163 results
Search Results
2. The far-right in modern world history.
- Author
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Halperin, Sandra
- Subjects
MODERN history ,RIGHT-wing populism ,RIGHT-wing extremism ,LIBERALISM ,GLOBALIZATION ,INTERWAR Period (1918-1939) - Abstract
It is commonly assumed that far-right populist and nationalist movements and parties emerge within, and in reaction to, liberal international orders. This paper challenges that assumption. It shows that, while the rise of the far-right in interwar Europe and in recent decades in the Global North occurred during periods characterized by globalization, it was a globalization that was essentially anti-liberal in nature. During both periods, globalization was shaped, not by a liberal, competitive ethos, but by conservative and counter-revolutionary values and ideologies, and by policies which worked to 'dis-embed' local economies, promote concentration and monopoly, and widen inequality. Far-right politics emerged, therefore, in reaction, not to liberalism, but to established conservative parties which appeared either unable or unwilling to suppress pressures from 'below' and as, therefore, too weak or corrupt to ensure the continuation of conservative policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The Grey Shades Between Liberal Democracy and Islamic Theocracy: Whither Those Liberalizing Political Systems with Islamist Oppositions?
- Author
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Helmy, Khaled
- Subjects
- *
PRACTICAL politics , *LIBERALISM , *RELIGION & politics , *POLITICAL parties - Abstract
The paper seeks to examine the possible outcomes of the combination of liberalizing Middle Eastern political systems and Islamist oppositions. It does so by examining the broader phenomenon of liberalizing political systems integrating religious oppositions. This involves an examination of the earlier precedent of the passage of Catholic confessional parties and their constituencies in nineteenth century Europe from being protagonists of the Church?s opposition to the tenets of liberalism toward becoming pro-system political parties with Christian roots and inspiration, the post-WWII Christian democratic parties. The paper argues that this passage from opposition to reconciliation with liberalism in the European context entailed key processes involving (1) a dialectical relationship between liberals & religionists in the context of a liberalizing system, and (2) a gradual expansion of the religious party beyond religious and confessional lines. The Arab Middle Eastern context by contrast exhibits a process of limited liberalization from above in which liberals are a weak or quasi-non-existent force, resulting in the near absence of a dialectical process of elite challenges, negotiations and accommodation between liberals and religionists. In that context, the principal actors in influencing the religion-and-politics configuration in the political system are authoritarian states and religionists. The expansion of Islamist parties beyond religious issue concerns is in evidence but is limited in scope in part as a function of the constraints imposed by the authoritarian states. Based on this analysis, the paper introduces the theoretical argument that the process of democratic transition needs to be conceptualized as having a parallel process involving the transition of religious constituencies inimical to the religion-and-politics liberal formulae in the direction of an accommodation to new equilibria concerning the relative role of religion in public life, thus marking a transition of support from divine sovereignty toward popular sovereignty. Such a parallel transition it is argued, is not unproblematic and is contingent upon the nature of the democratic transition itself or the problems stalling its emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Exploring a New Cross-Regional Time-Series Data Set on the Key Concepts in Democratization: Liberalization, Transition and Consolidation.
- Author
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Schneider, Carsten Q. and Schmitter, Philippe C.
- Subjects
- *
DEMOCRATIZATION , *LIBERALISM , *POLITICAL doctrines , *REPRESENTATIVE government , *POLITICAL systems , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
This paper aims at measuring the process of democratization, subdivided into the liberalization of the autocratic regime, the mode of transition, and the consolidation of democracy. The ca. 30 countries included in the study are situated in different regions in the world, mainly Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Republics, and Latin America. Most of them have experienced transitions away from different types of autocracies since 1974. However, we also include some countries from the Middle East and Northern Africa, which are, at best, in an embryonic stage of liberalization. The concepts will be measured in the form of a scalogram. Two coders assign scores for 27 indicators measured on an annual basis. Thus, the data provides a comparative measure of the level of liberalization and consolidation each country has achieved at any point in time over the period 1974-2000. In addition to this, each country’s mode of transition can be identified. The major task of our paper consists in exploring this cross-sectional, time series data to reveal their ‘patterns’. Such an investigation will be mainly guided by the question of how the different aspects of the complex processes of liberalization and consolidation are related to each other over time and space. One main finding is that our data both on liberalization and consolidation has a one-dimensional structure. Based on this finding, we can create scales of liberalization and consolidation. We find that most countries from Central and Eastern Europe perform comparatively well. Not only do they reach the same high levels of liberalization and consolidation like the Southern European cases, but they also do so in a much shorter time span than Spain, Portugal, Greece, or any of the Latin American cases in the 70s and 80s [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Is There a Justification for European Political Integration.
- Author
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Morgan, Glyn
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL economic integration , *POLITICAL science , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
European economic integration has been much more successful than European political integration. This paper argues that European political integration lacks good justifying arguments. More generally, the debate over the European project lacks a clear understanding of what constitutes a good justifying argument. This paper proposes a reasonable standard of justification that all arguments in support of political integration ought to be able to satisfy. On the basis of this theory of justification, the paper considers a number of different arguments in support of a European postsovereign polity. While most euro-enthusiasts favor postsovereignty over a European superstate, this paper argues that a European superstate lacks some of the more obvious failings of a postsovereign polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
6. Stemming the tide of illiberalism? Legal mobilization and adversarial legalism in Central and Eastern Europe.
- Author
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Şerban, Mihaela
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,LEGAL services - Abstract
Abstract This paper explores the rise of rights-based regulation through litigation as a distinctive feature of legal culture in Central and Eastern Europe post-1989. This type of adversarial legalism was born at the intersection of post-communist, European integration, and neoliberal discourses, and is characterized by legal mobilization at national and supranational levels, selective adaptation of adversarial mechanisms, and the growth of rights consciousness. The paper distinguishes Eastern European developments from both American and Western European types of adversarial legalism, assesses the first quarter century of post-communism and represents a first step towards constructing a genealogy of the region's legal culture post-1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The Political Context of British Romanticism.
