followed by solar power at 7% and wind power at 3%. Additionally, renewable energy policy and regulations in Turkey and in EU are overviewed in this study. On the contrary to EU, the constant feed-in tariff amount does not consider capital investments of specific energy sources in Turkey that brings disadvantage to the implementation. However, new regulations published and currently applied should be accepted as milestones in acquisition period of Turkey in EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In today's world, where the demand for energy has increased and the supply/demand balance for energy has become increasingly difficult, the role of renewable energy is quite important. One of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world is the biogas, which offers great contributions to prevent environmental pollution and ensure ecological balance. Because Turkey has the necessary resources for the production of biogas, it is a popular country for the establishment of biogas production facility, which has a great importance from renewable energy sources. The aim of this study is appropriate city selection for a new biogas facility which will be an alternative to already existing biogas production facilities in Turkey. The study focuses on the identification of renewable energy potentials by evaluating 3 cities with rich and diverse characteristics in terms of biomass quantity. In this paper, a model with 12 criteria which affects the evaluation of the alternatives is proposed for selecting the suitable city in Turkey for biogas production with proposed solution method. In proposed methodology, the SWARA method, which uses the ranking of each decision maker, is used in the first phase of the solution in which the importance weights of the criteria in the model are determined. After obtaining criteria weights with SWARA method, for selecting appropriate city to establish a biogas facility, COPRAS method is used that is a one of multi criteria decision making method. The proposed model is showed by an illustrative example and the results are explained. • SWARA and COPRAS methods were integrated for a selection problem. • For a MCDM problem, the importance of the criteria was determined by SWARA method. • The alternatives were evaluated by COPRAS method. • The proposed hybrid method was applied to a sector problem that had never been applied before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presenting of the solar PV potential in Turkey and its future prospects. • Performing the PESTLE analysis to study the solar energy potential in Turkey. • A comparative analysis of the solar energy potential using the PVsyst program. Renewable energy sources have a tremendous amount of potential in Turkey. In the previous year, 43.2% of the country's electricity was generated from renewable energy sources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy accounted for 4.7% of the electricity generation and the installed capacity was 9.425 GW with 9353 solar power plants of various types. This paper provides an overview of the current state of solar PV potential in Turkey, evaluates its capacity to meet the country's energy demand, and discusses its future prospects. The PESTLE analysis is performed based on political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), legal (L), and environmental (E) factors to study the sustainable development of solar energy potential in Turkey. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the solar energy potential between the Konya and Diyarbakır regions which are recognized as promising areas for harnessing the country's abundant solar resources has been conducted using the PVsyst software. The electricity consumption in Turkey will be 380.2 TWh in 2025, 455.3 TWh in 2030, and 510.5 TWh in 2035, according to the Turkey National Energy Plan. Hence, it is essential to maximize the use of solar energy capacity in the production of electricity to meet the increased energy demand. The main objective of this study is to help strategic and systematic evaluation of the solar energy resource potential affecting large and small-scale solar power projects in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the politics of renewable energy in Turkey by discussing the opportunities as well as the constraints facing decision makers in their attempt to create an attractive renewable energy investment environment. A careful study of Turkey's energy policy demonstrates that the main challenge to renewable energy reforms in Turkey is not technological or even financial but rather political. Despite external pressures for reform, political stability, favourable public opinion, and a certain level of civic activism in support of renewable energy, the Turkish government has not been able to reduce the dominance of fossil fuels in its energy policy. Populist decision making, geostrategic calculations and a political reluctance to reduce the state's dominance in the energy sector have led to the slow and limited development of renewable resources. Lack of vision and forward planning in the bureaucracy as well as collective action problems among business and environmental groups have also contributed to the inertia that is preventing a radical shift in Turkey's energy orientation. This analysis is important for dissecting policymaking in Turkey over an issue that has significant repercussions for development and economic welfare as well as national security. It is also valuable in terms of outlining some of the political barriers countries generally face in the promotion of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the system integration costs for wind and river type hydropower generation in the Turkish electricity market, which mainly covers system imbalance costs, congestion management costs and ancillary services costs. The paper also shows that reflecting the imbalance costs to the renewable generators themselves reduced their generation forecast errors drastically. By using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, we find that wind and river type hydro generations cause significant imbalances in the Turkish electrical system. On average 1 MWh hydro and wind generation increases imbalance costs by 12.04 TL ($2.10) and 4.03 TL ($0.7), respectively. Most of the renewable imbalance effect stems from the congestion between the main consumption areas and the generation zones of river-type hydro. These costs are socialized and reflected to all consumers through transmission tariffs. It seems reasonable to reflect the congestions costs to the ones causing them which will create the necessary incentives to curb them. Defining new price zones that consider the persistent congestions in the system is recommended for this problem as it is a market-friendly and efficient solution. • The research examine the system integration costs of river-type hydro and wind generation. • These generations caused significant imbalances between 2012 and 2019 in Turkey. • They raised imbalance costs by 12,0 TL ($2.1) and 4,0 TL ($0.7) per MWh respectively. • Most renewable imbalance stems from the congestions due to river type generation. • New price zones should be defined considering congestions for this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This present paper deals with exergoeconomic results of the Wind Turbine Power Plants (WTPPs) for the first time to our knowledge. Ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost-exergy efficiency graph and correlation are presented. Monthly exergoeconomic results are also presented for the three turbines. Ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost and ratio of energy loss rate to capital cost depending on the wind speed are studied. And also as meteorological variables temperature (density of air) and humidity effect on ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost are discussed and the results are given by the table and graphs clearly. The paper describes an exergoeconomic evaluation of wind turbine power plant. The analysis of the field data demonstrates the proposed system is a viable option for wind turbine power plant (WTTP) installations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the last two decades; technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433GWh/yr, but only 125GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. Turkey''s total economically usable small hydropower potential is 3.75GWh/yr. It is expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey will be about 580 billion kWh by the year 2020. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy sources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Environmentally friendly energy development has enormous implications for developing countries as major emitters due to their rapid economic and population growth. With some possible options, the paper concludes that the reduction of emissions can only be achieved when policies are supportive and well targeted, standards and incentives are realistic and flexible, and the public is actively responsive to environmental degradation. Turkey''s high rate of energy-related carbon emissions growth is expected to accelerate, with emissions climbing from 57 million tons in 2000 to almost 210 million tons in 2020. Carbon intensity in Turkey is higher than the western developed nation average. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. This paper deals with Turkey''s renewables energy sources for sustainable environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: During the last three decades, a number of studies have been conducted by various investigators in the design, modeling and testing of earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) systems. This paper reviews the studies conducted on the experimental and analytical analysis of EAHE systems in Turkey and around the world as of the end February 2011. The studies undertaken on the EAHE systems are categorized into two groups as follows: (i) open loop for space heating/cooling and (ii) closed loop for space heating/cooling systems. This paper investigates the studies on EAHEs, also known underground air tunnel systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Renewable energy is the energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat which are renewable. Energy resources are very important in perspective of economics and politics for all countries. Hence, the selection of the best alternative for any country takes an important role for energy investments. Among decision-making methodologies, axiomatic design (AD) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are often used in the literature. The fuzzy set theory is a powerful tool to treat the uncertainty in case of incomplete or vague information. In this paper, fuzzy multicriteria decision- making methodologies are suggested for the selection among renewable energy alternatives. The first methodology is based on the AHP which allows the evaluation scores from experts to be linguistic expressions, crisp, or fuzzy numbers, while the second is based on AD principles under fuzziness which evaluates the alternatives under objective or subjective criteria with respect to the functional requirements obtained from experts. The originality of the paper comes from the fuzzy AD application to the selection of the best renewable energy alternative and the comparison with fuzzy AHP. In the application of the proposed methodologies the most appropriate renewable energy alternative is determined for Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Finding new energy sources is presently on the increase. Researchers are focusing on discovering new economic and renewable energy sources, and they are proving that new kinds of renewable energy resources are becoming more widespread day by day. One of these energy resources is agricultural residue. It includes the biodegradable fraction of products, waste, and residues from agriculture, forestry, and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. The main biomass sources in use for energy production range from forest residues, agricultural residues, pulp and paper operation residues, animal waste, and landfill gas to energy crops. The biomass energy in these residues can be converted to various useful kinds of energy such as solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels via many different biomass energy conversion systems. These fuels can then be used to provide heat, electricity, and fuels to power vehicles; using burners, boilers, generators, internal combustion engines, turbines, or fuel cells. Agricultural and forest residues are among Turkey's major potential energy resources. Estimates based on available statistical data and the results of the experimental studies suggest that the annual dry agricultural residue potential is about 360 Tg, which is equivalent to 260 Tg of crude-like fuels. The available agricultural residues can provide 467-623 petajoules/year. This is equal to 22-27% of energy consumption in Turkey. In conclusion, use of this agricultural residue potential can significantly reduce Turkey's need to import oil and other fossil fuels and at the same time increase a secure energy supply. In addition to these, it will improve the local environment; planting energy crops on land not required for food production can generate jobs, improve rural economies, and help maintain agriculture and forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents the thermomechanical exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of geothermal district heating systems (GDHSs) in Turkey. The case studies cover the actual system data taken from the systems in Afyon, Gonen, and Salihli GDHSs, Turkey. General energy and exergy analysis of the GDHSs are introduced. Then the analysis applied to these GDHSs using actual thermodynamic data for their performance evaluations in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies are presented. Besides, thermoeconomic evaluations of GDHSs are given in tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the issues of energy use and air pollution in Turkey. This paper focuses on the growth of environmental concerns in the region as carbon dioxide emissions have increased with the rise of energy consumption. Turkey's demand of energy and electricity has also increased and is dependent on imported energy resources. This gives additional burden to the economy. Renewable energy resources are being turned to for solutions and environment protection. The renewable energy policies and utilization of energy in Turkey are reviewed.

Achieving sustainable development is a target that is now widely seen as important to worldwide public opinion. In this context, the utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar, geothermal, and wind energy appears to be one of the most efficient and effective ways of achieving this target. Recently, wind power as a potential energy has grown at an impressive rate in Turkey. This paper investigates the status and future directions of wind energy development in Turkey as of the end of October 2001. Electricity generation through wind energy for general use was first realized in Izmir, Turkey in 1986 with a 55 kW nominal wind energy capacity. However, the development of wind energy in Turkey started about 3 years ago when some wind plants were installed at several locations in the country. To date, 3 wind power plants were installed with a total capacity of 18.9 MW. It is projected that the total installed capacity will reach about 504 MW by the end of 2002. Present applications have shown that wind energy in Turkey is a promising alternative. As the public recognizes the projects, the progress will continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with policies to meet increasing demand for electricity in Turkey and elsewhere. Turkey has a gross annual hydropower potential of 433,000 GWh; that is equal to 1% of the total hydropower potential of the world and 14% of European hydropower potential. Only 122,322 GWh of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. Environmental problems created by exploitation of domestic resources should not be ignored. We comment on adverse effects of largescale hydroelectric projects in Canada, Egypt, and the USA. We argue in favor of small-scale dams for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]