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The aim of the research was to collect and to examine the positive effects of various physical activity (PA) programs on individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This included a combination of aerobic exercises and resistance training, with varying intensities, in order to compare which approach yielded better outcomes for T2DM management; This systematic review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines, focusing on the period from 1991 to 2024. Studies included in this review involved both experimental procedures and questionnaire-based surveys to assess the impact of PA on T2DM patients. The primary outcome was the effect of PA on T2DM, with secondary outcomes including changes in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glycemic control; A total of 23 studies, encompassing 1752 participants (515 men, 546 women, and 691 unspecified), met the inclusion criteria. The studies highlighted the positive effects of exercise, such as improvements in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles. Most studies recommended a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises performed 3-4 times per week for 30-60 minutes per session; This systematic review confirms that regular PA is instrumental in managing T2DM. Health care providers should integrate PA programs into treatment plans for T2DM patients to optimize glycemic control and overall health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence identifies a potent role for aerobic exercise to modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons related to appetite; however, these studies have been primarily performed in male rodents. Since females have markedl y different neuronal mechanisms regulating food intake, the current study aimed to d etermine the effects of acute treadmill exercise on hypothalamic neuron populations involved in regulating appetite in female mice. Mature, untrained female mice were exp osed to acute sedentary, low- (10 m/min), moderate- (14 m/min), and high (18 m/min)-intensity treadmill exercise in a randomized crossover design. Mice were fasted 10 h before exercise, and food intake was monitored for 48 h after bouts. I mmunohistochemical detection of cFOS was performed 3 h post-exercise to determine the changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and SIM1-expressing neuron a ctivity concurrent with the changes in food intake. Additionally, stains for pSTAT3tyr705 and pERKthr202/tyr204 were performed to detect exercise-mediated changes in intracell ular signaling. Briefly, moderate- and high-intensity exercises increased 24-h food inta ke by 5.9 and 19%, respectively, while low-intensity exercise had no effects. Furth ermore, increases in NPY/AgRPARC, SIM1PVN, and TH neuron activity were observed 3 h after high-intensity exercise, with no effects on POMCARC neurons. While no effects of exercise on pERKthr202/tyr204 were observed, pSTAT3tyr705 was elevated specifically in NPY/AgRP neurons 3 h post-exercise. Overall, aerobic exercise increased the activity of s everal appetite-stimulating neuron populations in the hypothalamus of female mice, which may provide insight into previously reported sexual dimorphisms in post-exercise feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic inflexibility are linked to insulin resistance, and women with PCOS appear to be metabolic inflexible in the rested, insulin-stimulated state. Exercise training is a primary lifestyle intervention in PCOS. Exercise training improves whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise in healthy women, yet little is known about the effect on this outcome in women with PCOS. Methods: We measured whole-body fat oxidation rates during sub maximal exercise before and after 16 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT) in women with PCOS randomly allocated to either: low- or high-volume HIT (n = 41; low-volume HIT, 10 × 1 min work bouts at maximal, sustainable intensity and high-volume HIT, 4 × 4 min work bouts at 90–95% of maximal heart rate) or non-exercise control (n = 23), and in women without PCOS (Non-PCOS) allocated to low- or high volume HIT (n = 15). HIT was undertaken three times weekly. In a subset of women with and without PCOS, we measured mitochondrial respiration in abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue using high-resolution respirometry, as well as fat cell sizes in these tissues. Results: At baseline, women with PCOS had lower whole-body fat oxidation and mitochondrial respiration rates in abdominal adipose tissue compared to Non-PCOS. Peak oxygen uptake (mL/min/kg) increased in women with PCOS (~4%, p = 0.006) and Non-PCOS (~6%, p = 0.003) after 16 weeks of HIT. Whole-body fat oxidation only improved in Non-PCOS after HIT. No changes were observed in mitochondrial respiration and cell size in abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue after HIT in either group of women. Conclusion: We observed exercise-induced improvements in whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise in Non-PCOS, but not in women with PCOS, after 16 weeks of HIT, suggesting metabolic inflexibility in women with PCOS. Clinical Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02419482 and NCT02943291. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using electrocardiography and echocardiography, we screened elite men and women ballet dancers for abnormal cardiovascular conditions using an observation design with blinded clinical analysis of cardiac function tests. Fifty-eight (females n = 33) elite professional ballet dancers (age: 26.0 ± 5.7 years, body mass index: 19.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2) with no past or present history of cardiovascular disease volunteered. Participants were assessed via a 12-lead electrocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography for cardiac function. Electrocardiography revealed that 83% of the dancers demonstrated normal axis, while 31% had incomplete right bundle branch block and 17% had sinus bradycardia; none showed any abnormal findings. Findings from the echocardiography were also normal for all participants and comparable to their counterparts in other sports. