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2. Persistence and Graduation Indicators of Postsecondary Students by Parental Income, 2012/2013 Entry Cohort. Education, Learning and Training: Research Paper Series. Catalogue No. 81-595-M
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Van Bussel, Melissa, and Fecteau, Eric
- Abstract
This fact sheet explores the association between parental income and the pathways of young adults in postsecondary education for students who began their studies in the 2012/2013 academic year. Students from low-income families have previously been shown to have lower rates of educational access and attainment. This fact sheet focuses on persistence and graduation indicators, which are now released annually, and furthers the analysis of these indicators by adding a parental income quartile dimension. Overall, the findings provide the following insights: (1) Students in the highest parental income quartile remained enrolled (persisted) and graduated at higher rates than students from the lowest parental income quartile for all selected educational qualifications and groupings. The differences in indicators by the level of parental income were more notable for the graduation rates than for the persistence rates; and (2) For students who graduated, those in the highest parental income quartile graduated as fast or faster than students in the lowest parental income quartile for all selected educational qualifications and groupings, though these differences were generally small. These findings are consistent with similar studies regarding postsecondary experiences of students by socioeconomic status.
- Published
- 2022
3. Labour Market Outcomes of Postsecondary Graduates, Class of 2015. Education, Learning and Training: Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Reid, Alana, Chen, Hui, and Guertin, Rebecca
- Abstract
This article looks at the labour market outcomes of 2015 postsecondary graduates three years after graduation. Specifically, it examines their employment status, job permanency, relatedness of their job or business to their 2015 educational program, the degree to which graduates feel qualified for their job, their employment income and their job satisfaction. This article answers the question: How are graduates of 2015 faring in terms of their integration into the labour market?
- Published
- 2020
4. The Impact of Short-Duration Credentials after an Undergraduate Degree on Labour Market Outcomes. Education, Learning and Training: Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Ntwari, Aimé, and Fecteau, Eric
- Abstract
This study uses longitudinal data combining information from the Postsecondary Student Information System (PSIS) with data from personal income tax (T1 Family File) to analyze the impact of short-duration credentials (certificates and diplomas from colleges and universities), completed after an undergraduate degree, on the outcomes on the labour market of graduates from Canadian public universities.
- Published
- 2020
5. Obtaining a Bachelor's Degree from a Community College: Earnings Outlook and Prospects for Graduate Studies. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada and Frenette, Marc
- Abstract
Traditionally, four-year bachelor's degree programs have been available only at universities. More recently, they have been offered at some community colleges--particularly in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. Using linked administrative postsecondary graduate and personal income tax data, this study finds that college bachelor's degree (CBD) holders earn about 12% more per year, on average, than university bachelor's degree (UBD) holders two years after graduation. Almost all of this gap can be explained by the different field of study choices made by the two groups of students. Compared with their university counterparts, CBD holders were more likely to take programs in business, management and public administration or health and related fields (fields generally associated with higher-than-average earnings), and less likely to take education, humanities or social and behavioural sciences and non-professional law programs (fields generally associated with lower-than-average earnings). The remainder of the earnings gap could be explained by the fact that CBD holders were more than two years older than UBD holders, on average. The study also showed that UBD holders registered faster earnings growth between two and five years after graduation and were more likely to enroll in graduate studies than their counterparts from colleges. Moreover, CBD programs were generally concentrated in colleges that were situated near a university and associated with above-average earnings (compared with other colleges) among their diploma holders.
- Published
- 2019
6. Are the Career Prospects of Postsecondary Graduates Improving? Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada and Frenette, Marc
- Abstract
Given the time and money invested in higher education by students, parents and governments, there is considerable interest in the economic outcomes of postsecondary graduates. Most assessments of recent graduates have focused on their short-term, early labour market results. As new entrants to the labour force, recent postsecondary graduates may be particularly vulnerable to the economic cycle. Consequently, comparisons of short-term outcomes across graduating cohorts may be highly dependent on prevailing economic conditions and may not reflect the longer-term returns on investments. This is the first study to compare the long-term labour market outcomes of two cohorts of young postsecondary graduates using linked census and tax data. Specifically, graduates who were 26 to 35 years old in 1991 were followed from 1991 to 2005 (when they were 40 to 49 years old) and compared with a similarly aged 2001 cohort, which was followed from 2001 to 2015. The results suggest that median cumulative earnings were higher among members of the more recent cohort of male and female postsecondary graduates. Increases were observed across all postsecondary levels and across most major disciplines where sample sizes were large enough to permit analysis. Also, no discipline registered a decline in cumulative earnings. Although the economic conditions faced by the 2001 cohort over the 15-year study period were generally more favourable, this cohort also registered higher earnings than the 1991 cohort during the latter portion of the period (i.e., when the 2001 cohort was faced with an economic recession). Furthermore, the initial labour market conditions upon graduation (an important determinant of career earnings) were similar for both cohorts. The improvements in long-term earnings for postsecondary graduates are important in light of the significant increase in the number of graduates over the period. However, the results also indicate that the number of years of union membership declined or remained steady across cohorts of male and female postsecondary graduates. Furthermore, while women with postsecondary qualifications registered increases in the number of years of employer-sponsored pension plan coverage, their male counterparts experienced mixed results depending on their level of postsecondary studies.
- Published
- 2019
7. Indicators of Teenage Career Readiness: An Analysis of Longitudinal Data from Eight Countries. OECD Education Working Papers. No. 258
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Covacevich, Catalina, Mann, Anthony, Santos, Cristina, and Champaud, Jonah
- Abstract
The aim of the OECD Career Readiness project is to identify patterns of teenage attitudes and activities that are associated with better transitions into employment by analysing multiple national longitudinal datasets. This paper looks for further evidence of the link between teenage activities, experiences and career-related thinking and adult career outcomes by analysing 10 new datasets from eight countries. Overall, the results of this paper find further evidence that secondary school students who explore, experience and think about their futures in work frequently encounter lower levels of unemployment, receive higher wages and are happier in their careers as adults. The findings of this paper are analysed together with the evidence from the two previous working papers of the Career Readiness project, concluding that there is international evidence to support 11 out of the 14 potential indicators that were explored as indicators of career readiness.
- Published
- 2021
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8. International Students, Immigration and Earnings Growth: The Effect of a Pre-Immigration Canadian University Education. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Hou, Feng, and Lu, Yuqian
- Abstract
While destination-country education provides many potential advantages for immigrants, empirical studies in Australia, Canada and the United States have produced mixed results on the labour outcomes of immigrants who are former international students. This study uses large national longitudinal datasets to examine cross-cohort trends and within-cohort changes in earnings among three groups of young university graduates: immigrants who are former international students in Canada (Canadian-educated immigrants), foreign-educated immigrants who had a university degree before immigrating to Canada and the Canadian-born population. The results show that Canadian-educated immigrants on average had much lower earnings than the Canadian-born population but higher earnings than foreign-educated immigrants both in the short term and in the long term. However, Canadian-educated immigrants are a highly heterogeneous group, and the key factor differentiating their post-immigration earnings from the earnings of the Canadian-born population and foreign-educated immigrants is whether they held a well-paid job in Canada before becoming permanent residents.
