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2. What the World Chemical Community Thinks about the Concept of Physical and Chemical Change?
- Author
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Palmer, W. P.
- Abstract
The concept of physical and chemical change is far from being the clearest and most self-explanatory concept in the world. If a number of chemists are asked to define physical and chemical change, there may well appear to be a fair degree of uniformity in their answers, until a few examples are suggested. When chemists are asked to place a variety of changes into the category of physical or chemical change, then differences inevitably arise. It is not difficult to demonstrate this by viewing school textbooks and articles about the topic. In spite of this, physical and chemical change is still taught in most in most secondary school courses. The problem arises from the definition and the historical layers of meaning that have grown around the concept, almost by accretion, without teachers being aware of their significance. The purpose of this paper is to describe the answers given by experienced educators to a questionnaire, which attempted to find out what the views of science educators/chemists worldwide about physical and chemical change now are. Four appendixes present: (1) List of Respondents; (2) List of Questionnaires Returned; (3) Physical and Chemical Change: An Information Sheet; and (4) Full Questionnaire: Interview Protocol or Basis for Written Response.
- Published
- 1996
3. Role and Justification of Web Archiving by National Libraries: A Questionnaire Survey
- Author
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Shiozaki, Ryo and Eisenschitz, Tamara
- Abstract
This paper reports on a questionnaire survey of 16 national libraries designed to clarify how national libraries attempt to justify their web archiving activities. Results indicate they envisage that a) the benefits brought about by their initiatives are greater than the overall costs, b) the costs imposed on libraries are greater than the costs imposed on stakeholders, and c) all of them are making efforts to respond to legal risks in various ways (e.g. legislation, contracting and opt-out policies) although there are trade-off relations in terms of costs for negotiation, scope of access and size and scope of the web archive. The paper discusses whether a basic logic for justification of their web archiving is valid from the perspective of balancing cost-benefit. Further, it highlights the potential, underlying premises of the logic that motivates the intervention of national libraries as public sector organizations. (Contains 3 tables and 2 figures.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Prevalence of awareness, ever‐use and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) among adult current smokers and ex‐smokers in 14 countries with differing regulations on sales and marketing of NVPs: cross‐sectional findings from the ITC Project
- Author
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Gravely, Shannon, Driezen, Pete, Ouimet, Janine, Quah, Anne C. K., Cummings, K. Michael, Thompson, Mary E., Boudreau, Christian, Hammond, David, McNeill, Ann, Borland, Ron, Thrasher, James F., Edwards, Richard, Omar, Maizurah, Hitchman, Sara C., Yong, Hua‐Hie, Barrientos‐Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Willemsen, Marc C., Bianco, Eduardo, Boado, Marcelo, and Goma, Fastone Mathew
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,AWARENESS ,CIGARETTE smokers ,EX-smokers ,SALES policy ,NICOTINE ,MARKETING laws ,HEALTH ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SMOKING ,SURVEYS ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DISEASE prevalence ,CROSS-sectional method ,HEALTH literacy ,MIDDLE-income countries ,LOW-income countries ,LAW - Abstract
Aims: This paper presents updated prevalence estimates of awareness, ever‐use, and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) from 14 International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) countries that have varying regulations governing NVP sales and marketing. Design, Setting, Participants and Measurements: A cross‐sectional analysis of adult (≥ 18 years) current smokers and ex‐smokers from 14 countries participating in the ITC Project. Data from the most recent survey questionnaire for each country were included, which spanned the period 2013–17. Countries were categorized into four groups based on regulations governing NVP sales and marketing (allowable or not), and level of enforcement (strict or weak where NVPs are not permitted to be sold): (1) most restrictive policies (MRPs), not legal to be sold or marketed with strict enforcement: Australia, Brazil, Uruguay; (2) restrictive policies (RPs), not approved for sale or marketing with weak enforcement: Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand; (3) less restrictive policies (LRPs), legal to be sold and marketed with regulations: England, the Netherlands, Republic of Korea, United States; and (4) no regulatory policies (NRPs), Bangladesh, China, Zambia. Countries were also grouped by World Bank Income Classifications. Country‐specific weighted logistic regression models estimated adjusted NVP prevalence estimates for: awareness, ever/current use, and frequency of use (daily versus non‐daily). Findings NVP awareness and use were lowest in NRP countries. Generally, ever‐ and current use of NVPs were lower in MRP countries (ever‐use = 7.1–48.9%; current use = 0.3–3.5%) relative to LRP countries (ever‐use = 38.9–66.6%; current use = 5.5–17.2%) and RP countries (ever‐use = 10.0–62.4%; current use = 1.4–15.5%). NVP use was highest among high‐income countries, followed by upper–middle‐income countries, and then by lower–middle‐income countries. Conclusions: With a few exceptions, awareness and use of nicotine vaping products varied by the strength of national regulations governing nicotine vaping product sales/marketing, and by country income. In countries with no regulatory policies, use rates were very low, suggesting that there was little availability, marketing and/or interest in nicotine vaping products in these countries where smoking populations are predominantly poorer. The higher awareness and use of nicotine vaping products in high income countries with moderately (e.g. Canada, New Zealand) and less (e.g. England, United States) restrictive policies, is likely due to the greater availability and affordability of nicotine vaping products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Defining, Agreeing on, and Testing an International Physical Therapy Core Data Set: Results of a Feasibility Study Involving Seven Countries.