- Author
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DROBOT, Irina-Ana
- Subjects
ROMANTICISM ,REVOLUTIONARY poetry ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to look at definitions of British Romanticism in a European context and from a political perspective. The paper underlines the specificities of British Romanticism, a phenomenon which has been strongly influenced by the larger European Romanticism. What is specific to British Romanticism is its overlapping with Liberalist values and principles. The Romantic ideals of revolutionary poets such as Keats and Byron overlap with Liberalist values. Briefly, British Romanticism could be divided in two phases: a conservative and a revolutionary one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
8. The Diffusion of Regime Contention in European Democratization, 1830-1940.
- Author
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Weyland, Kurt
- Subjects
- *
DEMOCRATIZATION , *POLITICAL science , *POLITICAL change , *LIBERALISM , *DEMOCRACY , *AUTHORITARIANISM - Abstract
This paper examines the impact of external impulses on European democratization from 1830 to 1940. It distinguishes three types of diffusion, namely (1) the gradual spread of values and norms; (2) the diffusion of instrumental knowledge about the design of political institutions; and (3) the spread of situational judgments about the feasibility of initiating political change. The latter type of external impulse, derived from the attainment of substantial change in another polity, can produce dramatic waves of regime contention. But since the actual distribution of power in emulating countries often differs from the frontrunner, these conflicts produce various types of results. The paper discusses four types of outcomes of diffusion, namely (1) successful replication; (2) preemptive reform; (3) abortive replication; and (4) blockage of replication efforts. The latter two outcomes help explain why in European history, not only political liberalism and democracy diffused, but during certain time periods authoritarianism, corporatism, and fascism spread as well. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
9. Between Neo-Liberalism and No Liberalism: Progressive Approaches to Economic Liberalization in Western Europe.
- Author
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Levy, Jonah
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC competition , *ECONOMICS , *NEOLIBERALISM , *LIBERALISM , *FINANCIAL liberalization , *LABOR market - Abstract
It is widely argued that European leaders wishing to improve the competitiveness of their economies must emulate the harsh and regressive neo-liberal policies associated with the Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Margaret Thatcher. The choice is between neo-liberal reform and no reform. My paper challenges this gloomy understanding. Between neo-liberal reform and no reform, a number of European countries have pursued a course of what I call "progressive liberal" reform. By "progressive liberalism," I mean policies that appropriate the goals of neo-liberalism, but pursue these goals in a manner that preserves or even enhances equality and protections for the disadvantaged. After reviewing the challenges that economic liberalization poses to progressive parties, my paper examines progressive liberal reforms in three areas: reductions in social spending, tax cuts, and labor market flexibilization. For each case, I proceed in four steps: 1) I first define the traditional leftist position that opposes liberalizing reform; 2) I next present the neo-liberal position, which favors liberalizing reform with regressive distributional implications; 3) I then show that the liberalizing reform in question harbors a progressive potential; 4) Finally, I describe how the reform has been implemented in practice, in a particular European context, so as to capture many of the benefits associated with neo-liberalism, while safeguarding progressive values and the needs of low-income and disadvantaged groups. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
10. An Uneasy Relationship: Democracy and Representative Government in the Writings of Nineteenth-Century Liberals.
- Author
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Craiutu, Aurelian
- Subjects
- *
DEMOCRACY , *REPRESENTATIVE government , *LIBERALS , *LIBERALISM , *NINETEENTH century , *LITERATURE - Abstract
In nineteenth-century Europe, democracy was not embraced with the same enthusiasm it now enjoys. Conservative critics questioned central democratic normative principles, while liberals often tried to correct the limitations of democracy. While accepting the inevitability of democracy, nineteenth-century liberals often resisted the idea that universal suffrage guaranteed the wisdom of the people?s choices. Nothing better illustrates this difficult apprenticeship of democracy than the writings of François Guizot, whose political thought focused on the relationship between liberalism and democracy. This paper explores Guizot?s theory of representative government with special emphasis on his theory of political capacity and publicity. The final section concentrates on the issue of ?moderating? democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Conquering Myths: Testing Realist, Liberal, and Constructivist Arguments about State Vulnerability to Conquest.
- Author
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Adams, Karen Ruth
- Subjects
- *
DEATH rate , *LIBERALISM , *REALISM , *CONSTRUCTIVISM (Philosophy) - Abstract
In this paper, I begin the process of determining and explaining state death rates. Specifically, I present new data on conquest, union, disintegration, and collapse in Europe and the Middle East from 1800-1994 and test the ability of realist, liberal, and constructivist theories to explain historical trends in conquest rates. In doing so, I dispel two myths. First, contrary to the conventional wisdom, historical state death rates have been quite high. Second, contrary to liberal and constructivist claims, relative capabilities, polarity, great power decline, the offense-defense-deterrence balance, and prevailing economic technologies are better predictors of conquest than democratic, juridical, statist, or collective norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
12. Foreign Ownership of Land in East-Central Europe: A New Security Concern?
- Author
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Tesser, Lynn M.
- Subjects
- *
LAND tenure , *FOREIGN ownership of real property , *LANDOWNERS , *FOREIGN assets - Abstract
East-Central European countries have shown considerable political sensitivities towards foreign land ownership since 1989. In examining controversies over restitution and the regulation of foreign ownership, this paper makes three claims: 1) that a weak social basis exists for opening emerging land markets to foreigners; 2) that EU-based pressures to open fully to EU nationals drives the lion's share of land liberalization; and finally 3) that the goal of 'rejoining Europe' does not have the ideological force to end the marriage of land and identity, leaving the EU's effort to export liberal attitudes towards land to politicize nationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
13. Between nationalism and civilizationism: the European populist moment in comparative perspective.
- Author
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Brubaker, Rogers
- Subjects
POPULISM ,NATIONALISM ,ISLAM ,CHRISTIANITY ,LIBERALISM ,SECULARISM - Abstract
This paper argues that the national populisms of Northern and Western Europe form a distinctive cluster within the wider north Atlantic and pan-European populist conjuncture. They are distinctive in construing the opposition between self and other not in narrowly national but in broader civilizational terms. This partial shift from nationalism to “civilizationism” has been driven by the notion of a civilizational threat from Islam. This has given rise to an identitarian “Christianism”, a secularist posture, a philosemitic stance, and an ostensibly liberal defence of gender equality, gay rights, and freedom of speech. The paper highlights the distinctiveness of this configuration by briefly comparing the national populisms of Northern and Western Europe to the Trump campaign and to the national populisms of East Central Europe. It concludes by specifying two ways in which the joining of identitarian Christianism with secularist and liberal rhetoric challenges prevailing understandings of European national populism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The Limits of the Liberal State: Migration, Identity and Belonging in Europe.
- Author
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Adamson, FionaB., Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos, and Zolberg, AristideR.