- Published
- 2017
9. Educational and Labour Market Outcomes of Childhood Immigrants by Admission Class. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Hou, Feng, and Bonikowska, Aneta
- Abstract
It has been well documented that the children of immigrants in Canada outperform their peers with Canadian-born parents in educational attainment, and that the two groups have similar labour market outcomes. However, large variations by ethnicity or source country exist among the children of immigrants. This study examines the extent to which admission class (e.g., skilled workers, business immigrants, live-in caregivers, the family class and refugees) also matters in the socioeconomic outcomes of childhood immigrants who arrived in Canada before the age of 18. Using the 2011 National Household Survey, linked with the Immigrant Landing File, this study finds large differences by admission class in university completion rates and earnings for childhood immigrants aged 25 to 44. Children of skilled workers and business immigrants had the highest university completion rates and earnings. Children of live-in caregivers and in the family class had the lowest university completion rates, and children of live-in caregivers and refugees landed in Canada had the lowest earnings. The analysis shows that the admission class of immigrant parents matters to their children's outcomes partly through group differences in the education and official language ability of parents and partly through the unique pre- and post-migration circumstances experienced by each admission class.
- Published
- 2016
10. The Economic Impacts of Learning Losses. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 225
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Hanushek, Eric A., and Woessmann, Ludger
- Abstract
The worldwide school closures in early 2020 led to losses in learning that will not easily be made up for even if schools quickly return to their prior performance levels. These losses will have lasting economic impacts both on the affected students and on each nation unless they are effectively remediated. While the precise learning losses are not yet known, existing research suggests that the students in grades 1-12 affected by the closures might expect some 3 percent lower income over their entire lifetimes. For nations, the lower long-term growth related to such losses might yield an average of 1.5 percent lower annual GDP for the remainder of the century. These economic losses would grow if schools are unable to re-start quickly. The economic losses will be more deeply felt by disadvantaged students. All indications are that students whose families are less able to support out-of-school learning will face larger learning losses than their more advantaged peers, which in turn will translate into deeper losses of lifetime earnings. The present value of the economic losses to nations reach huge proportions. Just returning schools to where they were in 2019 will not avoid such losses. Only making them better can. While a variety of approaches might be attempted, existing research indicates that close attention to the modified re-opening of schools offers strategies that could ameliorate the losses. Specifically, with the expected increase in video-based instruction, matching the skills of the teaching force to the new range of tasks and activities could quickly move schools to heightened performance. Additionally, because the prior disruptions are likely to increase the variations in learning levels within individual classrooms, pivoting to more individualised instruction could leave all students better off as schools resume. As schools move to re-establish their programmes even as the pandemic continues, it is natural to focus considerable attention on the mechanics and logistics of safe re-opening. But the long-term economic impacts also require serious attention, because the losses already suffered demand more than the best of currently considered re-opening approaches.
- Published
- 2020
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11. Rethinking Social Policy for an Aging Workforce and Society: Insights from the Life Course Perspective. CPRN Discussion Paper.
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Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc., Ottawa (Ontario)., Marshall, Victor W., and Mueller, Margaret M.
- Abstract
Canadian population trends were examined from a life course perspective to identify needed social policy changes. First, the following principles underpinning the life course perspective were discussed: (1) aging involves biological, psychological, and social processes; (2) human development and aging are lifelong processes; (3) individuals' and cohorts' life courses are embedded in and shaped by historical time and place; (4) the antecedents and consequences of life transitions and events vary according to their timing in a person's life; (5) lives are lived interdependently; and (6) individuals construct their own life courses through the choices and actions they take within the opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstances. Next, the following policy domains were analyzed from the life course perspective: (1) education, the transition to employment, and lifelong learning; (2) family and the relationship between work and family; (3) work-to-retirement transitions; (4) income security in the later years; and (5) intergenerational relations and social cohesion. It was recommended that Canadian policymakers responsible for public, corporate, union, and educational policy focus on the increasing inequality that develops over the life course, avoid the error of assuming a model life course, and move toward consideration of need rather than age. (Contains 166 references.) (MN)
- Published
- 2002
12. Birthplace Diversity, Income Inequality and Education Gradients in Generalised Trust: The Relevance of Cognitive Skills in 29 Countries. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 164
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Borgonovi, Francesca, and Pokropek, Artur
- Abstract
The paper examines between-country differences in the mechanisms through which education could promote generalised trust using data from 29 countries participating in the OECD's Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). Results indicate that education is strongly associated with generalised trust and that a large part of this association is mediated by individuals' literacy skills, income and occupational prestige. However, education gradients in levels of generalised trust and in the extent to which they are due to social stratification mechanisms or cognitive skills mechanisms vary across countries. Differences across countries in birthplace diversity and income inequality are correlated with how strongly education is associated with trust in different countries, as well as in the relative magnitude of direct and indirect associations. In particular, the relationship between literacy skills and generalised trust is stronger in the presence of greater birthplace diversity but is weaker in the presence of greater income inequality.
- Published
- 2017
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13. Policy Research Issues for Canadian Youth: Transition Experiences of Young Women. Research Paper Series
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Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch and Andres, Lesley
- Abstract
This paper is part of a research paper series that the Applied Research Branch of Human Resources Development Canada commissioned in 2001 to contribute to the development of a research strategy for young Canadians completing their education and starting their careers. The series focuses on various elements of the school-work transitions of Canadian youth. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the transitional experiences of young women. Research has documented that gender differences exist in educational and occupational choices, experiences, and attainments and that these differences have special characteristics. The additional dimensions of marriage and family can also generate differences in transition pathways between women and men. Two key impressions emerge from this review: how much we know and how little has changed. Female inequality, whether in reference to participation in mathematics and science, different fields of study at post-secondary institutions, employment status, family responsibilities in relation to work, or the income earnings gap, has been remarkably stable over time in the research literature. However, the accounts of persistent stability mask the educational and occupational, and earnings outcomes for certain groups. The least advantaged continue to be female lone parents and low income families. Several recommendations for further research emerge from the studies reviewed in this paper. Further research is needed, especially using longitudinal research designs, to document changes in attitudes, course selection, post-secondary field chosen and eventual occupational attainment. In addition, policies for access to and participation in education and labour market require monitoring. (Contains 17 figures and 5 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2002
14. The Complementarity of Language and Other Human Capital: Immigrant Earnings in Canada. Discussion Paper.
- Author
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Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn (Germany)., Chiswick, Barry R., and Miller, Paul W.