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected in almost all studied echocardiographic parameters between males and females. In conclusion, heart function and structure seem to be normal in elite ballet dancers, placing them at low risk for sudden cardiac death and performance-related cardiovascular complications. Larger samples are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. In women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), several miRNAs are differentially expressed compared to women without PCOS, suggesting a role for miRNAs in PCOS pathophysiology. Exercise training modulates miRNA abundance and is primary lifestyle intervention for women with PCOS. Accordingly, we measured the expression of eight circulating miRNAs selected a priori along with miRNA expression from gluteal and abdominal adipose tissue (AT) in 12 women with PCOS and 12 women matched for age and body mass index without PCOS. We also determined the miRNA expression "signatures" before and after high-intensity interval training (HIT) in 42 women with PCOS randomized to either: (1) low-volume HIT (LV-HIT, 10 × 1 min work bouts at maximal, sustainable intensity, n = 13); (2) high-volume HIT (HV-HIT, 4 × 4 min work bouts reaching 90–95% of maximal heart rate, n = 14); or (3) non-exercise control (Non-Ex, n = 15). Both HIT groups trained three times/week for 16 weeks. miRNAs were extracted from plasma, gluteal and abdominal AT, and quantified via a customized plate array containing eight miRNAs associated with PCOS and/or exercise training responses. Basal expression of circulating miRNA-27b (c-miR-27b), implicated in fatty acid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation and inflammation, was 1.8-fold higher in women with compared to without PCOS (P = 0.006) despite no difference in gluteal or abdominal AT miR-27b expression. Only the HV-HIT protocol increased peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak L/min; 9%, P = 0.008). There were no changes in body composition. In LV-HIT, but not HV-HIT, the expression of c-miR-27b decreased (0.5-fold, P = 0.007). None of the remaining seven circulating miRNAs changed in LV-HIT, nor was the expression of gluteal or abdominal AT miRNAs altered. Despite increased cardiorespiratory fitness, HV-HIT did not alter the expression of any circulating, gluteal or abdominal AT miRNAs. We conclude that women with PCOS have a higher basal expression of c-miR-27b compared to women without PCOS and that 16 weeks of LV-HIT reduces the expression of this miRNA in women with PCOS. Intense exercise training had little effect on the abundance of the selected miRNAs within subcutaneous AT depots in women with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrinopathy with reproductive and metabolic manifestations. Exercise training has consistently been found to result in improved clinical outcomes in women with PCOS, but shortfalls with exercise prescription are evident. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify exercise intervention characteristics that provide favourable outcomes in women with PCOS. Methods: A systematic review of published literature was conducted using EBSCOhost and Ovid Medline up to May 2019. The review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines as per our PROSPERO protocol (CRD42018088367). Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, and uncontrolled trials that evaluated an exercise intervention of at least moderate intensity in women with PCOS were included. Meta-analyses were performed using general linear mixed modelling and Bayesian inferences about effect magnitudes. Results: Thirty-three articles were identified for systematic review of which 19 were meta-analysed. Intervention duration ranged from 6 to 26 weeks. A total number of 777 women were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis found that improvements in health outcomes are more dependent on exercise intensity rather than dose. Fixed effects analysis reported a moderate increase in VO2peak (24.2%; 90% CL, 18.5–30.1), and small reductions in HOMA-IR (−36.2%; 90% CL, −55.3 to −9.0), and waist circumference (−4.2%; 90% CL −6.0 to −2.3) as a result of vigorous intensity exercise. These results are confirmed in the predicted analysis which reported the greatest improvements in VO2peak, BMI, and waist circumference after vigorous intensity exercise alone or when combined with diet, particularly for women with clinically adverse baseline values. Conclusions: Exercise training in the management of PCOS is becoming more common. Results from our analysis support the use of exercise and suggest that vigorous intensity exercise may have the greatest impact on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and insulin resistance. Our results indicate that, a minimum of 120 min of vigorous intensity per week is needed to provide favourable health outcomes for women with PCOS with studies of longer duration required to evaluate outcomes with sustained exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 20 m shuttle tests, obese adolescents may have difficulty achieving maximum cardiorespiratory performance due to the presence of braking-relaunch phases (BRP). Nineteen obese adolescents aged 15.2 ± 1.5 years (body mass index [BMI] = 39.7 ± 5.9 kg.m−2) performed three graded walking exercises on a 50 m track at speeds between 3 and 6 km/h: a continuous-straight-line protocol (C), a continuous protocol that required turning back every 30 sec (C-BRP) and an intermittent protocol that consisted of successively walking then resting for 15 sec (15–15). Oxygen uptake (VO2), aerobic cost of walking (Cw), ventilation (VE) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at each stage during the protocols. During C-BRP, the responses were not significantly higher compared with C (p > 0.30). During 15–15, the VO2, Cw and VE were ~ 15 to 25% lower than during C beginning at 4 km/h (p < 0.05). In obese adolescents, the respiratory impact of sudden directional changes during the 20 m shuttle-type test appeared to be minor at walking speeds. During the 15–15 test, the intensity increases more progressively, and this design may encourage obese adolescents to walk further than during a continuous test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of water-based exercises on body composition continue to be controversial. The present study was proposed to assess the impact of pool workouts on weight, body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and the quality of life of sedentary obese older women without dietary intervention. Fifty-five sedentary obese women (mean age 69.5 ± 4.3 years) were selected in this prospective experimental study (2018). Participants were divided randomly into two groups: moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT). Both pool workouts models included a similar energy expenditure (1500 kcal/week), which were performed three times a week for 60 minutes each time and lasted for three months. The following measurements were carried out pre- and post-study: anthropometry, body composition, REE, and quality of life. The Wilcoxon nonparametric test was applied to compare between groups and times (pre- and post-study). The comparison of pre- and post-study showed significant decreases of body weight (-0.7 kg), BMI (-0.5 kg/m2), fat mass (FM, -0.7 kg), and REE (-81 kcal/day) for the MICT (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease of the only FM (-0.7 kg) for the HIIT (p < 0.05). Regarding the quality of life, decreased pain, social and vitality improvements were significant in the MICT group, but improved vitality and health status in the group of HIIT were significant. Pool workouts without the dietary control revealed a modest influence on the body composition of sedentary obese older women, with better results for MICT. However, the improvement in the quality of life cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed physiological and cardiac factors associated with 10-km running performance in a group of highly trained endurance runners age 21-63 years. Participants (N = 37) underwent a resting echocardiograph and incremental treadmill running test. They