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This study explores the medicinal potential of Pergularia daemia, a perennial vine abundant along Indian roadsides, focusing on its leaves have diverse therapeutic properties in traditional medicine. This research investigates its unexplored potential in application of drug delivery and the synthesis of zinc oxide nano-particles from its leaves. PD mediated Zinc Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitate method. The qualitative phyto chemical analysis of PD leaves extract was carried out and the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction Analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results from characterization suggest that the synthesized compound was ZnO in nano scale which was in oval shape and with high purity. The synthesized zinc oxide nano particle could be a huge application in medical field, pharmaceutical and biotechnology in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were prepared by the green synthesis method and loaded inside niosomes as a drug release system and their physicochemical and biological properties were determined. Zn-NPs were prepared by the eco-friendly green strategy, the structure, and morphological properties were studied and loaded into niosomes. Subsequently, different formulations of niosomes containing Zn-NPs were prepared and the optimal formulation was used for biological studies. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to investigate the morphology and size of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis were used to confirm the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) determined the elemental analysis of the Zn-NPs synthesis solution and the crystalline structure of Zn-NPs was analysed by XRD (X-Ray diffraction). Furthermore, Zn-NPs were loaded inside the niosomes, and their structural characteristics, entrapment efficiency (EE%), the release profile of Zn-NPs, and their stability also were assessed. Moreover, its antimicrobial properties against some microbial pathogens, its effect on the expression of biofilm genes, and its anticancer activity on the breast cancer cell lines were also determined. To study the cytocompatibility, exposure of niosomes against normal HEK-293 cells was carried out. In addition, the impact of niosomes on the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis (Bcl2, Casp3, Casp9, Bax) at the mRNA level was measured. Our findings revealed that the Zn-NPs have a round shape and an average size of 27.60 nm. Meanwhile, UV–Vis, FTIR, and XRD results confirmed the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Also, the EE% and the size of the optimized niosomal formulation were 31.26% and 256.6 ± 12 nm, respectively. The release profile showed that within 24 h, 26% of Zn-NPs were released from niosomes, while in the same period, 99% of free Zn-NPs were released, which indicates the slow release of Zn-NPs from niosomes. Antimicrobial effects exhibited that niosomes containing Zn-NPs had more significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects than Zn-NPs alone, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects increased 2 to 4 times. Cytotoxic effects indicated that when Zn-NPs are loaded into niosomes, the anticancer activity increases compared to Zn-NPs alone and has low cytotoxicity on cancer cells. Niosomes containing ZnNPs increased the apoptosis-related gene expression level and reduced the Bcl2 genes. In general, the results show that niosomes can increase the biological effects of free Zn-NPs and therefore can be a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of Zn-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesised by the co-precipitation method and the nanocrystals were found in the range 30–50 nm in size. Silicone rubber (SiR) nanocomposite samples were prepared using different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles through mechanical mixing and hot press moulding. The surface morphology of prepared silicone elastomer nanocomposites was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the smooth dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles inside the matrix and at higher concentration (7 wt%) agglomerates were formed. With increasing ZnO concentration, the mechanical properties of silicone rubber nanocomposite exhibited an increase in tensile strength, modulus, and decrease in elongation at break, which can be attributed to good distribution and reinforcing activity of nanoparticle in the elastomer matrix. At higher concentration (7 wt%), the rate of increase of mechanical properties was nominal due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles. The effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites such as loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity was studied as a function of temperature and at different frequency 1, 10, and 100 Hz. The effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties showed an increase in loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity due to increase in volume fraction of nanofiller and reinforcement. The loss factor of silicone elastomer nanocomposites decreased with ZnO concentration which can be attributed towards better polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles up to 5 wt% concentration level provided better rheological properties beyond which the rate of increase was marginal. Based on the results of morphology, mechanical and rheological properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites, 5 wt% ZnO nanoparticles may be considered as the percolation limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at investigating the idea of anti‐bacterial self‐healing coatings based on polyurea formaldehyde microcapsules (MCs), with the repair agent being ZnO‐containing linseed oil. ZnO nanoparticles were added to the repair agent with the idea of developing an antibacterial coating. The idea was to entrap some ZnO nanoparticles inside microcapsules, aiming for some local release of ZnO nanoparticles where the coating is damaged. The corrosion resistances of the coatings were studied using the Tafel polarization test. The structure of the coating samples was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. To check the antibacterial properties of ZnO‐containing self‐healing samples, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used. Results showed that ZnO nanoparticles were distributed not only inside microcapsules but also over the walls, inferring that overall protection can also be attained in addition to local anti‐bacterial performance. Results showed that the proposed multi‐functional coating has promising antibacterial and self‐healing responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids have demonstrated incredible potential for application in various industries such as coolants. Metal oxides are widely used as solid particles in formulations of nanofluids due to their advantages. Metal oxide-based nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs were fabricated by the ultrasonically assisted co-precipitation method. The structure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using an array of analytical techniques including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results showed that the purity of ZnO was obtained. The investigated nanofluids remained stable for a long time without substantial sedimentation. The present study deals with the corrosion assessment of St37 steel in nanofluids prepared with various concentrations of ZnO NPs. A scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the surface characteristics and elemental composition of low-carbon steel specimens both before and after corrosion tests. Notably, the nanofluid containing 0.05% by weight of ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated the highest corrosion prevention efficiency among the prepared nanofluids. Furthermore, impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed that the corrosion resistance increased by 72.9% for the nanofluid containing 0.05 wt% ZnO NPs compared to the base fluid. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO nanoparticles as an environmentally friendly anti-corrosion compound in cooling systems, effectively reducing corrosion degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to prepare eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite films utilizing gelatin/ starch (GS), nano-ZnO, and Darbha grass extract via the solution casting method. Then, it was examined the mechanical and physical properties of different durations of sunlight exposure on the prepared films. The results indicated that up to 12 h of sunlight exposure led to increased film thickness, mechanical strength, and apparent density. Tensile strength increased from 4.8 to 34.8 MPa, and the average crystalline size of the nanoparticles was found to be 54.35 nm using scanning electron microscope. Compared with GS films, these bio-nanocomposite films exhibited lower moisture content, oil permeability, and enhanced water barrier properties. Moreover, they displayed significant UV absorption and profound antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative food borne pathogenic bacteria. The nano-ZnO/Darbha grass extract-based bio-nanocomposite films exhibited showed improved characteristics and could be applied in the field of food packaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-enzymatic screen-printed chemiresistive interdigitated electrodes (SPCIE) were designed and fabricated using a low-cost screen-printing method for detection of the glucose. The interdigitated electrodes (IDE) pattern was printed using conductive graphene ink on the glossy surface of the photo paper. The proposed glossy photo paper-based SPCIE are functionalized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes-zinc oxide (MWCNTs-ZnO) nanofibers to create the chemiresistive matrix. Further, to bind these nanofibers with the graphene electrode surface, we have used the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with banana flower stem fluid (BFSF) as a binder solution. AgNPs with BFSF form the conductive porous natural binder layer (CPNBL). It does not allow to increase the resistivity of the deposited material on graphene electrodes and also keeps the nanofibers intact with paper-based SPCIE. The synthesized material of MWCNT-ZnO nanofibers and green synthesized AgNPs with BFSF as a binder were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The amperometric measurements were performed on the proposed SPCIE sensor to detect the glucose sample directly. The innovative paper-based SPCIE glucose sensor exhibits a linear corelation between current measurements and glucose concentration in the range between 45.22 μ m and 20 mm, with a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.9902 and a lower limit of detection (LoD) of 45.22 μ m (n = 5). The sensitivity of the developed SPCIE sensor was 2178.57 μ AmM−1cm−2, and the sensor's response time determined was approximately equal to 18 s. The proposed sensor was also tested for real blood serum sample, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was found equal to 2.95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant‐based nanoparticles (NPs) have found great interest among various scientist in the present era and used in various sector including medicine, agriculture, and food industry. The various chemical constituents of plants aid in the bioreduction of metal ions to a nanoscale. Among the various NPs synthesized, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs hold a premier position. ZnO NPs have use in textile, cosmetic, diagnostics, optoelectronics, photocatalysis, diodes, and many other areas. NPs synthesized through green synthesis have a potentially greater role in treating clinical pathogens. Present investigations show a simple eco‐friendly method for the synthesis of ZnO NPs from the husk of sunflower seeds. Sunflower is an economically important crop, for the formation of edible oil. The husk is considered to be a waste, product in oil industry, however, the biomolecules present in sunflower husk can be used to produce ZnO NPs. Present investigations reveal formation of ZnO NPs and investigations of their structure through scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Their optical properties have been studied by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) and fluorophotometer. ZnO NPs have also been investigated for their potential phytoremedial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Piperaceae family, including black pepper, is known for its antibacterial properties. The oral cavity is a major source of microorganisms, including plaque biofilms, which cause infections. Advancements in nanotechnology have led to a growing interest in antibacterial therapies based on nanoparticles. Black pepper, a member of the Piperaceae family, contains polyphenolic substances used in traditional medicine for treating illnesses like melano derma and leprosy. In this study, Piperine incorporated with zinc oxide nanoparticles was tested for efficacy against dental pathogens. Aim: To determine the antimicrobial activity of Piperine based zinc oxide nanoparticle against dental pathogens Materials and methods: Zinc acetate dehydrate and NaOH were used as precursors in the direct precipitation technique to create zinc oxide nanoparticles, which were then examined under a scanning electron microscope. Using the 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) experiment, antioxidants' capacity to scavenge radicals is assessed. 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) are the ABTS test used to quantify the interaction between an antioxidant and the cation of the pre-generated ABTS+ radical. The Zone of Inhibition test is used to assess a pathogen's sensitivity to antibacterial agents or resistance to them. The outcomes were assessed. Results and discussion: In this study zinc oxide nanoparticles were doped with piperine and SEM was demonstrated. The SEM images revealed that the uniform distribution and almost spherically shaped piperine mediated ZnO NPs is observed. The DPPH assay & ABTS assay shows antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid, piperine & piperine doped ZnO NP against oral pathogens. In DPPH assay & ABTS assay, there was an increased inhibition rate in piperine mediated ZnO NP when compared ascorbic acid and piperine. Therefore results concluded that piperine mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles showed very good antimicrobial activity against all oral pathogens such as S. mutans, C. albicans and E. faecalis. Conclusion: Nano-dentistry is a developing field with the potential to address new and improved applications in dentistry, and it has provided a new avenue for revolution in oral care. Our study conclusions suggested that PP-mediated ZnO NPs may provide a useful nanomaterial for the creation of drugs intended to treat oral infections. ZnO nanoparticles mediated by PP showed remarkably potent antibacterial activity against S. mutans, Candida albicans, and E. faecalis, among other oral pathogens. When using 28-nm PP ZnO NPs against E. faecalis, a greatest inhibition zone was seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle incorporation plays an active feature in heat transfer, ultimately enhancing the tribological process under boundary conditions of heat stress. Nanoparticles like zinc oxide (ZnO) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are well known to significantly affect the cooling and lubrication applications, resulting in improved heat transfer and kinematic viscosity. The present work investigates the tribological performance of ZnO/MWCNTs hybrids as lubricant additive in the paraffinic type of mineral base oil of Group I (SN150) engine oil. The chemical composition of the modified and unmodified oil was examined by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A ring-ondisk tribotester was performed to investigate the tribological behaviour through the linear reciprocating mechanism alloy-steel contacts. The worn steel alloy surfaces morphology and chemical compositions were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and 3D optical profilometer. Different ZnO/MWCNTs nanomaterial volumetric concentrations were examined in order to determine the most effective performance. According to the tribological results, ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid nanomaterials in the engine oil were found to have significantly higher friction temperature and antiwear capability than the base oil. A volumetric concentration of 3.00 wt% ZnO/MWCNTs nanomaterials to SN150 engine oil imparted excellent wear protection to the steel sample than the pure SN150 base oil. Based on the statistical analysis, the modified oil anti-wear performance was enhanced by reducing the wear loss by 80.5% and friction temperature by 55.8°C compared with the oil base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO and cadmium (Cd)-doped ZnO (Zn1-xCdxO) nanoparticles with various compositions (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) were