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This paper analyzes the effects of language practice on earnings among adult male immigrants in Canada using data from the 1991 Census of Canada. It examines whether destination language skills are complements to or substitutes in generating earnings with respect to other kinds of human capital (schooling and pre- and post-migration labor market experience). Results show that earnings increase with schooling, pre-immigration experience, duration in Canada, and proficiency in the official languages (English and French). There is complementarity between language skills and both schooling and pre-immigration experience. Greater proficiency in the official languages enhances the effects on earnings of schooling and pre-immigration labor market experience. Language proficiency and post-migration experience appear to be substitutes, in that among people with greater language proficiency, the impact of time in Canada on earnings is smaller. (Contains 15 references.) (Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education) (SM)
- Published
- 2002
15. Working Paper No.1
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Centre for Literacy, Graff, Harvey J., Street, Brian V., Jones, Stan, Graff, Harvey J., Street, Brian V., Jones, Stan, and Centre for Literacy
- Abstract
This document is a collection of three parts: two extended papers and one shorter commentary on the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS). These originally appeared in "Literacy Across the Curriculum" in response to an invitation for comment to several prominent international researchers. The first of these entitled "The Persisting Power and Costs of the Literacy Myth" by Harvey J. Graff appeared in Volume 12, No. 2, Summer 1996. The second "Literacy, Economy and Society--A Review" by Brian V. Street was published in Volume 12, No. 3, Fall 1996. The third, "Ending the Myth of the 'Literacy Myth" by Stan Jones was published in Volume 12, No.4, Winter 1997. These articles have been collected because they reflect a continuing debate on literacy between two schools of thought which have been variously called the autonomous and the socio-cultural. (The second paper, "Literacy, Economy and Society--A Review" by Brian V. Street, contains references.)
- Published
- 1998
16. Doing Poorly: The Real Income of American Children in a Comparative Perspective. Luxembourg Income Study. Working Paper No. 127.
- Author
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Syracuse Univ., NY. Maxwell Graduate School of Citizenship and Public Affairs., CEPS/INSTEAD, Walferdange (Luxembourg)., Rainwater, Lee, and Smeeding, Timothy M.
- Abstract
This paper investigates the real living standards and poverty status of U.S. children in the 1990s compared to the children in 17 other nations, including Europe, Scandinavia, Canada, and Australia. The analysis is based on the Luxembourg Income Study database. It was found that American children have lower real spendable income than do comparable children in almost every other nation studied. In contrast, high income U.S. children are far better off than their counterparts in other nations. Persistently high child poverty rates were also found in the United States when compared with other nations. Demographic factors and the effectiveness of tax and transfer policies in reducing child poverty are also explored, and the paper concludes with a discussion of results and their policy implications. An appendix presents two tables of countries studied and poverty figures. (Contains 3 text tables, 8 figures, and 28 references.) (Author/SLD)
- Published
- 1995
17. Resource Strategies in the 90s: Trends in ARL University Libraries. Occasional Paper 16.
- Author
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Association of Research Libraries, Washington, DC. Office of Management Services. and Melville, Annette
- Abstract
In 1992 the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) surveyed administrators in member libraries regarding resource strategies of the previous three years. This paper summarizes revenue activities, adaptive tactics, and budgetary practices reported by 87 Canadian, U.S. private, and U.S. public university libraries and establishes a baseline for comparing these factors. The period from 1990 to 1992 has been a difficult one for ARL members, with the largest reductions in public support experienced by public university libraries. All respondents sought outside revenues to supplement their campus allocations. Virtually every responding library had experienced some form of internal restructuring, and three of every five had eliminated positions over the three-year survey period. Administrators valued flexibility in fund reallocation very highly, but few had much control over carrying unspent funds to the next year. While 88% of respondents expected the demand for services to grow, only 32% anticipated budget increases. Greater selectivity in activities and greater library sharing are likely to result from the economic realities. Three appendixes contain the survey summary results, the cover letter, and the questionnaire. (Contains 33 references.) (SLD)
- Published
- 1994
18. Age, Ageing and Skills: Results from the Survey of Adult Skills. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 132
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France) and Paccagnella, Marco
- Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the link between age and proficiency in information-processing skills, based on information drawn from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). The data reveal significant age-related differences in proficiencies, strongly suggesting that proficiency tends to "naturally" decline with age. Age differences in proficiency are, at first sight, substantial. On average across the OECD countries participating in PIAAC, adults aged 55 to 65 score some 30 points less than adults aged 25 to 34 on the PIAAC literacy scale, which is only slightly smaller than the score point difference between tertiary educated and less-than-upper-secondary educated individuals. However, despite their lower levels of proficiency, older individuals do not seem to suffer in terms of labour market outcomes. In particular, they generally earn higher wages, and much of the available empirical evidence suggests that they are not less productive than younger workers. Older and more experienced individuals seem therefore able to compensate the decline in information processing skills with the development of other skills, generally much more difficult to measure. On the other hand, proficiency in information-processing skills remain a strong determinant of important outcomes at all ages: this makes it important to better understand which factors are the most effective in preventing such age-related decline in proficiency, which does not occur to the same extent in all countries and for all individuals. Two broad interventions seem to be particularly promising in this respect. First, it is important to ensure that there is adequate and effective investment in skills development early in the life-cycle: as skills beget skills, starting off with a higher stock of human capital seems also to ensure smaller rates of proficiency decline. Second, it is equally important that policies are in place that provide incentives to individuals (and firms) to invest in skills across the entire working life. In this respect, changes in retirement policies can not only have the short-term effect of providing some reliefs to public finance, but have the potential to radically reshape incentives to stay active, to practice their skills and to invest more in training, thus helping to maintain high levels of proficiency. One table, Age Differences and Age Effects, is appended.
