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The ability to cope with and adapt to changes in the environment is essential for all organisms. Osmotic pressure is a universal threat when environmental changes result in an imbalance of osmolytes inside and outside the cell which causes a deviation from the normal turgor. Cells have developed a potent system to deal with this stress in the form of mechanosensitive ion channels. Channel opening releases solutes from the cell and relieves the stress immediately. In bacteria, these channels directly sense the increased membrane tension caused by the enhanced turgor levels upon hypoosmotic shock. The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance, MscS, from Escherichia coli is one of the most extensively studied examples of mechanically stimulated channels. Different conformational states of this channel were obtained in various detergents and membrane mimetics, highlighting an intimate connection between the channel and its lipidic environment. Associated lipids occupy distinct locations and determine the conformational states of MscS. Not all these features are preserved in the larger MscS-like homologues. Recent structures of homologues from bacteria and plants identify common features and differences. This review discusses the current structural and functional models for MscS opening, as well as the influence of certain membrane characteristics on gating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) protects bacteria against hypoosmotic shock. It can sense the tension in the surrounding membrane and releases solutes if the pressure in the cell is getting too high. The membrane contacts MscS at sensor paddles, but lipids also leave the membrane and move along grooves between the paddles to reside as far as 15 Å away from the membrane in hydrophobic pockets. One sensing model suggests that a higher tension pulls lipids from the grooves back to the membrane, which triggers gating. However, it is still unclear to what degree this model accounts for sensing and what contribution the direct interaction of the membrane with the channel has. Here, we show that MscS opens when it is sufficiently delipidated by incubation with the detergent dodecyl-β-maltoside or the branched detergent lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol. After addition of detergent-solubilized lipids, it closes again. These results support the model that lipid extrusion causes gating: Lipids are slowly removed from the grooves and pockets by the incubation with detergent, which triggers opening. Addition of lipids in micelles allows lipids to migrate back into the pockets, which closes the channel even in the absence of a membrane. Based on the distribution of the aliphatic chains in the open and closed conformation, we propose that during gating, lipids leave the complex on the cytosolic leaflet at the height of highest lateral tension, while on the periplasmic side, lipids flow into gaps, which open between transmembrane helices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) is a well-studied model of how mechanical forces from the membrane can be sensed by an embedded protein. A recent study by Zhang et al. visualizes how MscS behaves under membrane tension, entering a desensitized state when it loses all coordinated lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural changes in channel proteins give critical insights required for understanding the gating transitions that underpin function. Tryptophan (Trp) is uniquely sensitive to its environment and can be used as a reporter of conformational changes. Here, we have used site-directed Trp insertion within the pore helices of the small mechanosensitive channel protein, MscS, to monitor conformational transitions. We show that Trp can be inserted in place of Leu at the two pore seal positions, Leu105 and Leo109, resulting in functional channels. Using Trp105 as a probe, we demonstrate that the A106V mutation causes a modified conformation in the purified channel protein consistent with a more open state in solution. Moreover, we show that solubilized MscS changes to a more open conformation in the presence of phospholipids or their lysolorms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]