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,IDENTITY (Psychology) ,SOCIAL belonging ,EUROPEAN citizenship ,MINORITIES ,RELIGIOUS minorities ,SOCIAL integration - Abstract
What are the contemporary 'limits of the liberal state' with respect to immigration, citizenship and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities in contemporary Europe? The papers in this special issue of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies examine how recent developments in Europe raise new questions regarding the relationship between liberalism, migration, identity and belonging. In this introduction, we identify three major themes that run through the papers in the issue-the use of liberal norms by states for exclusionary purposes; the possibility of the emergence of 'illiberal liberalism'; and the extent to which identity politics and policy-making may be increasingly transcending and transforming the limits of the liberal democratic state in Europe. After briefly presenting these three themes, we summarise the arguments of the individual authors and suggest possible directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. OPEN MARKETS AND WELFARE VALUES: Welfare values, inequality and social change in the silver age of the welfare state.
- Author
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Taylor-Gooby, Peter
- Subjects
WELFARE state ,VALUES (Ethics) ,LIBERALISM ,SOCIAL attitudes ,EQUALITY - Abstract
Market principles are becoming more prominent in citizen experience of public policy across Europe, as a result of economic globalization and the Maastricht commitment to 'open markets', and cost-constraint, privatization and labour market activation pursued in response to the various pressures confronting welfare states. These principles (inequality, competitiveness, allocation through ability to pay) contradict those traditionally associated with social policy (equity, solidarity, social justice). This paper examines the impact of current changes on welfare values in the various types of European welfare states (including accession states), using international attitude survey data. It shows that most citizens remain committed to mild egalitarianism. Citizen ideology will thus continue to buttress resilience to pressures for restructuring in the various welfare state regimes. The paper goes on to consider the impact of social change by examining the values of groups with particular interests who are likely to expand in significance as a result of labour market and population changes. This analysis shows that change does not lead in one direction. There is every likelihood that tensions between market and welfare values will be compounded by social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. "Wonder Nuns:" Sor Patrocinio, the Politics of the Supernatural, and Republican Caricature.
- Author
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Graus, Andrea
- Subjects
CATHOLIC nuns ,SUPERNATURAL ,20TH century Spanish history ,POLITICAL agenda ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between politics and the supernatural in nineteenth‐century Spain through the figure of Sor Patrocinio: a stigmatized nun and advisor to Queen Isabel II of Spain. I introduce Sor Patrocinio as an example of a "wonder nun:" a type of ultra‐charismatic, supposedly supernaturally gifted religious woman who influenced her country's political agenda. During Sor Patrocinio's rise to fame, she lost control of her public image. In their efforts to dethrone Isabel II, Spanish republicans transformed Sor Patrocinio into a politico‐religious symbol, a living reminder of the anti‐liberal and neo‐Catholic tendencies attributed to Isabel II and her clique. On the one hand, her case exemplifies the struggle of liberalism to form modern nations in Europe. On the other, it shows how some religious women obtained power through their experience of the supernatural during the "culture wars" of the period, reflecting how such experience was shaped by political affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The "War on Terror" and the Politics of Military Doctrine: A Resource Dependency Approach.
- Author
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Vennesson, Pascal
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *COUNTERTERRORISM , *ARMIES , *MILITARY strategy - Abstract
The conventional systemic liberal view that globalization - a set of connected processes that lead to a greater interaction capacity in the international system - makes force less useful as a tool of statecraft is flawed. Policy-makers continuously seek to adapt military power to the world's evolving interconnectedness. Using key insights of the resource-dependency approach in organization theory to schematize policy adaptation, the paper argues that the impact of globalization on strategy is likely to depend on strategic ingenuity and military adaptation. Some strategists acknowledge that globalization reduces the usefulness of certain types of force employment, and provide an incentive to transform military power. Others, thanks to globalization, see new, sometimes unsettling, opportunities for using and legitimizing force. I empirically trace the ways in which political and military strategists in the U.S. and in Europe (France, Germany, Italy, U.K.) grapple with globalization, and develop ideas, new and old, to make land power flexible and usable in a global age. Land power, centered on armies and closely linked to the territorial state, should be an easy case for the systemic liberal argument. Contrary to Special Forces, private military contractors or radical terrorists for example, its main task, forcibly seizing and controlling territories, is at odds with globalization-related security issues. Faced with the challenges of globalization, land power proves to be more flexible and resilient than systemic liberal theory expected. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
18. The Role of European Integration in the 1979 and 1997 Scottish Devolution Referenda.
- Author
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Jolly, Seth Kincaid
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL autonomy , *LIBERALISM , *POLITICAL parties , *ELECTIONS ,EUROPEAN politics & government - Abstract
In this paper, I evaluate whether regional citizens are more likely to support greater autonomy because they find the idea of an independent region within Europe to be more viable. The devolution referenda in Scotland in two distinct time periods provide a quasi-experiment in which to explore this observable implication. In the first referendum, a slight majority voted for devolution but the margin was not enough to overcome the electoral threshold set by Westminster. In 1997, though, the result was overwhelmingly pro-devolution. I argue that the fear of independence, coupled with a preference ordering where the second choice for devolution supporters was the status quo, explained the strategic voting behavior in 1979. Increased support for independence, as both a first and second option for Scots, fuelled the dramatic increase in sincere voting for devolution in 1997. I also presented evidence to support the contention that European integration, especially the Scottish National Party's successful framing of the EU as a mechanism to reduce the costs of secession, contributed to this increase in support for independence. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
19. THE DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT: INSTITUTIONS, OPENNESS AND FINANCIAL LIBERALISATION.
- Author
-
Law, Siong Hook and Habibullah, Muzafar Shah
- Subjects
FINANCIAL markets ,LIBERALISM ,REAL income ,CAPITAL market ,STOCK exchanges - Abstract
This paper provides new evidence that sheds light on the influence of institutional quality, trade openness and financial liberalisation on financial market development, using data from 27 economies (the G-7, Europe, East Asia and Latin America) during 1980-2001. The dynamic panel data analysis results demonstrate that real income per capita and institutional quality are statistically significant determinants of banking sector development and capital market development. The trade openness, however, is more prominent in promoting capital market development. In terms of financial liberalisation, the empirical results suggest that domestic financial sector reforms tend to promote banking sector development, whereas stock market liberalisation is potent in delivering stock market development. Nevertheless, the financial liberalisation programmes are more responsive in developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Changing economic landscape: liberalisation and knowledge infrastructures.