synthesized by sol-gel method. Structural, morphological, and photocatalytic properties as well as blood compatibilities of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles were investigated. While X-ray diffraction (XRD) applying the Rietveld refinement method was used to characterize the structural properties, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the surface morphology. It was found that the nanoparticles up to x < 0.03 Cd concentration had single phase of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure. Above x ≥ 0.03 Cd concentration, two phases (ZnO and cadmium oxide (CdO)) were observed. SEM images with different magnifications revealed the dense, quasi-spherical, and agglomerated morphology of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles. The elemental compositions of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles have also been studied by EDX analysis. The photocatalytic activities and blood compatibilities of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles were studied by the photocatalytic degradation tests of crystal violet (CV) and hemolysis tests and respectively. In the photocatalytic activity tests, two samples Zn0.90Cd0.10O and Zn0.80Cd0.80O stood out with photodegradation percentages of 69.9% and 72.8%. Among the Cd-doped nanoparticles, the Zn0.40Cd0.60O sample showed the highest blood compatibility with the weakest photocatalytic performance (degradation percentage; 32.2%). Structural properties, photocatalytic performance, and hemolytic potential of Zn1-xCdxO nanoparticles were investigated and compared with those of pure ZnO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Natural leather still represents great importance among the materials used by humans in modern times, although it is the oldest-known fiber used by humans. Adding new features to the leather, such as bacteria and fungi resistance, electrical conductivity and magnetic properties, is an ambitious goal for leather developers. In our study, production and characterization of anti-microbial sole leather coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles were achieved. For this purpose, the ZnONPs have been prepared through green synthesis and the prepared nanomaterial loaded on the sole leather by a padding mangle. The surface morphology of the nano coated sole leather was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antimicrobial performance of the treated leather to some microorganisms was evaluated by applying the qualitative agar disc diffusion method. The SEM image of the treated leather samples showed successive leather coating, and the nanoparticles completely adhere to the leather surface. The nano-treated leather samples showed significant resistance to the tested bacteria and fungi. Results are promising for the utilization of zinc oxide nanoparticles as additives for sole leather coating. Accordingly, the study succeeded in producing a natural microorganism-resistant sole leather, which can be used in the production of healthy and microorganisms-resistant shoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the preparation of Li-doped ZnO nanostructures through combustion and report on their structural, morphological, optical, and electrocatalysis properties. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the samples have a structure crystallized into the usual hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure according to the P63mc space group. The scanning electron microscope images conceal all samples' nanosphere bundles and aggregates. The reflectance spectra analysis showed that the direct bandgap values varied from 3.273 eV (for pure ZnO, i.e., ZnL1) to 3.256 eV (for high Li-doped ZnO). The measured capacitance concerning frequency has estimated the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC conductivity against AC electric field frequency. The dielectric constant variations and AC conductivity are analyzed and discussed by well-known models such as Koop's phenomenological theory and Jonscher's law. The Raman spectra have been recorded and examined for the prepared samples. Rhodamine B was electro-catalytically degraded in all prepared samples, with the fastest time for ZnL5 being 3 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacteria considered one of the leading causes of community and hospital-acquired illnesses or public health concerns. Antibiotic resistance in this microorganism is one of the greatest issues in global health care. The use of metal nanoparticles and their oxides is one of the potential approaches to combating bacteria resistance to antibiotics. The antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs against enterotoxigenic S. aureus were studied. ZnO NPs were tested in vitro by agar diffusion test. They resulted in 26 and 22 mm zones of inhibition for a size of 20 nm and a concentration of 20 mM against 105 and 107 CFU/mL S. aureus, respectively. The MIC of ZnO NPs of various sizes, 20 and 50 nm, with 105 CFU/mL was 2.5 and 5 mM, respectively. MIC with 107 CFU/mL was five mM for 20 and 50 nm ZnO NPs. Further, the highest growth reduction percentage, 98.99% in the counts of S. aureus was achieved by ZnO NPs of size 20 nm and concentration of 10 mM. Moreover, the obtained ELISA results indicated a significantly decreased concentration of enterotoxin A with all concentrations and sizes of ZnO NPs. PCR analysis showed a significant effect on sea gene in response to ZnO NPs treatments leading to loss of the gene, unlike the unaffected nuc gene. Moreover, morphological changes and cell shape distortion were detected by scanning electron microscope for bacterial cells treated with ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, self-assembled ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method utilizing an aqueous extract of mentha pepperita L (peppermint) leaves. The effect of parameters, including the amount of extract, reaction time, and pH was investigated on the structure and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the formation of pure well-crystallized ZnO nanoparticles using a zinc nitrate solution (50 mM) and peppermint extract in a volume ratio of 6:1 at pH of 8 and 12. However, the morphology and crystallite size of the particles were different in pH of 8 and 12. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the modification of the ZnO surface with peppermint extract components. Analysis of N 2 adsorption and desorption cycles showed the increment of surface area by about 5 times using peppermint extract. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the formation of a self-assembled sphere structure using peppermint extract. Mechanism of dissolution-precipitation was proposed for green hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, based on XRD and SEM results at various reaction times. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (reaction time of 24 h and pH of 8) were used to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution, and adsorption and photocatalytic process were studied. The mass of the dye adsorbed per mass of the adsorbent, q t , grew up by increasing the initial dye concentration. Conversely, the photocatalytic degradation percent decreased. In addition, the final adsorption capacity in 50 mL of 30 ppm dye solution was almost the same in 0.01 and 0.05 g of ZnO, although it was smaller in 0.1 g of ZnO. The maximum degradation efficiency was derived by using 0.05 g ZnO. Self-assembled structure, high capacity of adsorption, and excellent photocatalytic properties were unique characteristics of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to produce multifunctional cotton fabric with improved mechanical performance by utilizing the potentiality of ZnO nanoparticles. Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are immobilized on the cotton fabric with the following recipes: (i) only ZnO nanoparticles, (ii) ZnO nanoparticles with an acrylic binder, and (iii) ZnO nanoparticles with polyethylene wax emulsion and binder. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS (Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy) are used to investigate the surface morphology. For analysis of functional properties antimicrobial activity, ultraviolet (UV) protection ability, and crease resistance are measured. Several mechanical properties are also investigated. The results show that the treatment with the first and second recipes improves the functional properties but degrades the mechanical properties. In contrast, nano ZnO treatment with the third recipe improves mechanical as well as functional properties. Specifically, the nano deposition by this recipe increases the tensile strength, tearing strength, elongation, abrasion, and pilling resistance. Therefore, the findings in this research will boost up the confidence of textile researchers and manufacturers for the use of nano ZnO and understanding its characteristics in the production of valuable functional textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanoparticles show great potential for photodegradation applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Finding a greener approach to producing nanoparticles is of the utmost importance for multidimensional application purposes. In the present study, the ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple combustion method at 400 °C, using jackfruit extract. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed a crystalline structure of the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area were used to further characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. Further, it has been used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of one of the organic pollutant methylene blue dye. In general, the method employed here is a greener approach to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with good photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort for efficient solar energy harvesting, carbon-doped zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles with intriguing properties were synthesized by sonicated sol–gel technique with the aid of activated charcoal. Compared to pure ZnO, the incorporation of carbon has drastically promoted the photocatalytic activity of C-ZnO towards the degradation of phenanthrene under illumination of both UV and sunlight. The characterization of the as-synthesized nanoparticles by scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–vis spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the carbon doping of C-ZnO. The highest degradation rate of phenanthrene was obtained at pH 7 and C-ZnO loading of 0.5 g L−1. Finally, the kinetic studies of the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene by using C-ZnO were well-fitted with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model and followed the pseudo-first-order rate expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanotechnology is a fast developing science which has various applications in agriculture. Nanoparticles are broadly defined as the small particles with at least one-dimension size between 1 and 100 nm in diameter. Nanomaterials have the potential to penetrate the seed coat and enhance the ability of absorption and utilization of water, which stimulates enzymatic system and ultimately improves germination and seedling growth. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of nanoparticles and commercially used chemicals on breaking dormancy of Amorphophallus corms. Methods: Silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2 ), cerium oxide (CeO) and zero valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles were synthesized successfully using chemical method and characterized for its size, shape and properties using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Raman spectroscopy. Freshly harvested corms of Amorphophallus were treated with different concentrations (50 and 100 mg kg-1) of these five nanoparticles and commercially used chemicals viz., thiourea (100 and 200 mg kg-1) and potassium nitrate (1000 and 2000 mg kg-1), with three different soaking periods (2, 4 and 6 h). Result: The analysed data indicated that corms treated with ZnO @ 100 mg kg-1 for six hours registered the minimum number of days (47.0 days) for sprout emergence. The maximum sprout length (23.50 cm), sprout diameter (6.35 cm), pseudo stem length (31.00 cm), pseudo stem girth (7.35 cm) and vigour index (1591.7) were recorded in TiO2 @ 50 mg kg-1 for two hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consistently increasing use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in crop optimization practices and their persistence in agro-environment necessitate expounding their influence on sustainable agro-environment. Attempts have been made to understand nanoparticle-plant beneficial bacteria (PBB)- plant interactions; the knowledge of toxic impact of nanomaterials on soil-PBB-vegetable systems and alleviating nanotoxicity using PBB is scarce and inconsistent. This study aims at bio-fabrication of ZnONPs from Rosa indica petal extracts and investigates the impact of PBB on growth and biochemical responses of biofertilized eggplants exposed to phyto-synthesized nano-ZnO. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques revealed nanostructure, triangular shape, size 32.5 nm, and different functional groups of ZnONPs and petal extracts. Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter chroococcum improved germination efficiency by 22% and 18% and vegetative growth of eggplants by 14% and 15% under NPs stress. Bio-inoculation enhanced total chlorophyll content by 36% and 14 %, increasing further with higher ZnONP concentrations. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in nano-ZnO and P. fluorescens inoculated eggplant shoots reduced by 15–23% and 9–11%. Moreover, in situ experiment unveiled distortion and accumulation of NPs in roots revealed by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser microscope. The present study highlights the phytotoxicity of biosynthesized ZnONPs to eggplants and demonstrates that PBB improved agronomic traits of eggplants while declining phytochemicals and antioxidant levels. These findings suggest that P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum, with NPs ameliorative activity, can be cost-effective and environment-friendly strategy for alleviating NPs toxicity and promoting eggplant production under abiotic stress, fulfilling vegetable demands. [Display omitted] • Zinc oxide nanoparticles phyto-fabricated from R. indica petals decline growth and alter biochemical responses of eggplants. • Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy revealed cellular damage in NPs-treated eggplants. • Plant-beneficial bacteria, P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum , enhance eggplant defense against NPs toxicity. • Plant-beneficial bacteria caused metabolic shifts in proline, malonaldehyde, and antioxidants and alleviated abiotic stress. • NPs alleviation potential of P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum can magnify eggplants production even under abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide and zinc sulphide nanoparticles were produced using the sol-gel method. We employed nanoparticle identification methods for the examination of several factors. The precursor solutions are converted into an intermediate state that mimics gel during the sol-gel process, and then solidified. This technique provides fine control over the size, shape, and crystallinity of the resultant ZnO nanoparticles, hence modifying their electrochemical behaviour in the context of supercapacitor applications. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination revealed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a hexagonal character, while the ZnS nanoparticles had a cubic nature with diameters of around 22 nm and 36 nm, respectively. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to study the morphology and structural analysis. A particle size, surface area, production methods and testing settings are only a few of the variables that affect certain capacitances. In general, ZnO is recognized for displaying a certain capacitance that is frequently cited as being higher than ZnS. At a scan rate of 5 mV, the specific capacity of ZnO nanoparticles was found to be 33.2 F/g, whereas that of ZnS nanoparticles was found to be 6.5 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV. One way to monitor pseudo capacitive behavior is by cyclic voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf extract using the green synthesis method at room temperature. The biosynthesized NPs are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD pattern has revealed the hexagonal wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 16 nm for synthesized ZnO NPs. The FTIR results display the formation of ZnO NPs and the presence of other functional groups. The UV–vis absorption spectrum shows an absorption band at 347 nm and the value of the bandgap is found to be 3.75 eV. The surface morphology of synthesized NPs is visualized by SEM images, it is observed that most of the NPs are needle in shape. Further, these NPs will find applications in biosensing and photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a nonenzymatic sensor for lactic acid detection based on copper doped zinc oxide (CZO) modified by graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and iron–platinum nanoparticles (FePt NPs). The silver paste electrodes of the sensor were prepared using screen printing technology, and the CZO sensing film was deposited using radio frequency (R.F.) sputtering system. The g-C3N4 nanosheet solution was prepared through liquid exfoliating of the g-C3N4 in water. The sensing film was modified by adding different contents of the FePt NPs in g-C3N4 solution. The various concentrations of the FePt NPs were 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 wt%. The ${V}$ – ${T}$ measurement system was applied to investigate the sensing characteristics of the lactic acid sensors based on CZO sensing film modified by g-C3N4 and FePt NPs. The surface morphology of the sensor was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In this work, the 0.1 wt% FePt NPs-g-C3N4 lactic acid sensor has the best sensitivity, linearity, response time, and the limit of detection (LOD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research work focuses on the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on drought-sensitive wheat variety (Faisalabad-2008) under two experimental conditions (normal irrigation and drought conditions). ZnONPs were prepared by utilizing water extract of black pepper. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer, particle size analyzer, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). To screen the optimum concentration of ZnONPs, a range of doses (10-2000 mg L-1) was applied to wheat seeds. Results indicated that ZnONPs (250 mg L-1) improved germination. This concentration was selected for further studies with two control treatments i.e., negative control (water) and positive control (ZnSO4 salt 250 mg L-1). ZnONPs treatment (250 mg L-1) improved germination (26.82%), shoot length (7.4%), root length (36%), fresh weight (28.6%), and dry weight (26.6%). Treatment of wheat plants with ZnONPs during drought stress increased germination percentage, root length, fresh & dry weight by 53.33, 40, 50, and 28.6 % respectively. Moreover, studies showed that chlorophyll, carotenoids and phenolic content were also increased by ZnONPs treatment by 57.4, 77.27, and 25% respectively as compared to control. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in nanoparticles treated plants as compared to Zn salt-treated plants. Zn content of seeds was also significantly higher for ZnONPs treated plants. It suggests the potential of ZnONPs designed by the green method as a nano fertilizer in ameliorating drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride/lead-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles ultrafiltration membranes were successfully fabricated for the removal of Reactive Black 5 textile dye. The matrix membranes embedded with various weights of nanoparticles (5, 10 and 20 wt% of polyvinylidene fluoride) prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation wet process method. The membranes' morphology structure, surface, chemical composition and hydrophilicity were characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis and water contact angle. The performances in terms of permeability, porosity, permeate flux and capacities of Reactive Black 5 textile dye retention were evaluated. Whereas the addition of low concentration of lead-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles doesn't significantly modify polyvinylidene fluoride membranes structure and performance, the addition of 20 wt% of nanoparticles to casting solution modified the morphology, led to reduce the contact angle from 77° to 67° and enhanced the hydrophilicity of membranes. Static sorption and dynamic filtration were performed to evaluate the capacity of membrane to remove the Reactive Black 5 dye. Results showed the polyvinylidene fluoride/lead-doped zinc oxide composite membranes exhibit high efficiency in the adsorption and retention of Reactive Black 5 textile dye in comparison with polyvinylidene fluoride neat. The addition of 20 wt % of nanoparticles in membrane matrix showed high color removal rate (98%) and high adsorption properties in comparison with pure polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. With simple water cleaning, without addition of any chemical agent, the membranes recovered high performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through simple, rapid, eco-friendly and an economical method with a new haloalkaliphilic bacterial strain (Alkalibacillus sp. W7) was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BP) was used to optimize the process parameters (ZnSO4.7H2O concentration, temperature, and pH) affecting the size of Alkalibacillus-ZnO NPs (Alk-ZnO NPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Zeta potential. The UV–Vis spectrum of ZnO NPs revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 310 nm. XRD pattern confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of highly pure with a crystallite size 19.5 nm. TEM proved the quasi-spherical shape nanoparticles of size ranging from 1 to 30 nm. SEM–EDX showed spherical shaped and displayed a maximum elemental distribution of zinc and oxygen. FTIR provided an evidence that the biofunctional groups of metabolites in Alkalibacillus sp.W7 supernatant acted as viable reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO/ZrO2 samples were obtained by impregnation ZnO on three different ZrO2 polymorphic phases: monoclinic, tetrahedral and amorphous. The catalysts were tested for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and the structure was determined using nitrogen physisorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) pyridine adsorption, hydrogen temperature‐programmed desorption (H2‐TPD), CO2‐TPD and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the ZnO/tm‐ZrO2‐500 catalyst, with a mixture of both tetrahedral and monoclinic ZrO2 phases, had the highest CH3OH yield among all the samples. The yield of methanol is correlated to the lattice oxygen content for all the catalysts. During the reaction, formate and methoxy species seemed to be the active intermediate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An azo complex was prepared from the reaction of Zn(II) with the ligand 8-[(4-hydroxyphenyl) azo] guanine. A reaction with Zn(II) gave a new complex Bis(8-[(4-hydroxyphenyl) azo] guanine) zinc (II) chloride at pH = 8. Spectrophotometry of the prepared complex was performed using UV-Visible and infrared spectra and micro-elemental analysis. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were then prepared from the prepared complex by thermal decomposition method. The nano particles characteristic to know its structural properties was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The biological activity of the azo-zinc complex and the zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied against E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The iso-zinc oxide nanocomplex was more effective than the iso-zinc complex against these genera of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties in the biotechnology field. Cafestol, which is the one of the diterpene in coffee, has antimicrobial and anticancer activities. This study aimed to synthesize the cafestol–chitosan–ZnO NP system to evaluate its antibacterial activity. ZnO NPs were produced by the chemical precipitation method. Optimization studies were performed to obtain the desired size of the ZnO NPs. The type of zinc salt [ZnCl2, Zn(SO4)], salt concentration (0.1; 0.2; 0.5 M), base type (NH3, NaOH), reaction time (6, 12, 18, 24 h), mixing speed (300, 400, 500 rpm), and calcination time (1, 2, 3 h) parameters in the method were investigated to yield the targeted size. The optimum experimental conditions required to synthesize in the 45–60 nm size range were determined as a 0.2 M Zn(SO4) salt type and concentration, NaOH base type, 18 h reaction time, at 400 rpm mixing speed and 2 h calcination time. After synthesizing the ZnO NPs coated with chitosan (CS), the cafestol was ligated to the CS–ZnO NP. It was proved by Fourier-transform infrared, differential scanning calorimeter/thermogravimetry analysis/diamond thermogravimetry analysis and scanning electron microscope analyses that cafestol–CS–ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized. The antibacterial