- Published
- 2016
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19. Doctorate Education in Canada: Findings from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2005/2006. Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics. Research Paper. Catalogue no. 81-595-M No. 069
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Division, King, Darren, Eisl-Culkin, Judy, and Desjardins, Louise
- Abstract
"Doctorate Education in Canada: Findings from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2005/2006" is the third paper in a series of reports written by the Learning Policy Directorate of Human Resources and Social Development Canada (HRSDC) and the Centre for Education Statistics of Statistics Canada. Each report presents an overview of doctoral education covering annual data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) from each of the three years of the survey's existence (2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006). The Survey of Earned Doctorates is a key source of information regarding the training of doctoral graduates in Canada. It provides information on the pathways of these highly qualified graduates through the education system and sheds light into the expectations of graduates as they transition into employment and postdoctoral education. In this 2005/2006 report, special attention has been given to the foreign born among the doctoral graduates. Foreign-born graduates represent more than one in every five graduates in the 2005/2006 academic year, and over half of all doctoral graduates living in Canada in 2006. Canada's immigration policy, with its emphasis on educational attainment, ensures that the foreign born will continue to account for a large proportion of Canada's doctorate degree holders. Furthermore, attracting foreign-born talent to Canada will be important if Canada is to increase the number of doctoral degree holders, since growth in the graduates from Canadian institutions has been minimal. One of the key challenges will be to retain graduates, both foreign-born and Canadian-born, in Canada upon the completion of their degree. Also unique to this third report, is the ability to discuss trends over the three years of survey data. Standard tables and special tables are appended. A cumulative index is also included. (Contain 22 charts, 1 figure, 8 endnotes and 32 tables.)
- Published
- 2008
20. Agricultural Teaching: Papers Presented at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching. Washington, D. C., November 11, 1913. Bulletin, 1914, No. 27. Whole Number 601
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Department of the Interior, United States Bureau of Education (ED)
- Abstract
The purpose of the American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching, as stated in its constitution, is "to promote the teaching of agriculture and to devise ways and means for increasing the efficiency of such instruction in elementary and secondary schools and in colleges and universities." The time is opportune perhaps for discussing what ought to be the immediate policy of the association in putting its purpose into effect. One matter has already been settled. It has been agreed that for the present efforts shall be centered principally upon promoting the teaching of agriculture in the secondary schools, by devising ways and means of making that teaching more efficient. One who has marked the recent multiplication in the number of secondary schools attempting to teach agriculture can not but commend restriction of attention to the important problems which these schools present. Appended are: (1) 1913 summer practicum (home project) work of the University of Minnesota Northwest School of Agriculture, Crookston, Minn; (2) Students' reports on 1912 and 1913 summer practicum work at Crookston, Minn; (3) Use of land by high schools teaching agriculture. Returns for school year 1911-12; (4) The cooperative use of equipment and illustrative material in teaching agriculture; and (5) Massachusetts State-aided vocational agricultural education-- Examples of the income of pupils from farm work during attendance at school in 1913. [Best copy available has been provided.]
- Published
- 1914
21. Trends and Characteristics of Rural and Small Town Canada. Working Paper No. 15.
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Statistics Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). and Biggs, Brian
- Abstract
This report summarizes demographic, economic, and social statistics on Canada's rural and small towns through 1989. Rural and small towns include areas with populations of less than 10,000 persons or a population density of less than 400 per square kilometer. The first section examines rural-urban differences in population trends and age structures as well as migration patterns between rural and urban areas. The second section focuses on the labor market and compares rural and urban Canada in terms of labor force participation, employment by industry, and unemployment rates. The last section focuses on social indicators, including rural and urban trends in family income, income inequality, education, literacy levels, and crime rates. Data indicate that while the urbanization of the Canadian population has continued virtually unabated since 1851, the rural population has exhibited steady growth in absolute terms. Although the service sector of rural and small towns has grown in both absolute and relative terms since 1976, primary employment remains concentrated in rural areas. However, the decline in agricultural employment and primary industry employment has led to a decline in the rural share of employment growth. As to social indicators, the lowest average incomes were found in rural areas and small towns with populations less than 30,000. However, rural Canada had the lowest incidence of low-income families, the least extreme income inequality rates, and the lowest crime rates. Educational levels were directly related to population size. For example, the share of the relevant population with some postsecondary education increased with the degree of urbanization. In addition, rural and small towns with populations of less than 5,000 had a higher proportion of individuals over 15 years old with less than a ninth-grade education, when compared to large urban centers. Includes 71 figures, references, and rural population statistics for Canada and its provinces during 1931-86. (LP)
- Published
- 1993
22. Childhood-onset disabilities and lifetime earnings growth: A longitudinal analysis.
- Author
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Jeon SH, Park J, and Kohen D
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Child, Canada, Retirement, Social Security, Income, Disabled Persons
- Abstract
This study offers insights into lifetime earnings growth differences between individuals with and without childhood-onset disabilities (COD) defined as disabilities whose onset occurred before an individual's 16th birthday. We use a newly available database linking data from the 2017 Canadian Survey of Disability with individual income tax records covering a period of over 3 decades. We estimate the average earnings growth profiles of individuals with COD from the age when individuals generally enter the labor market to the age when most retire. The main finding of our study is that individuals with COD experience very little earnings growth when they are in their mid-30 and 40s while the earnings of those without COD grow steadily until they reach their late 40s and early 50s. The largest earnings growth differences between individuals with and without COD are observed for male university graduates., (© 2023 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada. Health Economics © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2023
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23. The projected health and economic impact of increased colorectal cancer screening participation among Canadians by income quintile.
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Adegbulugbe AA, Farah E, Ruan Y, Yong JHE, Cheung WY, and Brenner DR
- Subjects
- Humans, Canada epidemiology, Middle Aged, Aged, Male, Female, Healthcare Disparities, North American People, Colorectal Neoplasms diagnosis, Early Detection of Cancer statistics & numerical data, Early Detection of Cancer economics, Income statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: Disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake by socioeconomic status have been observed in Canada. We used the OncoSim-Colorectal model to evaluate the health and economic outcomes associated with increasing the participation rates of CRC screening programs to 60% among Canadians in different income quintiles., Methods: Baseline CRC screening participation rates were obtained from the 2017 Canadian Community Health Survey. The survey participants were categorized into income quintiles using their reported household income and 2016 Canadian Census income quintile thresholds. Within each quintile, the participation rate was the proportion of respondents aged 50-74 who reported having had a fecal test in the past two years. Using the OncoSim-Colorectal model, we simulated an increase in CRC screening uptake to 60% across income quintiles to assess the effects on CRC incidence, mortality, and associated economic costs from 2024 to 2073., Results: Increasing CRC screening participation rates to 60% across all income quintiles would prevent 69,100 CRC cases and 36,600 CRC deaths over 50 years. The improvement of clinical outcomes would also translate to increased person-years and health-adjusted person-years. The largest impact was observed in the lowest income group, with 22,200 cases and 11,700 deaths prevented over 50 years. Increased participation could lead to higher screening costs ($121 million CAD more per year) and lower treatments costs ($95 million CAD less per year), averaged over the period 2024-2073., Conclusion: Increased screening participation will improve clinical outcomes across all income groups while alleviating associated treatment costs. The benefits of increased participation will be strongest among the lowest income quintile., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
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24. A Demographic Overview of the Native Populations in Alberta. Background Paper No. 1.
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Alberta Dept. of Native Affairs, Edmonton.