- Author
-
Smith, Keith
- Subjects
ECONOMIC policy ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,INDUSTRIAL laws & legislation ,GLOBALIZATION ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
This paper discusses some changes in the economic 'landscape' (policy cultures, institutions, infrastructures, regulations, and economic processes) within which the European Framework Programmes are formed and implemented. The main changes are: the domestic reform agenda of liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation; and the changed globalisation environment. The paper argues that these reforms have transformed the infrastructural conditions underlying technological change in ways that require attention from policymakers. In particular, the domestic reform agendas have had an unintended side-effect - the diminution or closure of large-scale technological and engineering capabilities in formerly publicly-owned industries. Changing concepts of, and approaches to, R&D and innovation necessitate shifts in policy approaches and instruments towards a greater focus on knowledge infrastructures: this is a major challenge facing the Framework Programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Globalization: can Europe make a difference? 1.
- Author
-
Went, Robert
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
In a rather unambitious working document,[4.5pc] theEuropean Commission (2002)has presented its analysis of globalization and views on how Europe should respond to its challenges. Provoked by the blandness of this disappointing report, this paper examines whether the EU has other options than pursuing its current policies, which stay within the framework of neoliberal globalization and are roughly equivalent to the ones followed and propagated by the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Faith, Hope, Neoliberalism: Mapping Economies of Violence on the Margins of Europe.
- Author
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Dauphinée, Elizabeth
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,POLITICAL science ,COMMUNISM - Abstract
This paper explores the manner in which the east of Europe has been theorized in the post cold war environment, and the implications for our understanding of the relationship between east and west. It argues that hegemonic discourses of neoliberalism lend a quality of inevitability to the integration of east into west, which in turn leads to a singular conception of Europe at the end of a trajectory of development. The paper argues that the relationship of western Europe to eastern Europe is more fruitfully explored through the conceptual framework of a center to its margins, which allows for a broader range of analysis on the issues – conceptual and implementational – at stake in transition processes, and which will allow for a theoretical exploration of where power is located and exercised. Because eastern Europe is understood in scholarly and policy communities as politically and geographically European, the study of postcommunist transition in Europe falls outside the purview of a development studies community that is increasingly focused on the emerging north/south divide. In a scholarly environment where the East/West divide no longer constitutes a salient focus of study, there is a need for the development of a framework that will provide a richer understanding of the reconstituted relationships being formed in Europe in the post-cold war environment. This paper argues that the social, economic, and political impact of disciplinary neoliberalism in eastern Europe can benefit from an analysis that takes into consideration the Eurocentric, disciplinary power that lies at the core of the transition process. Toward this end, it is necessary to query the discursive foundations of what constitutes the `properly European' in order to develop a framework for a more fruitful course of analysis with respect to the relationship between Europe and its fluctuating eastern margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
23. Responses of Afro-Marxist states to the crisis of socialism: A preliminary assessment.
- Author
-
Mengisteab, Kidane
- Subjects
SOCIALISM ,POLITICAL science ,LIBERALISM ,ECONOMIC policy ,ECONOMIC activity ,POLITICAL systems - Abstract
In response to the crisis of socialism, Afro-Marxist states have introduced considerable changes simultaneously with Eastern Europe and the USSR. Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia have now in principle adopted multiparty political systems in addition to implementing a variety of economic liberalisation measures. However, unlike in Eastern Europe and the USSR (after the failed coup), the goal of economic liberalisation in Afro-Marxist states is, according to various official indications, a mixed economy and not a fully fledged market system. Why the responses of Afro-Marxist states to the socialist crisis are different from those of Eastern Europe and the USSR, how these responses are likely to affect their development processes and what their indications are to the future of socialism in the African continent have not yet been studied. This paper is intended to provide a preliminary assessment of change in these countries in order to stimulate further study. The paper is divided into two parts. The first outlines critical political and social dimensions of the crisis of socialism in general, and of Afro-Marxism in particular. The second briefly sketches the initial responses of the Afro-Marxist states to the socialist crisis and analyses the potential implications of such change to their economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A Liberal Government in King Zog's Albania? Mehdi Frashëri and the Cabinet of the 'Young' (1935-1936) /.
- Author
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Halimi, Redi
- Subjects
ALBANIAN politics & government, 1912-1944 ,ALBANIAN history, 1912-1944 ,LIBERALISM ,ITALIAN history, 1922-1945 ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This article investigates the events of the Frasheri government in interwar Albania. This government, usually described as liberal or as of the 'Young' represented a novelty for Albanian society of the time, but lasted only one year. This study seeks to investigate what elements characterised this government, who were the protagonists and what consequences had the Frasheri experiment for the country? Through the study of domestic and foreign politics and the analysis of the relationship with the local press, the paper investigates the Minister's actions in detail. The Frasheri government, defined by the historiographical literature as a liberal experiment of the zoghist era, has never been thoroughly studied. Through unexplored sources from the Albanian press and archival sources from Rome and Tirana, this study presents a new interpretation of the Frasheri government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. INCENTIVE CONTRACTS FOR POLITICIANS AND BINDING ELECTION PROMISES: REFORM IDEAS FOR DEMOCRACY.
- Author
-
Gersbach, Hans
- Subjects
POLITICIANS ,ELECTIONS ,REFORMS ,DEMOCRACY ,LABOR market ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,LIBERALISM ,PRACTICAL politics ,POLITICAL doctrines - Abstract
Although they would yield social benefits, many political projects are not implemented in democracies. The ongoing debate on reforms around the world provides prominent examples: the reform of European labour markets or the reduction plans for greenhouse gases are cases in point. We suggest a number of improvements which would make liberal democracy more efficient without altering its founding values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The 9.11 Attacks and the Embattled Narrative of Democratic Solidarity: Toward a (re)definition of European Identity.