also provided information on their recent 10-km races. Data were analyzed using "best subsets" multiple regression. Declines with age were found for 10-km running speed (0.26 m · s[sup-1] · decade[sup-1]), maximum heart rate (4 beats/decade), VO[sub2peak] (6 ml · kg[sup-1] · min[sup-1] · decade[sup-1]), velocity at lactate threshold (l m · s[sup-1] · decade[sup-1]), and VO[sub2] at lactate threshold (4 ml · kg[sup-1] · min[sup-1] · decade[sup-1]). The percentage of VO[sub2peak] at which lactate threshold occurred increased with age by 1.5% per decade. The rate of change of displacement of the atrioventricular plane at the left free wall and septum both declined by 1 cm · s[sup-1] · decade[sup-1]. The best single predictor of 10-km running speed was velocity at lactate threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Body composition (BC) does not always vary as a function of exercise induced energy expenditure (exercise EE – resting EE). Energy balance variables were measured to understand energy compensation (EC) in response to an exercise intervention performed at low (LOW) or moderate (MOD) intensity. Subjects/Methods: Twenty-one women with overweight/obesity (33 ± 5 kg/m2; 29 ± 10 yrs; 31 ± 4 ml O2/kg/min) were randomized to a 3-month LOW or MOD (40 or 60% of VȮ2reserve, respectively) matched to expend 1500 kcal/week (compliance = 97 ± 5%). Body energy stores (DXA), energy intake (EI) (food menu and food diaries), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), total EE (doubly-labeled water), time spent in different activities (accelerometers), appetite (visual analog scale), eating behavior traits and food reward (liking and wanting) were assessed at baseline, after weeks 1 and 2 and at the end of the 3-month exercise intervention. Results: EC based on BC changes (fat mass and fat-free mass) was 49 ± 79% and 161 ± 88% in LOW and MOD groups, respectively (p = 0.010). EI did not change significantly during the intervention. However, eating behavior traits and food reward had changed by the end of the 3-month supervised exercise. Non-structured physical activity (NSPA) decreased across the intervention (p < 0.002), independent of the intensity of the exercise training. Conclusion: Women with overweight/obesity training at LOW presented lower EC for a given energy cost of exercise. Our results strongly suggest that NSPA plays a major role in mediating the effects of exercise on energy balance and ultimately on changes in BC. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier ISRCTN31641049. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess energy expenditure (EE) estimated by a metabolic system during the exergame Hollywood Workout on Xbox 360Kinect® and to compare this measure with the EE estimated by the exergame (EEEx). thirty-four physically active young males performed the Sports Athlete protocol of the Hollywood Workout. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2) were measured before and during the protocol using a metabolic system. The absolute means V̇O2 and V̇CO2 were used to calculate the EE during the exergame session (EEMS). The EEEx (kcal) provided by the exergame was collected, and the two measures were compared. Mean V̇CO2 and V̇O2 during the Sports Athlete protocol were 1.8±0.4 L·min−1 (22.9±3.2 mL·kg−1.min−1) and 2.0±0.4 L·m−1 (25.4±2.6 mL·kg−1 ·min−1), respectively. The EEMS (300.3±53.4 kcal) was 88.6±34.7% greater than the EEEx (160.3±16.5 kcal; p<0.0001; d=3.7 [large effect size]). The EEMS was almost double EEEx. Thus, it is necessary to use caution when using EE information provided by an exergame interface. Further, future studies need to evaluate EE provided by other exergames. The companies that produce the games must be more attentive and adopt more precise methods in order to provide more accurate information to the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic ailment categorized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both. It is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired factors. Obesity and sedentary life style are one of the most causative factors of diabetes mellitus or type 2 dm aka (non-insulin dependent diabetes). Unani system of Medicine which is one of the main parts of TCAM (traditional complementary and alternative system of medicine) have a holistic approach for every disease. Ancient Unani scholars have advised a six-essential theory for the wellbeing of human being i.e. Asbab-e-Sitta Zarroriyah which include very good approach for the management of NCDs. Diabetes mellitus is one of NCDs which have increasing drastically from last 2 decades. Among Asbab-e-Sitta Zarroriyah, Harkat-wa-sukoon-e-badni will play a major roll in the management of NCDs. Among all, Riyazat (exercise) is the actual basic and useful way for preservation of health. Physical activity includes all movement that increases consumption of energy, whereas exercise is planned, structured physical activity. Exercise increase uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle so, improves blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes, reduces cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and improves well-being. Unani physicians in 2nd and 3rd AD century have paved great attention towards this important task in ratiocinative way. Unani physicians provided perceptions about timing, modes, and benefits of Riyazat. Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks and Mesopotamians all the ancient has tried to suggest the best ways for the human achievements of well beingness from very beginning, human is very curious about health and its prevention. In this review paper, it will be tried to provide the benefitting knowledge to the humanity about exercise which improves blood glucose levels in type 2 DM patients to save the health and promote the life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship of group cohesion to adherence in women participating in exercise classes. Two measures of adherence were examined: absenteeism and lateness. Results from a stepwise discriminant analysis conducted on the absenteeism data revealed that the two absenteeism groups could be differentiated on the basis of their endorsement of individual attractions to the group-task (ATG-T) and -social (ATG-S), with individuals who were absent less reporting greater ATG-T and ATG-S than those who were absent more. The results of a stepwise discriminant analysis conducted on the lateness variable revealed that ATG-T significantly differentiated between the two groups. Individuals who were late less scored higher on ATG-T than did those who were late more often. These findings provide support for the suggestion that selected aspects of group cohesion play a role in the adherence behavior of female exercise participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic adaptations occur with weight loss that result in increased hunger with discordant simultaneous reductions in energy requirements--producing the so-called energy gap in which more energy is desired than is required. The increased hunger is associated with elevation of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and decrements in anorexigenic hormones. The lower total daily energy