- Abstract
Data from the 1981 Census of Canada were used to gain an overview of the demographic and social characteristics of the aboriginal populations in Alberta and to compare the situations of aboriginal and non-aboriginal peoples with regard to age and geographical distribution, educational attainment, labor force activity, and income. Census figures showed Alberta's Native population to be young and fast growing. In 1981, 42% of Alberta's Natives were under the age of 15 compared to 24% of non-Natives, and the Native population was increasing at 3 times the rate for the Canadian general public. Over 40% of the total Native population resided in Alberta's major urban centers. Non-Natives were significantly better educated than Natives even though Natives are achieving higher levels of education over time. The labor force participation rate for Native persons was 51.8% compared to 71.7% for all Albertans. Unemployment rates for rural Natives were nearly four times higher than those of rural non-Natives. The average income for Native private households was $20,555 compared with $28,186 for non-Native households. Rural Natives tended to have lower incomes than did urban Natives. Significantly, 27% of rural Natives reported no income compared with less than 16% among urban dwellers. (JHZ)
- Published
- 1985
25. Intergenerational reproduction and self-rated health in Canada.
- Author
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Veenstra G and Vanzella-Yang A
- Subjects
- Adult, Canada, Child, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Reproduction, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status, Income
- Abstract
Intergenerational processes in which the socioeconomic status of middle- and upper-class parents is reproduced in their children have been extensively documented by social scientists. We mobilized a unique dataset, the Longitudinal and International Study of Adults (LISA) linked to income data from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), to investigate the relevance of intergenerational socioeconomic reproduction for inequalities in self-rated health in a national sample of Canadians aged 25 to 50. We found strong intergenerational elasticities implicating both parental education and parental family income in the acquisition of both personal education and personal family income. Parental education was not significantly associated with self-rated health. Parental family income was significantly associated with self-rated health among women only, partly explained by the socioeconomic status of the women themselves. These results suggest that intergenerational reproduction plays a small role in the generation of high levels of self-rated health among Canadian women but not among Canadian men., (© 2022 Canadian Sociological Association/La Société canadienne de sociologie.)
- Published
- 2022
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26. Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on International Students and Universities in Canada
- Author
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Firang, David and Mensah, Joseph
- Abstract
International students in Canada make enormous contribution to the Canadian economy. As domestic students' enrolment has declined, international students' admissions have compensated for economic losses that Canadian universities incur from the decline of domestic students' enrolment. The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting international students' admissions to Canadian universities. Drawing on various secondary data sources, this article argues that international students in Canada are vulnerable due to their temporary immigration status. They are excluded from most governments' relief programs aimed at supporting Canadians during this pandemic. Most international students experience psychological and financial difficulties amid the pandemic. The situation is triggering a further decline in international students' admission, creating economic implications for Canadian universities. By exploring the challenges facing international students and the strategies required to strengthen international students' resilience and universities' capacities, the paper contributes to our understanding of the plights of international students and educational institutions amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Published
- 2022
27. A Primer on Responsibility Centre Budgeting and Responsibility Centre Management. Professional File, Winter 1999, Number 17.
- Author
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Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education. and Lang, Daniel W.
- Abstract
This monograph is a "how-to" manual on responsibility center budgeting (RCB) and responsibility center management (RCM) in the context of Canadian and U.S. institutions. It explains how RCB/RCM works in practice and discusses some of the problems encountered in implementing this strategy at a number of Canadian and U.S. universities. The paper reviews the basic elements of RCB/RCM, which includes the calculation of all revenue generated by an academic unit, recalibrated periodically to ensure the reliability of cost information; the advantages of RCB/RCM in exposing costs that are often known but not recognized; the problems and disadvantages of RCB/RCM, including an institution's assumption that it has more knowledge of costs than it actually does have; how to install and costs of RCB/RCM, noting the need for a long-term commitment to the principles of RCB/RCM and a long-term understanding of markets and program costs; and the relationship of RCB/RCM to institutional plans and mission statements. In concluding the paper some RCB/RCM do's and don'ts are offered, along with a brief discussion of the future of RCB/RCM. A series of charts on central overhead model methodology, as well as financial worksheets are included. (Contains 36 book/journal references and 23 institutional reports on RCB/RCM.) (CH)
- Published
- 1999
28. COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts on the Work Placements of Postsecondary Students in Canada. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada
- Author
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Statistics Canada and Wall, Katherine
- Abstract
This paper provides insight on how postsecondary students' work placements were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Results are based on the recent Statistics Canada crowdsourcing data collection completed by over 100,000 postsecondary students between April 19 and May 1, 2020.
- Published
- 2020
29. Addressing Equity in Alberta. A Historical Review.
- Author
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Fisher, John R. and Elhav, Moshe
- Abstract
This paper provides a historical review of equity in funding education in Alberta. It describes government attempts to address fiscal inequities and shows how the introduction of full spending in 1994 addressed many of the equity problems in Alberta. Full provincial funding of education has proved an overall success, but it faces the following challenges: unresolved litigation regarding the opting out of separate school boards from the Alberta School Foundation Fund, the potential for average programming and delivery, a short-lived narrowing of the equity gap, the need for funds to provide vertical equity, and variable assessments of property values. A conclusion is that horizontal equity has improved due to the introduction of full funding in Alberta. One hundred percent of the funds are equitably distributed under a similar set of rules. The measure has reduced the cost of education and equalized tax rates. However, the province needs to consider ways to improve vertical equity--the need for different amounts of funding to meet different needs--and other inequities affecting student achievement and access to knowledge. One table is included. The appendix contains a list of equity indicators. (Contains 31 references.) (LMI)
- Published
- 1996
30. Linking Investment in Education to Economic Growth.
- Author
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Fennell, Brian H.
- Abstract
The relationship between investment in education and economic growth in Alberta, Canada, is explored in this paper, which examines the value of education to the individual in terms of rate of employment and salary. Assuming earning differentials to be a measure of the contribution of education to economic growth, the lifetime earnings of high school graduates were compared to those of two groups: those with less than grade 9 education and those with some high school education. Findings indicate that completion of high school is profitable, especially for females, and that a direct positive relationship exists between education spending and the gross domestic product (GDP) in Alberta. A conclusion is that educated people earn higher salaries and contribute more to the economy in terms of increased productivity and spending and that there are good reasons why the completion of high school and public investment in education should be encouraged. Seven figures and 15 tables are included. Appendices contain data on male and female average incomes in Alberta, the GDP, and basic education costs. (Contains 24 references.) (LMI)
- Published
- 1992
31. Class, partisanship and the great recession: the conflicting influences on attitudes towards inequality during economic crises.