- Author
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Guittet, Emmanuel
- Subjects
- *
SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 , *TERRORISM , *LIBERALISM , *SOCIAL sciences , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
Part 1: The paper discusses the transformation of liberalism after September 11 and the development of practices of liberalism inside European societies. It proposes an alternative view to the vision of unilateralism or of Empire that most analysts are exploring. It aims to show the role of the different transnational networks of security professionals, their impact on politicians and the consequences of the shift of technologies of surveillance regarding civil liberties by proposing to combine Agamben and Foucault works with the notion of Ban Opticon. Part 2: The paper will analyze the changing relationship between new security challenges and the way new technologies transform the practice of war. The history and emerging relationship between practices of security and the principles of the democratic public sphere will also be explored. An analysis will be developed of the means and methods of threat assessment and the vulnerability of critical infrastructures, most notably the specific cases of telecommunication networks, water systems, nuclear plants, cyberspace and knowledge-based experts networks, the commercial privatisation of technologies of surveillance and control. To explore the security policies and warfare strategies that result from the security environment of a globalised world, which make Western, societies ‘risk societies’. Part 3: The tragic terrorist attacks of September 11 seem to have made all political actors aware that each home security policy is ensured at the global level, or that it was not ensured at all. The natural democratic solidarity against terrorism becomes a rhetoric common place. Not a question. Why and how the question of democracy have been bent to new times rather than questioned? Our main objective in this paper is to underline how the question of terrorism going beyond the national borders which requires mutual assistance and mutual co-operation is a symbolic, political and identity issue. The core of our intention will be thus to show how the antiterrorist fight in Europe is initially dominated by the problems of the recognition of each other Member State as an inter pares member of this whole Europe of democracies. Under this angle, the co-operation understood as a hyperbolic discourse of always more, never enough, structured on the official history of an initial deficit of the European security is then the point of conversion of the national characteristics into a common identity. In other words, the progressive installation of ad hoc European institutions envisaged according to the principle of coordination of the police and legal efforts produced a network of exchanges which ensures the circulation of significance and strong collective identity representations. Even if the fight against terrorism and by extension against organized crime is carried out by a large number of police, intelligence and judicial actors, they all are involved in the same global (re)definition of the European identity. In fact, it is because there is a complex web of different national cultures, practices in order to fight against terrorism, that according each other around a single discourse is a real political opportunity. But does this political identity construction is really stable? The different national positions after the 9.11 events seem to have turned the historical European collective identity process upside down and the democratic solidarity is everything but an embattled narrative between an us and them distinction process. In other words, by dismounting these official processes of historicization which make of the European co-operation a reality born of the dialogue around a necessary solidarity of the European States vis-à -vis to the terrorist threat, and to deal with the different discourses after the 9.11 attacks, it is rather a question of showing how the co-operation is a requirement for a political and diplomatic legibility between countries and actors of Europe. A Europe which offers the insurance of a collective common and reassuring identity: the democracy for everyone. Regarding the democratic European and national discourses after 9.11, we will answer to the question of the (re)definition of the democratic European identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
27. Progressive Tax Relief in Western Europe.
- Author
-
Levy, Jonah D.
- Subjects
- *
TAXATION , *LIBERALISM , *POLITICAL doctrines , *POLITICAL science - Abstract
Presents research which assessed the progressive tax relief in Western Europe in 2004. Relation of progressive policy with economic liberalization; Importance of progressive policy to social market economy; Significance of tax relief to the economic improvements in the region.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Liberalisation, competition and innovation in the postal sector.
- Author
-
Felisberto, Cátia
- Subjects
ECONOMIC competition ,LIBERALISM ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,LABOR productivity - Abstract
This paper empirically assesses the effect of liberalisation and competition on innovation in the postal sector. The analysis is restricted to end-to-end competition. The effect on the incentives to innovate of letter volume, public ownership and other control variables is also tested. Data on liberalisation, competition and innovation in the postal sector is collected for seventeen European countries over eleven years. Three measures are used as proxies for innovation: (1) an innovation index based on a survey conducted for this purpose; (2) the accumulated number of innovations (based on the same survey); and (3) labour productivity. We also develop a liberalisation index to measure the percentage of market liberalised (in terms of letter volume). Several models are estimated by GLS. In general, the models estimated have a high explanatory power. We find evidence that market liberalisation has a positive effect on innovation and that an increase in the market share of the competitors stimulates the investment in innovation, at least until the market share of the competitors reaches a certain threshold. Letter volume is also significant and has a positive impact on innovation. GDP per capita turns out to be significant and has a positive relationship with innovation in all the models estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Illiberal Means to Liberal Ends? Understanding Recent Immigrant Integration Policies in Europe.
- Author
-
Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,IMMIGRANTS ,SOCIAL integration ,MULTICULTURALISM ,PREJUDICES ,STATE power ,EXISTENTIALISM ,TOLERATION ,EQUALITY - Abstract
A number of European governments have pronounced multiculturalism a failure and opted for more aggressive means of integrating immigrants into their societies. This paper asks what we are to make of this trend: does it reflect deeply rooted illiberal prejudice or a novel shift in liberal-democratic states' approaches to nation-building? I suggest that aggressive integrationism is reflective of a distinctly 'Schmittian' liberalism, which aims to clarify the core values of liberal societies and use coercive state power to protect them from illiberal and putatively dangerous groups. In contrast to liberal multiculturalists, who counsel accommodation, compromise and negotiation among majority and minority groups, Schmittian liberals see the task of immigrant integration as part of a broader campaign to preserve 'Western civilisation' from illiberal threats. Their framing of the problem in existentialist terms allows them to justify policies that might otherwise be seen to contravene liberal principles of toleration and equality. As such, Schmittian liberalism complicates our understanding of liberal states' approaches to immigration and immigrant integration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Liberalism: rationality of government and vision of history.
- Author
-
Hindess, Barry
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,EUROCENTRISM ,NINETEENTH century ,SOCIAL history ,EIGHTEENTH century - Abstract
The paper addresses two issues arising from Foucault's work. One concerns his treatment of liberalism in The Birth of Biopolitics, which is probably more familiar through the work of the (mostly) British 'governmentality' school, and the other concerns a comment on relations between the West and the rest in The Order of Things that seems to express an insensitive Eurocentrism. I argue that we cannot make sense of liberalism without grasping the place of this Eurocentrism in eighteenth/nineteenth century western thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. THE ANTI-CORN LAW LEAGUE AND BRITISH ANTI-SLAVERY IN TRANSATLANTIC PERSPECTIVE, 1838-1846.
- Author
-
Morgan, Simon
- Subjects
FREE trade ,WELFARE rights movement ,CRIMES against humanity ,ORGANIZATION ,LEGISLATION ,LIBERALISM ,POLITICAL parties - Abstract
This article reassesses relations between the free-trade and anti-slavery movements in the mid-nineteenth century. It places well-known controversies over the removal of preferential import duties on free-grown sugar into the context of a broader and more complex relationship, in which the Anti-Corn Law League borrowed many of the tactics pioneered by the abolitionists, while also attempting to assume antislavery's mantle of moral reform. In particular, the article situates the campaigns in a transatlantic context complicated by the domestic agendas of American anti-slavery groups and southern cotton growers, both of whom tried to take advantage of the British free-trade movement for their own ends. Finally, it is argued that the apparent success of the League in forcing the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 not only contributed to the decline of anti-slavery as an effective extra-parliamentary movement, but also ensured that other moral reform campaigns such as the peace movement were forced to adopt the language and tactics of free-trade liberalism to survive, generating a lasting legacy that came to fruition with the emergence of the Gladstonian Liberal Party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Regional Security in a Global Context: A Critical Appraisal of European Approaches to Security.