- Author
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Holdsworth, Lesley K., Webster, Valerie S., and Rafferty, Daniel
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HEALTH outcome assessment ,DATABASE management ,HOSPITAL admission & discharge ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL history taking ,PATIENTS ,PHYSICAL therapy ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,SCALES (Weighing instruments) ,SELF-evaluation ,VISUAL analog scale ,ACQUISITION of data ,CONTENT mining ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,STANDARDS - Abstract
Background. To date, there has been no attempt to describe or compare physical therapy as practiced globally, nor any evidence that an international data set exists to support this effort. It is known that research evidence can be used in strategic and tactical ways, especially within the highly politicized context of the policy arena. The International Private Practitioners Association recognized the potential value a global evidence base could have in influencing policy and supporting professional development in a number of countries, yet it lacked a mechanism to achieve these aims. Objectives. The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify and test an international data set, definitions, and means of data collection and (2) to establish views in relation to the value of international collaborations. Design. A mixed, prospective design was used in the study. Method. Phase 1 (2006-2007) involved the development of a data set, definitions, and Web-based and paper-based data collection options involving 98 physical therapists from 68 physical therapy practices in 7 countries. Phase 2 (2008-2009) involved testing of the data set in 34 practices involving 3,195 patient episodes and included physical therapist feedback of experience, local relevance of the data set, and value of international collaborations. Results. Testing confirmed the relevance and reliability of the data set and definitions and a preference for Web-based data collection (74.0%). Physical therapist feedback supported these findings. Most respondents (60.0%-100.0%) reported the value of further international collaborations for their profession nationally or internationally. Limitations. Although a true international collaboration, the limited sample size should be recognized. Conclusions. It is possible to develop an agreed-upon international data set and means of data collection. Testing appears to support its acceptability and relevance for use in practice. Participants highly valued the opportunity to undertake international collaborations that may benefit their profession nationally and internationally. Further testing and use of the data set are advocated before final validation is sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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6. An International prevalence measurement of care problems: study protocol.
- Author
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Nie‐Visser, Noémi C., Schols, Jos M.G.A., Meesterberends, Esther, Lohrmann, Christa, Meijers, Judith M.M., and Halfens, Ruud J.G.
- Subjects
MALNUTRITION ,PRESSURE ulcers ,BEDSORE risk factors ,CLINICAL medicine ,CRITICAL care medicine ,ACCIDENTAL falls ,HOME care services ,LENGTH of stay in hospitals ,HOSPITALS ,LONG-term health care ,EVALUATION of medical care ,MEDICAL cooperation ,NURSING assessment ,NURSING care facilities ,QUALITY assurance ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH evaluation ,RESTRAINT of patients ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,COMORBIDITY ,ACTIVITIES of daily living ,KEY performance indicators (Management) ,BODY mass index ,CROSS-sectional method ,DATA analysis software ,FUNCTIONAL assessment - Abstract
Aim The aim of this article was to describe the design of an international audit of the prevalence of care problems in different healthcare sectors using identical methodologies. Background Audits, defined as a monitor of quality of health care, are increasingly applied in many countries as a strategy to improve professional practice and quality and safety of care. A prerequisite to enable a reliable comparison of quality of care audits is the use of identical instruments and methodology. Design Annual cross-sectional multi-centre point prevalence survey. Method This international prevalence measurement of care problems in hospitals, care homes and home care is performed in the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland and New Zealand. This study is based on a prevalence measurement of care problems originally performed in the Netherlands. For each care problem (pressure ulcer, incontinence, malnutrition, falls and restraints) at patient level, next to patient characteristics, data are gathered about the prevalence, prevention and treatment of each care problem. In addition, at ward/department and institution level, specific quality indicators are measured related to the care problems. After the measurement, institutions enter their data into a web-based data-entry program. Institutions receive an overview of their own results and results at national level to enable a process of benchmarking. Discussion A uniform way of measuring the prevalence of care problems internationally is a significant step forward in gaining insight into the quality of basic care in different healthcare settings in different countries and may lead to more awareness and improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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7. Epistaxis and other haemorrhagic events associated with the smoking cessation medicine varenicline: a case series from two national pharmacovigilance centres.
- Author
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Harrison-Woolrych, Mira, Härmark, Linda, Tan, Ming, Maggo, Simran, and Grootheest, Kees
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HEMORRHAGE ,NOSEBLEED ,PHARMACOLOGY ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING cessation ,NICOTINIC agonists ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Purpose: To present a case series of haemorrhagic events associated with varenicline identified from the New Zealand (NZ) and Netherlands national pharmacovigilance centres and propose a possible mechanism for these adverse events. Methods: Reports of epistaxis and other haemorrhagic events (in all system organ classes excluding gynaecological) associated with varenicline were identified and assessed in both the NZ Intensive Medicines Monitoring Programme (IMMP) and the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb (Lareb). Additional reports were identified from the World Health Organisation Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) datasets, and these also underwent causality assessment. Results: A total of 30 reports of haemorrhagic events were identified by the NZ IMMP (16 reports) and Lareb (14 reports). Six cases of epistaxis were identified, and four patients had a positive dechallenge on withdrawal of varenicline, suggesting a causal association. Another five reports of gingival bleeding were identified, with three patients having a positive dechallenge. Another patient who experienced haemoptysis while taking varenicline had a positive dechallenge and a positive rechallenge. In the WHO datasets, a further 49 reports of epistaxis, 39 reports of haemoptysis and 21 reports of thrombocytopenia were identified. A plausible mechanism for haemorrhagic events associated with varenicline may be a result of interaction with the serotonin (5-HT) receptor system and transporter. Conclusions: This is the first specific investigation of haemorrhagic events associated with varenicline. The results of our assessment of reports identified by two national pharmacovigilance centres suggest that there may be causal relationship between varenicline and these adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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