- Author
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Haddon E
- Subjects
- Canada, Public Opinion, Attitude, Economic Recession statistics & numerical data, Income statistics & numerical data, Politics, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors
- Abstract
While some scholars suggest that critical attitudes towards inequality follow the class gradient during recessions, others find that classes are largely unresponsive. In this article, I consider how party affiliation interacts with class to shape perceptions of inequality during a recession. I argue that it is important to look at the interplay between class and partisanship to better understand individual views towards inequality during times of economic crises. Leveraging data from the International Social Survey Programme before and after The Great Recession, I find that the recession did not raise awareness of inequality across classes. This is because party affiliation moderates the relationship differently according to class. Specifically, party affiliation is more important in shaping the inequality views for the upper class and less so for the working class. Future research needs to consider the interplay between class and politics when exploring how inequality attitudes respond to economic crises., (© 2021 Canadian Sociological Association/La Société canadienne de sociologie.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Investigating the Interrelations Between Systems of Support in 13- to 18-Year-Old Adolescents: A Network Analysis of Resilience Promoting Systems in a High and Middle-Income Country.
- Author
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Höltge J, Theron L, van Rensburg A, Cowden RG, Govender K, and Ungar M
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Canada, Caregivers, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family, Female, Humans, Male, South Africa, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Cultural Diversity, Income statistics & numerical data, Psychology, Adolescent, Resilience, Psychological
- Abstract
Adolescents' ability to function well under adversity relies on a network of interrelated support systems. This study investigated how consecutive age groups differ in the interactions between their support systems. A secondary data analysis of cross-sectional studies that assessed individual, caregiver, and contextual resources using the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (Ungar & Liebenberg, 2005) in 13- to 18-year-olds in Canada (N = 2,311) and South Africa (N = 3,039) was conducted applying network analysis. Individual and contextual systems generally showed the highest interconnectivity. While the interconnectivity between the individual and caregiver system declined in the Canadian sample, a u-shaped pattern was found for South Africa. The findings give first insights into cross-cultural and context-dependent patterns of interconnectivity between fundamental resource systems during adolescence., (© 2021 Society for Research in Child Development.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Learning to Walk the Wire: Preparing Students for Precarious Life
- Author
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Taylor, Alison
- Abstract
University students today are preparing for a more precarious future than previous generations, and the global pandemic has exacerbated their sense of insecurity and vulnerability. Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of undergraduate students at a large Canadian university, this paper examines the narratives of working students, before and since the pandemic lockdowns began in early 2020. Narratives focus on students' attempts to handle the diverse rhythms of multiple activities, and how they respond to precariousness in work, family, and academic studies. Findings illustrate intractable tensions within higher education between logics of competition and care, and between access and selectivity. Further, universities, as well as employers, can be seen to contribute to the precarity of students, and to a 'crisis of care' in society more generally. Our analysis suggests the need for a more expansive and generous vision for higher education, which recognizes and supports students in their diversity.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Poverty and Education Report: Students Are Not to Blame--Understanding the Structural Causes of Family Poverty. BCTF Research Report. Section XII. 2009-EI-01
- Author
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British Columbia Teachers' Federation (BCTF) (Canada) and White, Margaret
- Abstract
In 2006, there were an estimated 181,000 low-income children in the province, with British Columbia (BC) reporting the highest before-tax child poverty rate (21.9%) in Canada (15.8%) for the fifth year in a row. This was the news in the "2008 Child Poverty Report Card" recently released by the First Call: BC Child and Youth Advocacy Coalition. Many of these families lived on incomes that were at least $11,000 below the before-tax low-income threshold. These figures tell that thousands of BC families are struggling economically, whose children are dealing with the effects of poverty. The current economic recession will further intensify the challenges many families face in earning an income sufficient to support their families. Part 1 of this paper discusses why it is important for educators to challenge assumptions and beliefs about the structural causes of poverty. How one thinks, feels, and communicates about poverty makes a difference in how students feel about themselves and their school community. This section also draws on educational research to explore conceptual issues around the framing of poverty and children. Part 2 of this paper draws on current policy and statistical reports to examine how economic, political, and social changes over the past decade have contributed to child and family poverty. Improving one's understanding of the structural determinants of poverty can help to raise awareness of the external factors that undermine the efforts of many families to achieve economic security. The response of the BC government to the issue of child and family poverty is compared to that of other Canadian provinces. This section concludes by describing poverty reduction strategies proposed by social policy advocates. Implications for the public education system are discussed throughout the paper. (Contains 1 table and 3 charts.)
- Published
- 2009
35. Business with Words: Language Programs That Generate Revenue and Impact Communities
- Author
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Eaton, Sarah Elaine
- Abstract
This paper examines the "business" of language programs. In particular, it focuses on the economic impact of English as a Second language programs physically located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada which draw and serve foreign students. The impact such programs have on the wider community will also be explored. A bibliography is included. (Contains 3 tables.)
- Published
- 2006
36. 'Hungry for an Education': Prevalence and Outcomes of Food Insecurity among Students at a Primarily Undergraduate University in Rural Nova Scotia
- Author
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Frank, Lesley
- Abstract
This paper reports on food insecurity among students attending a university in rural Nova Scotia. In 2015, 1,030 students completed an online, 38-item cross-sectional survey. The results report that 38.1% of students experienced food insecurity during the previous 12 months. Food insecurity was statistically associated with living arrangements, source of funds for schooling, meal plans, and year of study. Poor overall health, poor mental health, high stress, and poor academic performance were significantly higher for food-insecure students. Students employed multiple coping strategies, with implications for academic success and long-term debt. Qualitative analysis revealed four themes related to insufficient money for food: inability to cover basic needs, health-related outcomes of persistent worry, loss of time from learning, and impacts on social life. This research demonstrates the need to re-evaluate funding policies for post-secondary education in Canada to ensure students can afford the costs of basic needs and educational costs.
- Published
- 2018
37. Motives and Measures of Higher Education Internationalisation: A Case Study of a Canadian University
- Author
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Yesufu, Lawal O.
- Abstract
Internationalisation is the inclusion of international, intercultural and global dimensions into the objectives, policies and practices in the delivery of postsecondary education. The objective of the research was to investigate the types of partnerships and internationalisation approaches that exist in higher education, the motives of internationalisation and the most appropriate approaches to measuring the quality and progress of internationalisation in higher education. A number of studies on internationalisation have been carried out. However, there is a limit on the scale and amount of research undertaken on measuring the output of internationalisation in higher education, in particular in the context of the Canadian higher education system. This paper is based on case study research to determine the motives of internationalisation in higher education in a Canadian university and it uses the Knight Internationalisation Tracking Measure to test the quality and progress of internationalisation in the university. The research entailed document analysis, interviews and surveys which were designed to gather data on internationalisation practices and objectives from university staff involved in the management of internationalisation and international partnerships. The content of the interviews and surveys were based on the measures defined by the Knight Internationalisation Tracking Measure. The research found that higher education institutions are motivated by the prospects of attracting additional income to make-up for the reduction in government funding. In addition, internationalisation offers access to staff development opportunities, internationalisation of the curriculum, and wider benefits leading to societal development. These findings and recommendations are drawn from a single case study.