expenditure with diet-induced weight loss results from (1) a disproportionately greater decrease in circulating leptin and resting metabolic rate (RMR) than would be predicted based on the decline in body mass, (2) decreased thermic effect of food (TEF), and (3) increased energy efficiency at work intensities characteristic of activities of daily living. These metabolic adaptations can readily promote weight regain. While more experimental research is needed to identify effective strategies to narrow the energy gap and attenuate weight regain, some factors contributing to long-term weight loss maintenance have been identified. Less hunger and greater satiation have been associated with higher intakes of protein and dietary fiber, and lower glycemic load diets. High levels of physical activity are characteristic of most successful weight maintainers. A high energy flux state characterized by high daily energy expenditure and matching energy intake may attenuate the declines in RMR and TEF, and may also result in more accurate regulation of energy intake to match daily energy expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if 7 d physical activity (PA) predicts energy intake over the same days and if PA on a given day predicts energy intake on the same day, the next day or subsequent days.Design: A 7 d prospective investigation. PA was measured using accelerometers worn for seven consecutive days. During the same week, total energy intake (including alcohol) was assessed using weighed food records.Setting: Twenty cities in the USA.Subjects: Three hundred middle-aged women.Results: After controlling for the covariates, energy intake was 36 (se 8) kJ higher for each additional 100000 activity counts (F=19·0, P<0·0001), based on the entire week of monitoring. Women with Low PA (n 75) had a mean energy intake of 8364 (sd 1235) kJ/d (1998 (sd 295) kcal/d), those with Moderate PA (n 150) consumed 8523 (sd 1264) kJ/d (2036 (sd 302) kcal/d) and those with High PA (n 75) consumed 9079 (sd 1473) kJ/d (2169 (sd 352) kcal/d; F=6·4, P=0·0019), a 5023 kJ/d (1200 kcal/d) difference between the High and Low PA groups. PA on a given day was predictive of energy consumption on the same day on four of the seven monitored days, and was predictive of energy intake the next day, with five of six associations significant. PA was not consistently predictive of energy intake on days beyond the next day.Conclusions: Over 7 d, PA and energy consumption tend to be positively related. Considered day to day, increased PA is weakly associated with increased energy intake the following day and, to a lesser extent, the same day. Therefore, managing weight by increasing PA may not result in the energy deficit expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors that influence adherence to exercise programs is necessary to develop effective interventions for people with cancer. We examined the predictors of adherence to a supervised exercise program for participants in the ENGAGE study - a cluster randomized controlled trial that assessed the efficacy of a clinician-referred 12-week exercise program among men treated for prostate cancer. Demographic, clinical, behavioral, and psychosocial data from 52 participants in the intervention group were collected at baseline through self-report and medical records. Adherence to the supervised exercise program was assessed through objective attendance records. Adherence to the supervised exercise program was 80.3%. In the univariate analyses, cancer-specific quality of life subscales (role functioning r = 0.37, P = 0.01; sexual activity r = 0.26, P = 0.06; fatigue r = −0.26, P = 0.06, and hormonal symptoms r = −0.31, P = 0.03) and education ( d = −0.60, P = 0.011) were associated with adherence. In the subsequent multivariate analysis, role functioning (B = 0.309, P = 0.019) and hormonal symptoms (B = −0.483, P = 0.054) independently predicted adherence. Men who experienced more severe hormonal symptoms had lower levels of adherence to the exercise program. Those who experienced more positive perceptions of their ability to perform daily tasks and leisure activities had higher levels of adherence to the exercise program. Hormonal symptoms and role functioning need to be considered when conducting exercise programs for men who have been treated for prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the effects of consuming a galactose carbohydrate (CHO) drink on substrate oxidation, postexercise satiety, and subsequent energy intake.Methods: Nine recreationally active eumenorrheic females undertook 3 trials, each consisting of running for 60 minutes at 65% VO(2peak) followed immediately by a 90-minute rest period. Prior to (300 ml) and at 15-minute intervals during exercise (150 ml), participants consumed either a glucose (GLU: GI 89) or galactose (GAL: GI 20) drink, each of which contained 45 g of CHO, or an artificially sweetened placebo (PLA). Following the rest period, participants were provided with an ad libitum test lunch and asked to record food intake for the remainder of the day.Results: Plasma glucose was significantly greater throughout exercise and rest following the GLU trial compared with the GAL and PLA trials (P < 0.05); however there were no differences in CHO oxidation. Hunger was significantly lower (P < 0.05) throughout the GAL compared to the GLU and PLA trials. There were no significant differences between trials for energy intake during the postexercise meal. Overall net energy balance for the 24 hours was negative in both the GAL (-162 ± 115 kcal; P < 0.05 vs GLU) and PLA trials (-49 ± 160 kcal).Conclusions: Results demonstrate that ingesting a solution containing GAL before and during exercise can positively impact postexercise satiety and energy balance throughout the day, compared to a more readily available and widely consumed form of CHO. Despite this, there appears to be no apparent benefit in consuming a CHO beverage on fuel utilization for this moderate exercise intensity and duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What is already known about this subject Achievement of a stressful mental task leads to increased energy intake over a short period of time., Given that mental work does not increase energy expenditure, a positive energy balance is observed., What this study adds The single fact of waiting and relaxing after mental work does not reduce energy intake., Thirty minutes of physical activity performed at moderate/high intensity between mental work and a meal is enough to create a energy deficit compare to a situation where the meal directly follows mental work., Background Although energy expenditure during mental work is not higher than energy expenditure at rest, a stressful mental task is related to an increase in energy intake. It is suggested that mental work produces physiological changes, thereby influencing food intake. Objective Because physical activity can influence hunger, the aim of the study was to determine if the introduction of an active pause could counteract the negative effects of mental work on energy intake and energy balance. Method Twelve male students, of normal weight, between 15 and 20 years old were evaluated. All subjects participated