- Author
-
Ellner, Andrea
- Subjects
HUMAN security ,INTERNATIONAL security ,NATIONAL security ,SOVEREIGNTY ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
The EU has developed a normative approach to security over the past 15 years, which is strongly rooted in the concept of human security. This paper examines where human security is situated in the contemporary discourse on security and critically assesses both the concept itself and its application in European security policy. It argues that the approach has weaknesses in concept and practice which potentially undermine the normative aspirations of European security, particularly with regard to political agency, the universalisation of liberal values, legitimacy, sovereignty, the notion of security as a collective good and the external as well as internal dimensions of the EU as a security community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. 'Making democracy work' in the eastern half of Europe: Explaining and conceptualising divergent trajectories of post-communist democratisation.
- Author
-
Bideleux, Robert
- Subjects
COMMUNIST countries ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,LIBERALISM ,CIVIL society - Abstract
Europe's post-communist states have experienced widely differing degrees and trajectories of democratisation and (economic as well as political) liberalisation. Outcomes have frequently been explained and/or conceptualised in cultural or 'civilisational' terms - i.e. mainly with reference to 'culturalist' or 'essentialist' conceptions of allegedly prevalent 'mentalities', attitudes, belief-systems, value-systems and so-called 'political cultures'. This paper highlights the major objections to explanations and conceptualisations of this kind and advocates an alternative explanatory and conceptual framework that draws on Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993) while also taking on board various critical responses to his highly influential ideas and to much of the thinking and research he has precipitated. Making Democracy Work (MDW) is most famous for its use and elaboration of conceptions of social capital, trust, norms of generalised reciprocity, networks of civic engagement and civic community, and for arguing that these have been the key determinants of political and economic outcomes in modern times. However, such phenomena have largely been dependent rather than independent variables, more akin to cultural attributes than to structural determinants. They are far less crucial than Putnam's lucid (but largely neglected) conceptualisation of the ways in which the emergence of more horizontally structured political, social and economic power-relations has increased the scope for and viability of liberal democracy and liberal market economies and, conversely, the ways in which vertically structured political, social and economic power-relations have limited the scope/potential for democratisation and liberalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Agricultural policy discourses in the European post-Fordist transition: neoliberalism, neomercantilism and multifunctionality.
- Author
-
Potter, Clive and Tilzey, Mark
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL policy ,NEOLIBERALISM ,LIBERALISM ,AGRICULTURAL development ,AGRICULTURE ,RURAL geography - Abstract
A renewal of academic interest in agricultural restructuring in western Europe raises questions about causality, processes and outcomes. In particular, the relationship between deep-set structural tendencies and policy trends and the way these are constituted in relation to, and mediated through, the agency of individual land managers and other actors is emerging as a central research concern of rural social scientists. In this paper we focus on the first part of this equation, arguing that international and European agricultural restructuring needs to be rediscovered as an essentially sociopolitical project, the outcome of a struggle for influence and power between different class fractions of capital during a long and contested transition to a post-Fordist regime of accumulation. Rather than witnessing the shift towards a postproductivist agriculture anticipated by some recent commentators, we argue that the dominant framing is in favour of a neoliberal regime of market productivism, leading to the further integration of large parts of European agriculture into agro-food circuits of capital. While the neoliberal discourse which provides the intellectual justification for this process is heavily contested by advocates of a long standing form of neomercantilism and by a more recently invented discourse of agricultural multifunctionality, the entrenched position of neoliberal ideas and framings within the World Trade Organization (WTO) means that the ideology of the free market is coming to define the terms of international, and thus European, agricultural policy reform. The recent history of reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and wider rural policy reform in the European Union (EU) nevertheless suggests that the European policy stance is one of partial resistance to unfettered liberalization, policy-makers apparently having embarked on an attempt to combine elements of the neoliberal programme with continued commitment to state assistance in various forms. This sets the frame for the regulation of an increasingly bimodal agricultural industry, in which spaces for postproductivism and rural development are being defined and defended in public interest and public good terms but where there are few opportunities to question the enforced segregation and commodification of rural space and environmental provision that this implies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. HEIDEGGER'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND THE THEORY OF THE LIBERAL STATE.
- Author
-
Mahlmann, Matthias
- Subjects
POLITICAL philosophy ,LIBERALISM ,NATIONAL socialism ,ONTOLOGY - Abstract
The paper explores Martin Heidegger's political philosophy and its relation to the theory and ethical foundations of the liberal state. It first reconstructs the key doctrines of Heidegger's philosophy formulated in Being and Time. It then turns to Heidegger's later philosophy after the famous turning and investigates its relation to the fundamental ontology of Heidegger's earlier years. In a third step, Heidegger's much discussed Nazism and its link — by some commentators fervently defended and by others passionately denied — to his philosophy is the focus of attention. The findings about Heidegger's philosophy are then critically assessed: firstly as to their philosophical merits concerning fundamental questions of epistemology, ontology or philosophical anthropology and secondly as to their relations to the ethical and theoretical foundations of the liberal state. As a result some proposals are made as to whether or not it is justified to regard Heidegger's work as part of the darker legacies of European thought. KEY WORDS: fundamental ontology; Heidegger; Heidegger's Nazism; Kehre; liberalism; liberal state; Nazism; pragmatism; time and being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The politics of European integration: A European labour movement in the making?
- Author
-
Taylor, Graham and Mathers, Andy
- Subjects
POLITICAL science ,LABOR movement ,SOCIAL movements ,LIBERALISM ,LABOR unions ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIAL problems ,DELEGATED legislation - Abstract
This paper explores the logical and historical determinants of European integration and reflects on the potential and dangers this presents for labour movement renewal. Through the principle of ‘subsidiarity’ a regulatory gap has been established between political mobilisation at the national level and neo-liberal regulation at the European level. The historical determination of this form is traced through an exploration of the social struggles against neo-liberalism that have developed within member states and transnational mobilizations that bridge this regulatory gap by linking resistance across national boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Threat or corrective to democracy? The relationship between populism and different models of democracy.