- Published
- 2018
38. Gender, Education, and Labour Market Participation across the Life Course: A Canada/Germany Comparison
- Author
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Andres, Lesley, Lauterbach, Wolfgang, Jongbloed, Janine, and Hümme, Hartwig
- Abstract
In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of 'time,' 'normative patterns,' 'order and disorder,' and 'discontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the "Paths on Life's Way" (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German "Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE)" which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences -- and in particular gender differences -- in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. 'Normative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by 'disordered' and 'discontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Patterns of Cross-National Variation in the Association between Income and Academic Achievement
- Author
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Chmielewski, Anna K. and Reardon, Sean F.
- Abstract
In a recent paper, Reardon found that the relationship between family income and children's academic achievement grew substantially stronger in the 1980s and 1990s in the United States. We provide an international context for these results by examining the income-achievement association in 19 other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries using data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study and the Programme for International Student Assessment. First, we calculate and compare the magnitude of "income achievement gaps" across this sample of countries. Second, we investigate the association between the size of a country's income achievement gap, its income inequality, and a variety of other country characteristics. We find considerable variation across countries in income achievement gaps. Moreover, the U.S. income achievement gap is quite large in comparison to this sample of countries. Our multivariate analyses show that the income achievement gap is positively associated with educational differentiation, modestly negatively associated with curricular standardization, and positively associated with national levels of poverty and inequality.
- Published
- 2016
40. A Submission on Tax Reform from the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada to the Standing Committee of the House of Commons on Finance and Economic Affairs.
- Author
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Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).
- Abstract
The Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada's comments on Canada's 1987 White Paper on Tax Reform are presented. The comments relate primarily to five income tax issues: charitable giving to colleges and universities, faculty pensions, tuition, the reporting of tax deductions at source, and research and development efforts. For each issue, the association's perspective on the problem is summarized and a recommendation is made. The recommendations are that: (1) the highest level of tax credit apply to all charitable donations to higher education institutions, not just to the largest; (2) further consideration be given to proposed limits on faculty pension plan donations; (3) the government remove the limit on the transferability of the tuition tax credit to a supporting parent or grandparent; (4) employers be required to remit income tax deducted at source within 7 days of normal payroll dates or be compensated for the increased cost of administering the payroll deduction system on its behalf; and (5) the definition of research under the income tax legislation be amended to include research in the humanities and social sciences. (MSE)
- Published
- 1987
41. The Academic Takes It All? A Comparison of Returns to Investment in Education between Graduates and Apprentices in Canada
- Author
-
Kopatz, Susanne and Pilz, Matthias
- Abstract
This paper analyses the returns to education of specific occupations in Canada. The purpose is to scrutinize whether and in how far academic and vocational education do differ in monetary benefits regarding individual returns. Therefore, two different methodologies of calculation are used to compute the concrete returns to education. As a result it is shown empirically that within the here selected occupational groups (e.g. librarians and electricians) there is no decisive earnings benefit regarding academic careers, although a positive correlation of income level and educational achievement can be verified. Our findings justify revisiting the underlying assumption that vocational education and training cannot generate benefits comparable with those generated by higher education. The earnings data suggest that monetary aspects may be less crucial than generally assumed to the reputation and perceived value of vocational education and training. Therefore, social status and prestige seem to be the most significant contributory factors to vocational training's low status in Canada.
- Published
- 2015
42. Liberal Arts Catch-Up Revisited
- Author
-
Goyder, John
- Abstract
This paper replicates the work of Giles and Drewes from the 1990s. They showed a catch-up effect whereby graduates of liberal arts undergraduate programs, although at an early-career disadvantage compared with graduates of applied programs, had higher incomes by mid-career. Working with the Panel 5 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (2005-2010), the catch-up no longer exists.
- Published
- 2014
43. The impact of income-support interventions on life course risk factors and health outcomes during childhood: a systematic review in high income countries.
- Author
-
Boccia, Delia, Maritano, Silvia, Pizzi, Costanza, Richiardi, Matteo G., Lioret, Sandrine, and Richiardi, Lorenzo
- Subjects
HIGH-income countries ,POOR children ,MINIMUM wage ,TAX credits ,CONDITIONAL cash transfer programs - Abstract
Background: In high income countries one in five children still lives in poverty, which is known to adversely shape the life course health trajectory of these children. However, much less is understood on whether social and fiscal policies have the capacity to reverse this damage, which intervention is likely to be most effective and when these interventions should be delivered to maximise their impact. This systematic review attempts to address these questions by looking at the impact of income-support interventions, delivered during the first 1,000 days of life, on cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory and mental health outcomes. Methods: The review was restricted to experimental or quasi experimental studies conducted in high income countries. Studies were retrieved from multidisciplinary databases as well as health, economic, social sciences-specific literature browsers. All papers retrieved through the search strategy were double screened at title, abstract and full text stage. Relevant data of the selected studies were extracted and collected in tables, then summarised via narrative synthesis approach. Robustness of findings was assessed by tabulating impact by health outcome, type of intervention and study design. Results: Overall, 16 relevant papers were identified, including 15 quasi-experimental studies and one randomized control trial (RCT). Income-support interventions included were unconditional/conditional cash transfers, income tax credit and minimum wage salary policies. Most studies were conducted in United States and Canada. Overall, the evidence suggested limited effect on mental health indicators but a positive, albeit small, effect of most policies on birth weight outcomes. Despite this, according to few studies that tried to extrapolate the results into public health terms, the potential number of negative outcomes averted might be consistent. Conclusions: Income-support interventions can positively affect some of the health outcomes of interest in this review, including birth weight and mental health. Given the large number of people targeted by these programs, one could infer that – despite small – the observed effect may be still relevant at population level. Nonetheless, the limited generalisability of the evidence gathered hampers firm conclusions. For the future, the breadth and scope of this literature need to be broadened to fully exploit the potential of these interventions and understand how their public health impact can be maximised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Non-Formal Arts Learning Sector, Youth Provision, and Paradox in the Learning City
- Author
-
Poyntz, Stuart R., Coles, Rebecca, Fitzsimmons-Frey, Heather, Bains, Alysha, Sefton-Green, Julian, and Hoechsmann, Michael
- Abstract
The 'learning city' contains a range of non-formal learning economies. In recent years researchers have focused on, what has been termed, the non-formal arts learning sector, to document best practices, the emergence of new literacies and/or cultural practices, and to highlight interventions that support otherwise marginalised and underserved communities. Yet, for all of this attention, the non-formal learning sector has remained an opaque object, defined by hazy boundaries, diverse programme structures, and a presence in cities that is difficult to grasp. In this paper we develop an account of the non-formal arts learning sector for socially disadvantaged youth by treating it as a 'socio-technical assemblage' of the learning city. We draw on data from the "Youthsites" research project and examine the history, priorities, and tensions in the sector between 1995 and 2015, a period when the youth arts sector has become a significant feature of urban space. We trace the emergence of the sector in three global cities, analyse a series of paradoxes linked to income and property, the labelling of youth, and organisation aims, and show how these paradoxes shape the sector's broader relationship with the state, labour and consumer markets, and related institutions that allocate support for young people.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Poverty and Education: A Teacher's Perspective--Summary of the Findings of the Focus Group Research. BCTF Research Report. Section V. 2012-EI-01
- Author
-
British Columbia Teachers' Federation (BCTF) (Canada) and White, Margaret
- Abstract
In 2009, 100,000 children in British Columbia (BC) lived in families who have incomes below the after-tax poverty line, with BC having the highest child poverty rate in Canada (First Call, 2011). Income inequality is also increasing among BC families (First Call, 2010), a trend that has emerged in Canada and the United States. This report provides a summary of the main themes that were identified in the analysis of the focus group data on teacher perceptions of: (1) how poverty affects student learning and participation in school activities, (2) challenges encountered and strategies used to support students to overcome educational barriers related to poverty and (3) recommendations for what is needed in the classroom, school, and community to support low-income students and their families to overcome educational barriers related to poverty. The report concludes with a brief summary of actions taken by the social justice teachers involved in the research, after the focus groups were completed. (Contains 7 tables and 4 footnotes.) [This paper was prepared through collaboration with Ilse Hill, Stacey Kemp, Julia MacRae, and Linda Young.]