in three different sessions realized in a randomized order: (i) without pause = relaxation/mental work/meal; (ii) relaxation pause = mental work/relaxation/meal; and (iii) exercise pause = mental work/exercise/meal. Energy expenditure was measured with indirect calorimetry, energy intake was measured with a cold buffet-type meal of 40 items, and appetite-related sensations were measured with visual analogue scales. The effect of introducing an active pause in energy intake and energy balance was studied. Results The introduction of an active pause did not influence energy intake; although, higher appetite-related sensations were observed (16-26 mm on a 150-mm scale; P < 0.05). After accounting for the energy expenditure related to physical activity, a lower energy balance was measured for the exercise pause visit compared with the visit without a pause (−1137 kJ; P < 0.05). Conclusion This study indicates that being active between mental work and a meal could represent a strategy to create a negative energy balance following mental work via an increased energy expenditure and a maintenance of energy intake. Globally, these results could help individuals attain and/or maintain a healthy body weight in a context where mental work is omnipresent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe and compare ballet dancers' cardiorespiratory responses, muscle damage and oxidative stress levels during a ballet class (practice of isolated ballet exercises performed with barre/hand-rail support and across-the-floor movements to improve technical skills) and rehearsal (practice of ballet choreography involving technical-artistic skills to improve dancers' performance for shows). The 12 advanced female ballet dancers undertook three exercise sessions: maximum effort test, class and rehearsal. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) were continuously measured. Lactate was determined before 15 min and after class and rehearsal. Blood was sampled pre, post and 48 h after class and rehearsal for creatine kinase (CK), lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione analysis (GSSG/GSH). Class was of lower intensity than rehearsal as shown byV̇O2, HR and lactate values:V̇O2(mL.kg−1.min−1): 14.5±2.1 vs 19.1±1.7 (p <0.001); HR (bpm.min−1): 145.7±17.9 vs 174.5±13.8 (p <0.001); lactate (mmol.L−1): 4.2±1.1 vs 5.5±2.7 (p =0.049). CK (IU) increased following class and rehearsal, remaining high 48 h after: class (pre = 109.3±48.5; post = 144±60; 48 h = 117.2±64.6); rehearsal (pre = 78.6±52.1; post = 122±70.7; 48 h = 104.9±89.5). LPO (µM) increased from pre-class (1.27±0.19) to post-class (1.41±0.19) and went down after 48 h (1.20±0.22). No LPO time-course changes followed the rehearsal. GSSG/GSH decreased 48 h after class and rehearsal. Greater increases in LPO post-class suggest it promotes CK release by an oxidative membrane-damage mechanism. Physiological increases of LPO and CK in class indicate it prepares the dancers for exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage during rehearsals. Ballet dancers' muscle damage and oxidative stress responses seem not to be dependent on exercise intensity based onV̇O2responses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background/purpose: Dietary fat content is a primary factor associated with the increase in global obesity rates. There is a delay in achieving fat balance following exposure to a high-fat (HF) diet (≥ 40 % of total energy from fat) and fat balance is closely linked to energy balance. Exercise has been shown to improve this rate of adaptation to a HF diet. Recently, however, the role of dietary fatty acid composition on energy and macronutrient balance has come into question. Methods: We chose studies that compared monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA). We have reviewed studies that measured diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), energy expenditure (EE), or fat oxidation (FOx) in response to a HF meal challenge, or long-term dietary intervention comparing these fatty acids. Results: While single-meal studies show that SFA induce lower DIT and FOx compared to unsaturated fats, the effect of the degree of unsaturation (MUFA vs. PUFA) appears to yet be determined. Long-term dietary interventions also support the notion that unsaturated fats induce greater EE, DIT, and/or FOx versus SFA and that a high MUFA diet induces more weight loss compared to a high SFA diet. Sex and BMI status also affect the metabolic responses to different fatty acids; however, more research in these areas is warranted. Conclusion: SFA are likely more obesigenic than MUFA, and PUFA. The unsaturated fats appear to be more metabolically beneficial, specifically MUFA ≥ PUFA > SFA, as evidenced by the higher DIT and FOx following HF meals or diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical fitness expressed through exercise can be, if done with the right intention, a form of spiritual discipline that reflects the relational love of humanity to God as well as an expression of a healthy love of the embodied self. Through an analysis of the physiological benefits of exercise science applied to the human body, this paper will demonstrate how such attention to the optimal physical fitness of the body, including weight and cardiovascular training and nutrition, is an affirmation of three foundational theological principles of human embodiment: as created in the 'imago Dei', as unified body/spirit, and as part of God's creation calling for proper stewardship. In a contemporary climate where women's bodies in particular are viewed through the lens of commodification-as visual objects for sale based on prescribed notions of superficial esthetics and beauty-as well as the consistently high rates of eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and obesity, authors Greenwood and Delgado offer a vision of how women and men can imagine a subjective relationship with their own bodies that reflects the abundant love of God for God's creation. Spoken from the lived experience of professional fitness competitor and trainer, as well as trained biokineticist, Dr. Greenwood presents the most current scientific data in the field of biokinetics that grounds the theological analysis offered by Dr. Delgado, whose personal journey through anorexia and scholarly emphasis on Christian theological anthropology inform this work. Taken together, Greenwood and Delgado suggest a response to God's love for humanity, including our physical bodily humanity, which entails a responsibility to attend to the physical fitness of our bodies in order to live into the fullness, flourishing and love of God's creation as God intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine metabolic interaction between meal and exercise, 10 men and 10 women completed three trials: (1) exercise (E), (2) consumption of a meal (M), and (3) consumption of a meal followed by exercise (M+E). All trials commenced after an overnight fast and were preceded by a rest period in which resting metabolic rate (RMR) was determined. The meal contained 721 kilocalories composed of 41%, 36%, and 23% of carbohydrate, lipids, and protein, respectively. Exercise protocol consisted of three continuous 