- Author
-
RUTH‐LOVELL, SASKIA PAULINE and GRAHN, SANDRA
- Subjects
DEMOCRACY ,POPULISM ,COMPARATIVE government ,POLITICAL accountability ,POLITICAL participation ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
The phenomenon of populism and its relationship with modern democracy has gained considerable attention in recent years. This article aims at advancing our understanding of how populism affects different models of democracy and tests the proposed arguments empirically. Building on a large scholarly literature on populism and democracy, we take stock of existing arguments and theorize which democratic models may be affected by populism in a positive or negative way. Moreover, we move beyond the normative debate and analyse the effect of populism in power on different models of democracy empirically. We do so by merging data on populist governments in Europe and Latin America from 1995 until today with the Varieties of Democracy dataset, which enables us to capture the relationship between populism and different democratic models in these regions. Despite mixed‐theoretical expectations, our results suggest a rather negative impact of populism on the electoral, liberal and deliberative models of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Fukuzawa Yukichi's Liberal Nationalism.
- Author
-
HIRUTA, KEI
- Subjects
NATIONALISM ,LIBERALISM ,PHILOSOPHERS ,JAPANESE philosophy ,COSMOPOLITANISM - Abstract
Discussing An Outline of a Theory of Civilization by the Japanese thinker Fukuzawa Yukichi, this essay shows how theorists of liberal nationalism might draw on "non-Western" theoretical resources to enrich their normative ideas and better appreciate their own tradition. I argue that Fukuzawa's work represents an alternative strand of liberal nationalism that complements its mainstream counterpart pioneered by David Miller, Yael Tamir, and others. More specifically, I argue that Fukuzawa's contributions help us reconsider three central claims made by his more mainstream peers: (1) cosmopolitanism poses the most important threat to liberal nationalism, (2) the strength of liberal nationalism lies in its perceptiveness about ordinary people's sense of national belonging, and (3) liberal nationalism emerged in mid-nineteenth-century Europe and spread elsewhere in the age of decolonization. In so doing, I show how the current "comparative turn" in political theory can benefit a specific debate—on liberal nationalism—within the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. From Imperialism to Liberalism. Reinventing Trade, Institutions, and Unity in Post-World War I Europe.
- Author
-
GASPARINI, Amedeo
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,INTERNATIONAL trade disputes ,WORLD War I ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,TOTALITARIANISM ,DEMOCRACY ,IMPERIALISM ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. England and Zionism.
- Author
-
Wedgwood, Josiah C.
- Subjects
ZIONISM ,JEWISH nationalism ,LIBERALISM ,PERSECUTION - Abstract
For diplomatists and statesmen of England, it has not been the inspiration among the inheritors of the liberal traditions of England. For them Zionism is right in itself. They see 2,000 years of persecution and ostracism, 2,000 years of intolerance. State and church, their enemies too, have united in the age-long persecution of a race. They see Zionism not only as a city of refuge for the oppressed, but one which they and England have taken a share in building. It is a credit to them. It is their amende, a gesture in the face of the liberal nations of continental Europe.
- Published
- 1922
41. Party system closure and the liberal dimension of democracy: a double-edged sword.
- Author
-
Mölder, Martin, Enyedi, Zsolt, and Casal Bértoa, Fernando
- Subjects
DEMOCRACY ,COALITION governments ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
An institutionalized party system is often regarded as a precondition for a well-functioning democracy. Recent recesses in democracy and, in particular, in the liberal dimension of democracy in relatively established party systems, however, warrant a fresh look into how party system institutionalization shapes liberal democracy. We use a dataset that covers 58 European party systems over more than a century to assess how party system institutionalization in the governmental arena – closure – is related to more robust liberal democracy. Our results show that stable coalition combinations are conducive to higher levels of liberalism, while infrequent government changes and the exclusion of new parties from the governmental arena have a detrimental role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Invoking the Spirit: Salvador de Madariaga, Religious Networks and European Integration Beyond the Churches.
- Author
-
Domínguez-Castro, Luis and Rodríguez-Lago, José Ramón
- Subjects
EUROPEAN integration ,WORLD War I ,LIBERTY of conscience ,POLITICAL philosophy ,COLD War, 1945-1991 ,WORLD War II ,PRIMITIVE & early church, ca. 30-600 - Abstract
The transatlantic religious networks promoted by Americans after World War I not only delivered human and financial resources but they also brought about significant changes in religious and political thought and practice in Europe. The experiences, networks and narratives created through two world wars equipped Europe with an ideological arsenal, which it marshalled against the Soviet threat during the cultural Cold War and which provided the European integration process with resources and legitimacy. The invocation of 'spirit' proved an extremely effective way of legitimizing the European project: it identified materialism as the seed of destruction of civilization; it promoted an interfaith narrative that was acceptable to different churches and religious sensibilities; and it represented human rights as the historical legacy of Christianity. Salvador de Madariaga's life reflects the evolution of the role of religion in the twentieth century, especially with regard to non-denominational Christianity. He was a committed missionary of ecumenist global civic conscience and a crusader for freedom of conscience against totalitarian interference. His defence of liberalism and his repeated calls for a cultural construction of Europe were rooted in his conviction of the intrinsically spiritual nature of all human beings, his identification with the legacy of Christianity and his desire to guarantee universal freedom of spirit. This article analyses documents from Madariaga's personal archive and other archives in Europe and America in order to chronicle his spiritual journey and to understand his crusade to create a 'Europe of the spirit'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. A RETROSPECT TO GERMAN PERSPECTIVES ON EUROPE: HAS GERMANY EVER PROVED TO BE KANTIAN?
- Author
-
ÇAKMAK, Alper
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,HEGEMONY - Abstract
This paper is set out to study whether Germany's European politics can be confined into Kantian (liberal) or Bismarckian (realism) realm and to what extent these two traditions can shed light on the current policy of Germany within European Union. The clash of idealism and realpolitik are going to be used as a means to shed light on Germany's current hegemony in the EU. It is also aimed to point out how permanent emphasis on national interest is prevailing in Adenauer's period and how Bismarckian way of dealing with international relations still protects its validity today. It is argued that Germany's ongoing integration policy (Kantian perspective) is an incremental tool in service of recognition in the international arena in 50s and then paving the way for a renewed hegemony of Germany in the continent. It is a significant descriptive study since it points out how Kantian approach is utilized as a means to reach Bismarckian Germany since many scholars focus on the overlap of national interest and integration policies but not questioning whether German national interest is the prime beneficiary in the process even after the WWII. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Origins of Right-Wing Authoritarianism: Fascism and Radical Islamism.
- Author
-
Midlarsky, Manus I.