- Published
- 2012
46. The Ultimatum Game, Distribution of Income and Re-Distributive Policy
- Author
-
Seldon, James R. and Tsigaris, Peter
- Abstract
In this paper we examine the ultimatum game's income distribution and efficiency implications and modify the game to investigate the impact of re-distributional policies imposed on the parties.
- Published
- 2010
47. What Are the Alternatives to Student Loans in Higher Education Funding?
- Author
-
Stokes, Anthony and Wright, Sarah
- Abstract
In a period of student loan scandals and U.S. financial market instability impacting on the cost and availability of student loans, this paper looks at alternative models of higher education funding. In this context, it also considers the level of financial support that the government should provide to higher education.
- Published
- 2010
48. The Plight of the ESL Program Director
- Author
-
Eaton, Sarah Elaine
- Abstract
In this presentation we will examine the situation of English as a Second Language (ESL) program managers, many of whom are charged with the responsibility of marketing their programs and recruiting students internationally, often with little or no training in how to do so (Eaton, 2005). Not only are they set forth ill-prepared, the repercussions for insufficient revenue generation may be harsh, including having to fire instructors or having their programs may be closed by the very institutions they serve (Mickelson, 1997; Soppelsa, 1997; Staczek, 1997), many of which regard such programs as lucrative (Rubin, 1997). Building on the work that has been done in this field to date, my research adds in the voices of three language program directors, Anuradha (English for Academic Purposes), Karen (English for Professional Purposes) and Yassin (English Language Program, Continuing Education) each of whom directed a different program at the University of Calgary at the time this study was conducted. They offer commentary and insight into matters of importance for ESL administrators. Finally, I shall offer some recommendations on how things may be improved for the future.
- Published
- 2008
49. The Funding of Academic Collaborations
- Author
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WCET (WICHE Cooperative for Educational Technologies), Michelau, Demaree K., and Poulin, Russell
- Abstract
To leverage expertise and efficiencies in implementing educational technologies, higher education leaders often create centralized service organizations or inter-institutional partnerships. Defined as "academic collaborations," these organizations foster inter-institutional partnerships that share resources to increase institutional capacity for, sharing of, and access to technology-mediated courses and programs. This paper surveyed academic collaborations to gain insight on effective models used to finance their activities. In late 2007 and early 2008, WCET (WICHE Cooperative for Educational Technologies) and the WICHE (Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education) Policy Analysis and Research unit targeted 85 academic collaborations with a survey, seeking input on the amount and sources of their funding. Thirty-nine organizations responded, resulting in a 46 percent response rate. Of the original 85 targeted organizations, eight appeared to be defunct and another six appeared to be operational, but no current contact person could be found for them. The survey expanded on prior research models by including Canadian and interstate collaborations that were not part of earlier studies. The following policy implications arise from observations based upon the survey responses: (1) There is no one best financial model; (2) Evolve or dissolve; (3) Diversify or focus; (4) Few and fewer funding choices; (5) Donated is not free; (6) Beware of the politics; and (7) Fasten your seat belts, it's going to be a bumpy economic ride. Appended are: (1) Survey Instrument; (2) Emails Sent to Potential Respondents; and (3) Survey Respondents (Academic Collaborations). A glossary is included. (Contains 5 figures, 21 tables and 14 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2008
50. Young Workers: Varieties of Experience.
- Author
-
American Psychological Association, Washington, DC., Barling, Julian, Kelloway, E. Kevin, Barling, Julian, Kelloway, E. Kevin, and American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
This book contains nine papers devoted to the psychological experience of youth employment and its role in shaping future employment experiences and expectations. "Introduction" (Julian Barling, E. Kevin Kelloway) emphasizes the diversity of young people as a group and the diversity of individual youth's employment experience. "The Nature of Youth Employment" (Catherine Loughlin, Julian Barling) examines relationships between employment quality and young people's work-related attitudes and behaviors. "Learning To Work: The Development of Work Beliefs" (E. Kevin Kelloway, Steve Harvey) explores the impact of learning before and during employment. "Gender Differences in Employment and Income Experiences among Young People" (Serge Desmarais, James Curtis) considers previous and new research on gender and youth employment. "Developmental Consequences of Youth Employment" (Michael R. Frone) reviews developmental outcomes of employment among adolescents. "Child Labor and Exploitation" (Chaya S. Piotrkowski, Joanne Carrubba) discusses child labor in the United States and worldwide. "Occupational Safety and Health in Young People" (Dawn N. Castillo) details the substantial risks that employment poses to U.S. youths. "Reconceptualizing Youth Unemployment" (Graham S. Lowe, Harvey Krahn) documents how school-to-work transition and life course perspectives can enrich a social-psychological understanding of youth unemployment. "Youth and Labor Representation" (Daniel G. Gallagher) reviews current trends and future directions in the relationship between young people and labor unions. All papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)
- Published
- 1999
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