effects of cafestol, CS, ZnO NPs, CS–ZnO NPs and cafestol–CS–ZnO NPs were evaluated on human pathogenic Gram-positive strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 and Gram-negative strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The ZnO NPs, CS–ZnO NP, and cafestol–CS–ZnO NP (varying between 20 and 1000 μg/mL) completely inhibited bacterial growth for S. aureus, B. cereus, and E. coli. The incorporation of CS and CS–cafestol improved the antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs samples against P. aeruginosa PA01 with a 75–87.5% inhibition. The obtained data shows that CS–ZnO and cafestol–CS–ZnO NPs have great potential for biological and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-organized, simplistic, and green route of chitin-glucan based zinc oxide nanoparticles (ChGC@ZnONPs) was synthesized using reducing and capping agent both in one as chitin-glucan complex (ChGC). Herein we report the bio-synthesis of Cur-ChGC@ZnONPs by the conjugation of curcumin (Cur) with ChGC@ZnONPs for the improvement of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by the UV–Visible (UV–Vis), particle size analyser, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Structure analysis, shape and crystalline size of nanomaterials were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The particle size analyser showed the particle size of nanomaterials and stability. Crystalline nature of both ChGC@ZnONPs and Cur-ChGC@ZnONPs were confirmed by the XRD spectra and FT-IR spectrum was used to examine the functional groups of nanomaterials. The antioxidant potential of conjugated nanomaterials were estimated using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay and ABTS+⁎ assay. This analysis showed that after loading of Cur, antioxidant activity increases. The antibacterial assessment of conjugated nanomaterials were tested by different microorganisms and showed excellent antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection and inflammation during wearing contact lenses are the problems for the users of daily soft contact lenses. All Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi play a role in this problem. In past decades, nanoparticles have largely been studied and shown good antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. The present study aimed to prepare, characterize, and evaluate zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) as antimicrobial agents against different microorganisms. The ZNPs were synthesized in a special structure using the sol-gel process and characterized by XRD, TEM, and EDX. Antimicrobial properties of ZNPs suspension were investigated against different microorganisms (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans) by the Scanning Electron Microscopy of lens surfaces and pour plate method of immersed lens suspension for microbial enumeration. The XRD, TEM, and EDX spectrum showed hexagonal structure and no impurity in the nanoparticles with a size of about 20 to 40 nanometers. Sterilized suspension of ZNPs was applied against bacterial species, and the results indicated 4 logarithms (CFU/mL) microbial growth reduction for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa that showed 3.5 logarithms (CFU/mL) growth reduction. Furthermore, 1 and 1.7 logarithms (CFU/mL) growth reduction were observed for Candida albicans, applying 250 and 500 ppm ZNPs suspension, respectively, which is an acceptable result for fungal growth inhibition. Findings of this study indicated that the suspensions of ZNPs with 250 and 500 ppm showed acceptable bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. In vitro antimicrobial activity showed that the suspension of ZNPs with 250 ppm concentration could effectively cause a proper reduction and inhibition in the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Therefore, the results revealed the efficacy of the antibacterial properties of synthesized ZNPs suspension in aqueous media. ZNPs: Zinc oxide nanoparticles; XRD: X-ray diffraction; FWHM: Full width at half maximum; TEM: Transmission electron microscope; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; EDX: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; S. epidermidis: Staphylococcus epidermidis; L. monocytogenes: Listeria monocytogenes; B. subtilis: Bacillus subtilis; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. typhi: Salmonella typhi; E. coli: Escherichia coli; C. albicans: Candida albicans; MK: Microbial keratitis; CLARE: Contact lens-induced acute red eye; CLPU: Contact lens-induced peripheral ulceration; IK: Infiltrative keratitis; AIK: Asymptomatic infiltrative keratitis; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC: Minimum bactericidal concentration; BHI: Brain heart infusion; TSB: Tryptic soy broth; BHIA: Brain heart infusion agar; TSA: Tryptone soya agar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a critical preventive study for providing a healthy life and enhancing people's safety at work in which introduces of highly efficient and durable UV-protection and antibacterial textiles. With this aim, ZnO nanoparticles are in situ synthesized on the modified cotton fabric to produce the multifunctional fabrics. Herein, the cotton fabric is oxidized by periodate and then treated by 4-aminobenzoic acid ligand (PABA). The modified cotton fabrics are characterized via X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the anti-bacterial, UV-protection, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of samples are investigated. The results show that pre-oxidization cotton fabric provides better active sites for the treatment with PABA. Then, PABA treatment provides significant sites for the growth of the ZnO nanoparticles and maintains cross-linking property between oxidized cellulosic fibers and the ZnO nanoparticles which improves the formation and durability of ZnO nanoparticles. The simultaneous sample treatment with ZnO and PABA had synergistic effects on UV protection, stability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the ZnO PABA oxidized cotton fabrics show excellent UV-protection and significant antibacterial efficacy after 20 washing cycles and 100 abrasion cycles, which can be used in advanced protective textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Aim of endodontic treatment is to remove infection and prevent recontamination of root canal system. Endodontic sealers are used to fill irregularities that are inaccessible for core filling material. Their penetration into dentinal tubules is of great importance to obtain a better seal. Sealers with nanoparticles may have a deeper penetration because of their smaller particles. The purpose of this study was to compare the penetration ability of a new nanoparticle sealer with two other sealers. Methods: Twenty singlerooted premolars were decoronated and prepared using NeoNiTi rotary files. Then the smear layer was removed and canals were randomized in three groups and filled with gutta-percha. Nano-ZnO sealer, AH26, and Pulp Canal Sealers were used for each group. Teeth were sectioned at two levels (4 and 8 mm from the apex) and examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results: The results showed the deepest penetration for AH26 Penetration depth in the coronal section was deeper than apical. There was no significant difference between penetration depth of AH26 and Nano-ZnO sealer in the apical region, but AH26 showed significantly more penetration in coronal section. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Nano- ZnO sealer showed less penetrability compared to AH26 in coronal region of the roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co/B co-doped ZnO (Zn 0.93-x Co x B 0.07 O, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05) nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method to investigate the effect of cobalt and boron on the structural, microstructural, and optoelectronic properties of ZnO nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction method was used for the structural analysis and single phases were found for all Co/B co-doped ZnO nanoparticles. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique was used to determine the surface morphology, particle size, and the shapes of the nanoparticles. The elemental compositions of the nanoparticles were obtained by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Hexagonal Wurtzite structure was proved by c/a ratios of the ZnCoBO nanoparticles. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies were performed and explained. The energy band gaps of the samples were calculated and the effects of dopant elements on optical properties were discussed. The maximum band gap occurred for Zn 0.93 B 0.07 O with a band gap energy of E g = 3.26 eV. The refractive index was calculated using the energy band gap with five different models. The grain sizes and the band gap energies fluctuated as the doping ratio increased. The results showed that the refractive index strongly depends on the Co concentration nonlinearly. It was found that doping cobalt increased the Urbach energy value of B-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The increase in E u indicates that the structural disorder and the number of defects in the Zn 0.93-x Co x B 0.07 O structures increased with increasing concentration of Co in the Zn 0.93-x Co x B 0.07 O structures. The highest value of Urbach energy was approximately found in the range of 1259 and 1469 meV for 3% Co. Moreover, for 3% Co the concentration-dependent microstrain (Ɛ) values also reached the maximum, dislocation density δ had also the maximum value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, atypical zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) on quartz substrates were successfully synthesized using simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly hydrothermal method. The ZnO NRs were grown on a pre-seeded seed layer of ZnO nanocrystals using the spin coating process. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were sputtered on the ZnO NRs film. The structure and morphology of the produced nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD analysis revealed that the ZnO NRs were single crystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure grown with preferred orientation of (002). The SEM morphology shows a semi-hierarchical ZnO NRs with an estimated diameter of 200–400 nm and length of 4–5 μm. The optical properties of the ZnO NRs film were investigated using UV-visible spectrophotometers. The obtained bandgap of ZnO film was 3.0 eV. Electrical and thermal properties were also measured. The resistance changes versus temperature variation of ZnO NRs were given a semiconductor behavior. The gas sensor was fabricated based on bare ZnO NRs and Au NPs/ZnO NRs hybrid. The second nanostructure exhibited an enhanced sensor sensitivity toward ethanol gas at an optimized working temperature of 325 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. As it forms biofilms, it can become a persistent contaminant in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, it was demonstrated that C. jejuni could make more biofilm in aerobic conditions than in microaerobic conditions, and only 13.9% C. jejuni entered coccus (a VBNC state) under microaerobic conditions; however, the rate increased to 95.5% under aerobic conditions. C. jejuni could form more biofilm in mixed culture with Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa than in pure culture. Scanning electron microscope results showed that C. jejuni retained its normal spiral shape under aerobic conditions for 48 h by forming crosslinks with the aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Additionally, culture medium containing 0.5 mg/ml ZnO nanoparticles inhibited biofilm formation. Our results provide information on a new approach to controlling contamination via C. jejuni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical discharge machining process to produce zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) under varying voltage and duty factors has been investigated. The morphological and optical characterizations of the generated ZnO NPs were carried out. It was observed that the production rate of NPs and their size increased with an increase in voltage. The ZnO NPs produced at 120 V showed the maximum production rate larger NPs. The field-effect scanning electron microscope images of the NPs revealed a nanorod-like structure, large conical shape rods and hexagonal wurtzite-like structures. The ZnO NPs generated at 120 V and 20% duty factor presented less agglomeration of NPs compared to other NPs generated by varying electrical parameters. The crystal size of the ZnO NPs were found to vary from 31.08 nm to 50.37 nm. The ZnO NPs were also tested for use in a supercapacitor electrode, and the results showed that the specific capacitance of the electrode was 708.75 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g and a retained capacity of 90.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the effective synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) by microwave irradiation method using Indian bael (Aegle marmelos) juice as fuel. The synthesized nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Raman Spectroscopy, photoluminescence and ultraviolet (UV)–visible studies. At room temperature, photoluminescence spectrum showed the excitation wavelength at 370 nm and emission peaks at 388 and 468 nm corresponding to Zn vacancies and O vacancies, respectively. Further, the effectiveness of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles was tested for methylene blue dye degradation under UV irradiation. The dye removal efficiency of nanoparticles was 96% after 35 min of UV (λ = 617 nm) irradiation. The ZnO nanoparticles were subjected to antimicrobial activity against different strains. The current synthetic work pledges to provide some new visions into the design of nanomaterial for multifunctional long-term applications for cleanup and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid breakdown anodization process was used to fabricate a ZnO sensor for sensing pressure, humidity and vapors. The X-ray diffraction technique confirmed that this electrochemical process transformed Zn metal to its oxide ZnO. Scanning electron microscope images showed that semispherical ZnO nanoparticles were formed with sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm. These nanoparticles were deposited on Zn substrates using an electrophoretic deposition method. After deposition, ZnO nanoparticles aggregated and formed large continuous bodies. Atomic force microscopy images showed the vertical growth of ZnO nanoparticles and confirmed the existence of porosity among these particles. Sensing parameters of ZnO to pressure were 0.3417 MΩ/bar for average sensitivity and 1.01 MΩ.bar for hysteresis area. Resistance of ZnO varied exponentially with relative humidity (RH%), and its average humidity sensitivities were 52% (from 20 to 50 RH%) and 95% (from 50 to 90 RH%). The sensing responses to ammonia, ethanol and methanol vapors were recorded using three concentrations (5,10,20 ppm). The sensitivity of the ZnO sensor was greater for methanol, while selectivity was better for ammonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is a relatively new field which is making advancements each day. It is making a huge impact on our day-to-day lives. Nanoparticles possess unique properties which makes it viable to use it in a wide variety of fields such as in cosmetics, parasitology and catalysis. We used a plant-mediated, nature-friendly method which does not involve the usage of any harmful chemicals. Syzgium cumini seed extract was taken as the reducing agent for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were confirmed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The average particle size was found to be around 50–60 nm. Additionally, larvicidal and ovicidal activity of the prepared nanoparticles against dengue causing vector was also carried out which resulted in LC50 and LC90 of 51.94 ppm and 119.99 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different calcination temperatures on the molecular structure, optical, morphological and antimicrobial activity were investigated for Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized using green sol-gel method. The prepared ZnO NPs are calcined at 70 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C and 800 °C. The effect of different calcinations temperature on the characterization of the prepared samples were studied using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HRSEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis). In addition, the potential antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs were investigated against four different pathogenic bacterial strains: two strain of gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Klebsiella Pneumonia) and two strain of gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus). The results showed that XRD, UV–Visible and FT-IR confirmed the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. HRTEM and HRSEM reveal that as the temperature increase the size of prepared sample increased and the agglomeration increases. The best size of rod shape ZnO NPs found at 300 and 400 °C. Zinc oxide NPs prepared at 300 °C calcination temperature have the superior antibacterial effect on the gram positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Image 10946 • Synthesized ZnO NPs by the Sol-Gel method with different calcination temperatures. • As the temperature increased both the size and agglomeration increases. • HRSEM and HRTEM showed the best size of rod shape ZnO NPs found at 300 and 400 °C. • ZnO NPs at 300 °C have the superior antibacterial effect on pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) are among the pathogens detected during Hajj pilgrimage known to cause pneumonia. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of activated carbon cloth (ACC) with Agþ impregnated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) against these pathogens. Design/methodology/approach - ZnO NPs were impregnated into ACC-Agþ via layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the fine surface morphological details of the ACC-Agþ-ZnO sheets. Antibacterial activity of the ACC-Agþ-ZnO sheets was evaluated using the disk-diffusion susceptibility assay. Allergy patch test was done to evaluate allergic reactions of the ACCAg þ-ZnO sheets on human skin. Findings - SEM micrographs showed successful impregnation of ZnO NPs into the ACC-Agþ sheets. Diskdiffusion susceptibility assay results of ACC-Agþ-ZnO sheets against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae showed good antibacterial activity; with 1.8260.13mm zone of inhibition for S. pneumoniae, at a ZnO concentration of 0.78mg mL-1. No signs of human skin irritation were observed throughout the allergy patch test. Originality/value - Results indicate that ACC-Agþ-ZnO sheets could potentially be embedded within surgical face masks (pilgrims' preferred) to reduce the risks involved with the transmission of respiratory tract infections during and after mass gatherings (e.g. Hajj/Umrah, Olympics). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research in textiles is being driven by ecology, economy, and functionality. Therefore, the present research is focused on the development of multifunctional textiles that consume minimum energy during their processing, eco-friendly chemicals for functionalization, and use short processing steps. Eco-friendly cross-linkers such as butanetetracarboxylic acid and zinc oxide nanoparticles are used to impart wrinkle recovery, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet (UV) protection, bending rigidity, and antistatic properties to cotton fabric just in one step. The treated fabric has been characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffractometer. Wrinkle recovery, tear strength, antibacterial activity, UV protection, and antistatic properties were tested with AATCC 66-1990, ASTM D 1224, AATCC 147, AATCC 183, and UNI EN 1149, respectively. The treated fabric shows excellent functional properties up to 20 washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ZnO:xCu photocatalyst was prepared with reacting media, namely, water method followed by wet impregnation to deposit Cu on the ZnO nano particles. X-ray diffraction was used to perform crystallography and the determination of the ZnO:xCu particle size. Fourier transform infrared was employed for the detection of chemical bonds in the synthesized photocatalyst. The nanoparticle morphology was studied by field emission scanning electron microscope. The elemental composition of the synthesized catalysts was evaluated with X-ray fluorescence technique. Diffuse reflection spectroscopy analysis was performed to investigate the light absorption of the ZnO:xCu catalysts. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared ZnO:xCu nanoparticles was studied for the removal of nitrate from the aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (50 mg·l−1) under UV irradiation. Results indicated that the ZnO:xCu photocatalyst has high photocalytic activity to remove nitrate from water. Moreover, complete degradation was achieved after 2.5 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submicrometer spherical particles (SMSPs) are reported to be fabricated by pulsed laser irradiation with a frequency of 10 or 30 Hz onto raw nanoparticles dispersed in liquid. Here, the effect of the pulse frequency on particles obtained by laser irradiation onto the suspension in a vessel, especially at higher pulse frequencies up to 800 Hz, is investigated. At 200 Hz or lower, SMSPs of similar size can be fabricated, as at 10 or 30 Hz, by the same number of pulses. This indicates that the time required for particle fabrication can be greatly reduced and production efficiency can be improved using a high-frequency laser. In contrast, at 400 Hz or above, nanospherical particles (NSPs) are formed in addition to SMSPs, and the mass fraction of SMSPs is drastically decreased. This result suggests that consecutive laser pulse irradiation induces heat accumulation in particles and suspensions, resulting in a temperature increase and partial evaporation of the particles at 400 Hz or above. From the temperature increase of the suspension, the local temperature of the liquid surrounding the particles is believed to be increased by heat dissipation from the heated particles. Calculations suggest that an increase in the local liquid temperature would cause further heating of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the synthesis and characterization of undoped and zinc doped nickel oxide nanoparticles. Prepared nanopowders have been characterized by x-ray diffraction method, high resolution scanning electron microscope, ultraviolet visible spectrometer, photoluminescence spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, impedance meter and thermal gravimetric analyzer. X - ray diffraction study confirmed the average crystallite sizes of the nanopowders are less than 20 nm. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometer recorded the absorption peaks between 336 - 346 nm, corresponds the energy gap of 3.70 - 3.58 eV. Photoluminescence spectrum confirms the near band edge emission. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis established the formation of the nickel oxide and the doping of zinc. The high resolution scanning electron microscope image depicts that the particles are uniform in size and they are in severe agglomeration. The dielectric studies recognized the decrease in dielectric losses with increasing the temperature as well as frequency. Thermo gravimetric study shows that the prepared samples have good stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of time and pH on ZnO nanoparticles were observed as prepared via microwave-assisted approach. Zinc acetate dihydrate Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O used as precursor and 2 Propanol as solvent, NaOH was used as pH controller. ZnO nanoparticles (band gap 3.91 ev) of size within the range 50 nm to 80 nm were obtained by controlling the pH (6-8). Characterization techniques of synthesized samples were investigated by Xray diffraction (XRD), UV Visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM). Porous structure of ZnO nanoparticles was clearly observed with agglomeration. Above-mentioned variables, influenced the shape and size of prepared nanoparticles prominently. Briefly, the microwave irradiation technique with pH control was highlighted as quick, cheap and single step approach to control the morphology of semiconductor nanoparticles in present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of Europium oxide doped with Zinc oxide were synthesized via microwave-assisted combustion method. Citric acid as a simultaneous fuel and chelating agent and glycine as a fuel and mixture of these fuels were sleeted. X-Ray diffraction patterns (XRD) indicated the formation of ZnO structure with a few amount of Eu2O3 phase. Fourier transformation infra red (FTIR) spectra reveal the increase of ZnO4 bonds with glycine content of fuels mixture. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed the conversion of nanosphere to spongy-like structure with respect to change of fuel mixtures from citric to glycine. From transmission electron microscopy (TEM) nanoparticles of a mean size 30 nm are observed Green fluorescence emission of different samples was due to activation of self activated center of ZnO structure through transition of electron from Eu3+ to Vzn sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]