10-minute cycling at 50%, 60%, and 70% VO2peak. Measurement began 60 min after the start of the meal and included VO2 that was used to determine meal-induced thermogenesis (MIT). VO2 was greater (p <.05) in M+E than in E at 50% and 60% VO2peak. MIT was higher (p <.05) during exercise at 50% VO2peak than at rest. It appears that postprandial exercise of mild intensities can potentiate MIT, thereby provoking a greater increase in energy expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims were both to determine lactate and ventilatory threshold during incremental resistance training and to analyze the acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during constant-load resistance exercise at lactate threshold (LT) intensity. Ten healthy men performed 2 protocols on leg press machine. The incremental test was performed to determine the lactate and ventilatory thresholds through an algorithmic adjustment method. After 48 h, a constant-load exercise at LT intensity was executed. The intensity of LT and ventilatory threshold was 27.1 ± 3.7 and 30.3 ± 7.9 % of 1RM, respectively ( P = 0.142). During the constant-load resistance exercise, no significant variation was observed between set 9 and set 15 for blood lactate concentration (3.3 ± 0.9 and 4.1 ± 1.4 mmol.L-1, respectively. P = 0.166) and BORG scale (11.5 ± 2.9 and 13.0 ± 3.5, respectively. P = 0.783). No significant variation was observed between set 6 and set 15 for minute ventilation (19.4 ± 4.9 and 22.4 ± 5.5 L. min-1 , respectively. P = 0.091) and between S3 and S15 for VO2 (0.77 ± 0.18 and 0.83 ± 0.16 L. min-1 , respectively. P = 1.0). Constant-load resistance exercise at LT intensity corresponds to a steady state of ventilatory, cardio-metabolic parameters and ratings of perceived exertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Maintenance of a 10% or greater reduced body weight results in decreases in the energy cost of low levels of physical activity beyond those attributable to the altered body weight. These changes in nonresting energy expenditure are due mainly to increased skeletal muscle work efficiency following weight loss and are reversed by the administration of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. We have also shown previously that the maintenance of a reduced weight is accompanied by a decrease in ratio of glycolytic (phosphofructokinase) to oxidative (cytochrome c oxidase) activity in vastus lateralis muscle that would suggest an increase in the relative expression of the myosin heavy chain I (MHC I) isoform. We performed analyses of vastus lateralis muscle needle biopsy samples to determine whether maintenance of an altered body weight was associated with changes in skeletal muscle metabolic properties as well as mRNA expression of different isoforms of the MHC and sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticular Ca2+-dependent ATPase (SERCA) in subjects studied before weight loss and then again after losing 10% of their initial weight and receiving twice daily injections of either placebo or replacement leptin in a single blind crossover design. We found that the maintenance of a reduced body weight was associated with significant increases in the relative gene expression of MHC I mRNA that was reversed by the administration of leptin as well as an increase in the expression of SERCA2 that was not significantly affected by leptin. Leptin administration also resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the less MHC IIx isoform compared with subjects receiving placebo. These findings are consistent with the leptin-reversible increase in skeletal muscle chemomechanical work efficiency and decrease in the ratio of glycolytic/oxidative enzyme activities observed in subjects following dietary weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly theorized that some youths become fatter than others simply because they eat too much and exercise too little; i.e., they have an excessive positive energy balance. This theory suggests that obesity prevention efforts should emphasize dietary strategies designed to reduce energy intake, with moderate physical activity (PA) playing a supporting role. However, such interventions have typically been unsuccessful, perhaps because pediatric research that has measured body fatness, rather than weight, has found that the simple energy balance theory is faulty; it is critical to also consider whether the ingested energy is deposited in fat or lean tissue in order to provide a more complete picture of the etiology of pediatric obesity. In some way that is still poorly understood; vigorous PA and mechanical stimulation of the body stimulate stem cells to differentiate into bone and muscle rather than fat, with the result that ingested nutrients tend to be partitioned into lean tissue rather than fat. Thus, active youths tend to ingest more energy than their sedentary peers without increasing the percentage of the body mass that is comprised of fat tissue. Having a high level of both energy expenditure and intake is in accord with the biologic drives of youths because it encourages them to ingest sufficient amounts of the nutrients needed for healthy growth. Thus, public health interventions are likely to be more effective if they devote more attention to increasing PA and less attention to dietary strategies designed to reduce energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way in which metabolic fuels are utilized can alter the expression of behaviour in the interests of regulating energy balance and fuel availability. This is consistent with the notion that the regulation of appetite is a psychobiological process, in which physiological mediators act as drivers of behaviour. The glycogenostatic theory suggests that glycogen availability is central in eliciting negative feedback signals to restore energy homeostasis. Due to its limited storage capacity, carbohydrate availability is tightly regulated and its restoration is a high metabolic priority following depletion. It has been proposed that such depletion may act as a biological cue to stimulate compensatory energy intake in an effort to restore availability. Due to the increased energy demand, aerobic exercise may act as a biological cue to trigger compensatory eating as a result of perturbations to muscle and liver glycogen stores. However, studies manipulating glycogen availability over short-term periods (1-3 days) using exercise, diet or both have often produced equivocal findings. There is limited but growing evidence to suggest that carbohydrate balance is involved in the short-term regulation of food intake, with a negative carbohydrate balance having been shown to predict greater ad libitum feeding. Furthermore, a negative carbohydrate balance has been shown to be predictive of weight gain. However, further research is needed to support these findings as the current research in this area is limited. In addition, the specific neural or hormonal signal through which carbohydrate availability could regulate energy intake is at present unknown. Identification of this signal or pathway is imperative if a casual relationship is to be established. Without this, the possibility remains that the associations found between carbohydrate balance and food intake are incidental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article emphasizes the relevance of alternative exercise to patients. Exercise, the author notes, offers various health benefits, which is why health care providers urge their patients to be physically active and engage in exercise. However, most patients see exercise as torture, boring and causes pain. The author recommends alternative forms of exercise that are both healthy and enjoyable. Such exercise includes jazz dance, modern dance, ballroom dance, tai chi, and deep water running (DWR) or aquatic running. The physiological effects of each alternative exercise are explained, along with their health benefits.

