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The metastable zone widths (MZWs) of triethanolamine hydrochloride ([HTEA]Cl), defined as the maximum temperature difference ΔTmaxa solution can withstand before crystallization of a solid phase, in water, ethanol−water, and HCl−water mixed solvents have been determined at a saturation temperature T0range from 293.15 to 303.15 K with cooling rate Rfrom 3 to 8 K·h−1. Solubilities of [HTEA]Cl in ethanol−water mixtures have also been obtained using a dynamic method. An equation of MZW with similar form to Sangwal’s equation was derived from the fundamental driving force of crystallization based on chemical potential. With the newly obtained equation, the experimental values of MZW ΔTmaxfor [HTEA]Cl−water system at 298.15 K was correlated with the cooling rate Rby ln(ΔTmax/T0) = −6.140 + 1.222 ln R. The enthalpy of mixing ΔHmixwas calculated with the solubility data, and the result of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For [HTEA]Cl−water system, the value of −ΔHmixwas determined to be 30.88 kJ·mol−1, and the addition of both HCl and ethanol led to a decrease of −ΔHmix. The experimental results also showed that MZW could be greatly enhanced when ethanol and HCl were added. It was found that the values of MZW decrease with −ΔHmixfor both [HTEA]Cl−ethanol−water and [HTEA]Cl−HCl−water systems at the same saturation temperature and cooling rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The enthalpies of solution of benzo-15-crown-5 ether in methanol–water mixtures and methanol–water–sodium iodide systems have been measured at 298.15 K. The values of standard enthalpies of solution of benzo-15-crown-5 ether are positive in the mixtures of water and methanol within the whole range of mixture composition. The equilibrium constants of complex formation of benzo-15-crown-5 ether with the sodium cation have been determined by conductivity measurements at 298.15 K. The thermodynamic functions of the formation of these complexes have been calculated. The Gibbs energy of complex formation depends on the base–acid properties of methanol–water mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]