- Subjects
- *
FASCISM , *ISLAM - Abstract
This paper explores similarities in behavioral characteristics and etiology of European fascism and radical Islamism. Origins of European fascism in the form of proto-fascist models are found not in Italy and Germany, but in Russia at the time of the Russo-Japanese War. Paramilitarism as a source of terror, willingness to kill wantonly and in large numbers, theatricality and appeal to the emotions, an emphasis on unity in opposition to liberalism, and confrontations with modernity all characterize cases of European fascism and Al Qaeda. A common etiology for both includes their origins in war, the experience of loss and the salience of loss born out of extraordinary contrasts within their historical trajectories. A modified Davies J-curve based on recent findings on the consequences of emotional states of being is found to explain the instances of political extremism. Apparent exceptions are explained within the confines of the theoretical framework. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
45. Globalisation and Regional Integration: The Possibilities and Problems for Trade Unions to Resist Neo-Liberal restructuring in Europe.
- Author
-
Bieler, Andreas
- Subjects
- *
LABOR unions , *LIBERALISM , *BUSINESS partnerships , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
It is frequently argued that European trade unions would have participated in the neo-liberal restructuring of the social relations of production in Europe through an emphasis on a social partnership approach. This paper will critically evaluate these claims and assess whether unions have actually accepted neo-liberalism or whether they could still play a role in resistance to restructuring. Empirically, this analysis will provide a comparative analysis of French and Swedish trade unions. While the French labour movement is characterised by low unionisation levels and little institutionalised impact on policy-making, they have been rather successful at mobilising for demonstrations and strikes. Swedish unions, on the other hand, enjoy one of the highest unionisation levels in the industrialised world and excellent access to policy-making. They are, however, less active in the mobilisation for strikes. Theoretically, this analysis will be based on a neo-Gramscian perspective, able to conceptualise the restructuring processes related to globalisation as well as to assess the underlying rationale of trade unions strategies. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
46. Carr, Darwin, and the Evolution of the World.
- Author
-
Nishimura, Kuniyuki
- Subjects
- *
UTOPIAS , *REALISM , *PROGRESSIVISM , *MODERNISM (Christian theology) , *EUROPEAN history - Abstract
This present study attempts to add another contribution to the recent revisions of Carr by excavating his historical awareness in the text of The Twenty Years' Crisis. Utopianism and realism are not merely conceptual tools for describing the two different schools of thought. I will argue that the two ideal types also accord with the distinct stages of European history: utopianism signifies the nineteenth century Victorian world; realism is the decline of its value in the early twentieth century. As Carr distinguished utopianism and realism because of their philosophies of history, the dynamic of the two appears as the conflict between Victorian progressivism and modernist decadence. In other words, I will try to read The Twenty Years' Crisis as the discussion about the transformation of the European intellectual tradition. The primary objective of the text was to rhetorically vindicate the British tradition of liberal individualism from the threats of continental philosophies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
47. In Search of the Drivers of European Security and Defence Policy: Bringing Domestic Politics Back In.
- Author
-
Pohl, Benjamin
- Subjects
- *
MILITARY policy , *INTERNATIONAL security , *NATION building - Abstract
The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) epitomizes the EU's aspirations to be a key actor in global security, with the deployment of 20 ESDP operations since 2003 the most visible manifestation of this ambition. So far however, the policy's purpose remains under-theorised. Most theoretically inspired analyses have attempted to explain it by invoking systemic pressures, either in the shape of American unipolarity triggering balancing behavior on the part of European states or by pointing to the functional pressures of European integration, some going as far as to interpreting the policy as a tool for European nation-building by way of appropriating yet another traditional symbol of sovereignty. Yet privileging such systemic forces misses the decisive driver of ESDP, namely governmental interests. Abetted by the absence of significant international constraints, what drives foreign policy is governments' quest for domestic legitimacy in order to maximize chances for re-election. Therefore, it is the resulting configuration and intensity of Member states' national preferences that best explains the policy. Analyzing the motivations behind the missions and operations carried out in the ESDP framework, I argue that European states' interest in spreading liberal values and institutions provides the shared impetus for ESDP, whereas cross-national differences with respect to how and where to intervene make for the frequently all too visible constraints. Past and future interventions are thus less a function of systemic pressures than of national preferences resulting from different but overlapping self-conceptions of European societies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
48. State, Capital, and the Transatlantic Security Order: The Limits of European Autonomy.
- Author
-
Cafruny, Alan W.
- Subjects
- *
NEOLIBERALISM , *COMMANDS (Logic) , *POLITICAL autonomy , *LIBERALISM - Abstract
Europeâs neoliberal integration project arose in response to national and regional imperatives, but it also developed within the framework of Atlanticism. Neoliberalism served to unify European capital but also embedded it more deeply into transatlantic ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
49. Estranged Liberals: An Exceptional European Experiment and American Exceptionalism.
- Author
-
Ross, Andrew L.
- Subjects
- *
LIBERALS , *LIBERALISM , *POLITICAL affiliation , *EXCEPTIONALISM (Political science) - Abstract
The relationship between a forward-looking European Union engaged in an exceptional experiment and an overbearing America convinced of, and infatuated with, its own exceptionalism is increasingly strained. Despite extensive and deep-seated transatlantic affinities, the world's two foremost liberal collectivities increasingly part company on what ways and means of conducting interstate relations are most appropriate. The EU's pioneering experiment with institutionalism, constitutionalism, and transnational governance is little celebrated on the western shores of the North Atlantic. Instead, it is American exceptionalism that is celebrated. As practiced of late, an American exceptionalism which has long sought to set the United States apart has done just that. A wedge has been driven between the United States and the EU and its members, both collectively and individually, as well as between the United States and much of the rest of the world. The relationship between the United States and the European Union is not what it could be or what it should be. As long as the European Union stands for institutionalism, constitutionalism, supranational governance, and the domestication of interstate relations and the United States remains wedded to the American exceptionalism practiced of late, tensions between the two will persist. Despite realist assertions to the contrary, the characteristics of units, whether states or otherwise, are of consequence. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
50. Making (Normative) Sense of the Immigration Debate.
- Author
-
O'Brien, Peter
- Subjects
- *
EMIGRATION & immigration , *ETHICS , *LIBERALISM , *NATIONALISM , *POSTMODERNISM (Philosophy) , *CASE studies - Abstract
The article develops a six-fold typology with which to compare ethical positions regarding immigration. It delineates three salient, cogent and ultimately competing moral discourses of liberalism, nationalism and postmodernism. The vehement discord surrounding the practice of veiling in Europe is used as a case study. The typology being developed enables comparativists to move beyond the comparison of national preferences to analysis of differences within nation-states and similarities across countries.
- Published
- 2008
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