Maintenance of a body weight 10% above or below that "customary" for lean or obese individuals results in respective increases or decreases in the energy expended in low levels of physical activity (nonresting energy expenditure, NREE). These changes are greater than can be accounted for by the altered body weight or composition and are due mainly to altered skeletal muscle work efficiency at low levels of power generation. We performed biochemical analysis of vastus lateralis muscle needle biopsy samples to determine whether maintenance of an altered body weight was associated with changes in skeletal muscle histomorphology. We found that the maintenance of a 10% reduced body weight was associated with significant declines in glycolytic (phosphofructokinase, PFK) enzyme activity and, in particular, in the ratio of glycolytic to oxidative (cytochrome c oxidase, COX) enzyme activity without significant changes in the activities of enzymes relevant to mitochondrial density, respiratory chain activity, or fuel transport; or in skeletal muscle fiber type or glycogen stores. The fractional change in the ratio of PFKICOX activity in subjects following weight loss was significantly correlated with changes in the systemic respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and measures of mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle at low workloads (pedaling a bicycle to generate 10 or 25 W of power). Thus, predictable changes in systemic skeletal muscle biochemistry accompany the maintenance of an altered body weight and account for a significant portion of the variance in skeletal muscle work efficiency and fuel utilization at reduced body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various metabolic and behavioral compensatory responses to exercise interventions. The author states that the effectiveness of exercise varies as for some, exercise could increase snack intake and appetite. It is stated that for some individuals, exercise alone may be effective for weight control, but others may require exercise with dietary control and behavioral adjustment.

Objective:This study examines the impact of a short-term exercise programme, prescribed on the basis of current exercise recommendations, on energy balance in males and females to assess whether this type of exercise induces compensatory changes in spontaneous activity energy expenditure (SAEE) and energy intake (EI).Design:Individuals were monitored for 16 days, 8 days of habitual physical activity (C) and 8 days when exercise was imposed (E). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated from individual relationships of \[Vdot]O2 and \[Vdot]CO2 to heart rate (HR) records of HR and physical activity obtained during waking hours of the C and E periods and basal metabolic rate (BMR) measurements (Deltatrac System, Datex Instrumentation). Changes in nude body mass (BM) were estimated by using a digital scale (Sartorius AG, Gottigen, Germany).Setting:Laboratory and free-living.Subjects:Eight lean females (body fat: 17.5±4.5%) and eight males of similar percentage body fat participated in this study. All subjects were Caucasian and aged between 20 and 25 years.Intervention:During the E period, a supervised exercise session was conducted every second day, each consisting of a total net energy expenditure of 2092 kJ+BMR at 90% lactate threshold.Results:During the E period, TEE was higher than C in males and females (exercise: 95.2±13.9, 78.3±15.9 MJ; control: 82.4±10.4, 68.8±16.7 MJ, respectively; P<0.00; P=0.02). SAEE, calculated as TEE minus the energy expended during exercise, was not significantly different between C (males: 82.4±4.8 MJ; females: 68.8±7.6 MJ) and E (males: 86.8±6.3 MJ; females: 70.0±7.2 MJ) periods in either gender. Males showed no change in BM over the C (pre-intervention: 83.4±7.2 kg; post-intervention: 83.1±6.8 kg) or E (pre-intervention: 83.4±6.8 kg; post-intervention: 83.4±6.8 kg) periods. Females’ BM over the C period did not alter (pre-intervention: 63.3±2.8 kg; post-intervention 63.7±3.1 kg); however, there was a significant decrease (P<0.00) in BM over the E period (pre-intervention: 63.0±2.7 kg; post-intervention: 62.4±2.7 kg).Conclusion:The exercise programme was achieved in males and females without any impact on SAEE. Therefore, differences between genders in relation to BM reduction can be explained by differences in the EI response to exercise.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 1055–1061. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602417; published online 22 February 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tanita TBF-305 (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) is a commercially available foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) system. The manufacturer-supplied equations incorporate gender, mass, height, activity category and a measured impedance value to determine % body fat (BF). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the manufacturer-supplied ???adult??? and ???athlete??? equations provided an accurate estimate of % BF for a group of young men with varying activity levels. Fifty-seven men (18???35 years old) were categorized into the following groups: (1) highly active (HA) (???10??0 h aerobic activity/week); (2) moderately active (MA) (2??5???10??0 h aerobic activity/week); (3) less active (LA) (<2??5 h aerobic activity/week). The % BF was measured using the BIA ???athlete??? and ???adult??? modes. After BIA measurements, residual volume was measured and hydrostatic weighing (HW) was performed. The amount of activity performed by each group was significantly different (P<0??001). No significant differences were found between the % BF determined by the ???athlete??? mode and HW for HA (P=0??309) and MA (P=0??091). However, a significant difference was found for LA (P=0??001). The % BF determined by the ???adult??? mode and HW was not different for LA (P=0??395), but was significantly different for MA (P<0??001) and HA (P<0??001). The choice of activity mode on the foot-to-foot BIA significantly alters prediction of % BF. With careful selection of activity mode, there was no statistical difference between % BF determined by HW and the BIA, but the range of individual error scores was large. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of weight loss on appetite as measured by visual analog scale (VAS). METHODS: Seventeen subjects (10 men and seven women) took part in a 15 week weight loss program which consisted of drug therapy (fenfluramine 60 mg/day) or placebo coupled to an energy restriction (-2930 kJ/day; phase 1) followed by an 18 week low-fat diet-exercise follow-up (phase 2). Subjects were given a standardized breakfast before and after phase I as well as after phase 2. Individuals were asked to fill out VAS before and at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after this test meal. Blood samples were drawn before the meal and at 0, 30 and 60 min postprandially and analyzed for glucose and insulin. Fasting plasma cortisol and leptin were also determined. RESULTS: An increase in the fasting desire to eat, hunger and prospective food consumption (PFC) was observed after phase I and to an even greater extent after phase 2 in both men and women. In the fasting state, positive correlations were observed between changes in the desire to eat (r = 0.76; P < 0.05) as well as changes of PFC (r = 0.82; P < 0.05) and changes in cortisol at the end of phase 1 for women. In response to phase 1, statistically significant correlations were found between changes of hunger (r = 0.64; P < 0.05) and desire to eat (r = 0.67; P < 0.05) as measured by AUC in response to the meal and changes of fasting plasma cortisol in men. The most consistent predictor of changes of baseline desire to eat (r = 0.68 P < 0.05), fullness (r = -0.78, P < 0.05) and PFC (r = 0.91, P < 0.01) during phase 2 was the change in fasting cortisol in men. Changes of fullness were also associated with changes of fasting leptin in men (r = 0.68; P < 0.05) during phase 2. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that weight loss is accompanied by an increase of baseline appetite in both men and women and that the most consistent predictor of these changes in appetite seems to be... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The physical activity pattern in society has in recent years changed from necessary occupational activity to voluntary activities during leisure-time. How this change in lifestyle affects the selection of dietary intakes is presently unknown. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the different effects of high vs low-intensity exercise on the following day's dietary energy intake and macronutrient selection. DESIGN: The study was designed as a controlled randomized cross-over study which compared food selection and energy intake the day following a low-intensity vs a high-intensity exercise bout. We included 32 healthy normalweight subjects of four subgroups (young males, young female, s, old males and old females). On two different occasions they performed either 60 min low-intensity (30% of VO[sup 2, sub max]) or 30 min high-intensity (60% of VO[sup 2, max]) exercise during 24h measurements of energy expenditure. The energy intake and macronutrient selection of the subsequent day was assessed by offering them an adlibitum buffet at breakfast and at lunch. RESULTS: Following the low-intensity exercise the subjects chose a diet with an energy percentage from fat similar to that of their habitual diet—36.7% (95% CI: 34.3, 39.0) vs 35.6% (95% CI: 33.0, 38.2; NS). Following the high-intensity exercise they chose a diet with 39.9% (95% CI: 37.2, 42.6) fat, which was 3.2% (95% CI: 0.6, 5.9) higher than following the low-intensity exercise (P < 0.05) and 4.2% (95% CI: 1.1, 7.4) more than their habitual diet (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that changing the type of activity of a single exercise bout from 30% of maximal aerobic capacity for 60 min to 60% for only 30 min resulted in consumption of a diet the following day with a higher fat energy percentage compared with the diet selected after the low-intensity exercise. However, the higher fat content diet did not result in a higher energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is intuitive that an energy deficit induced by exercise induces an automatic increased drive for food (hunger and energy intake). However, the absence of a compensatory increase in energy intake (EI) in response to an exercise-induced increase in energy expenditure (EE) is now well documented. Thus, there is a weak coupling between exercise-induced increases in EE and EI. One paradox related to the phenomenon of a weak coupling between the exercise-induced EE and EI is the observation of a positive relationship between physical activity and food intake in the long-term free-living situation (i.e. tight coupling between EE and EI). It is possible, therefore, that a period of transition (uncoupling) occurs in the short-term, before a steady-state (coupling) condition is achieved. It is likely that a combination of physiological and behavioural adaptations occur in order to achieve a tight coupling between EE and EI. The precise physiological and behavioural changes that take place to obtain a new equilibrium (i.e. coupling between EE and EI) are still undetermined. The expectation that exercise-induced increases in EE should drive up hunger and food intake tends to be based on the concept of a strong coupling between physiology and behaviour. However, because of the individual's strong volitional control over eating behaviour, the psychological influences on the appetite response to exercise should not be undervalued. The psychological position of the individual (e.g. dietary restraint, food-related cognitions, reasons for exercising) could have a very strong influence on the food intake response to exercise. Misjudgements concerning the energy value of the food (EI) relative to the energy value of the exercise (EE) could be one possibility why exercise fails to be a successful method of weight loss for some individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether body fat content in pre-pubertal children is influenced by physical activity related energy expenditure (AEE) and/or more qualitative aspects of physical activity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECT: 101 pre-pubertal children were examined in Study 1: (age: 5.3 ± 0.9 y; weight: 20.2 ± 3.6 kg). In Study 2:68 of the original children were re-examined (age: 6.3 ± 0.9 y; weight: 23.6 ± 5.0 y). MEASUREMENT: Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were determined by bioelectrical resistance and skinfolds; AEE was estimated from the difference between total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water and postprandial resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry; qualitative information on activity was derived by questionnaire. RESULTS: AEE was significantly correlated with FFM (r = 0.32 in both Studies) and body weight (r = 0.28 in Study 1; r = 0.29 in Study 2), but not FM. There were no significant relationships between AEE and any of the variables from the activity questionnaire in children (including TV time, playing time, and an accumulated activity index in h/ week). After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, FM was inversely related to activity time in h/week (partial r = -0.24 in Study 1; partial r = -0.32 in Study 2) but not AEE (P> 0.5). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for FFM, age, and gender, a small portion of the variance in body fat mass in children (∼ 10%) is explained by time devoted to recreational activity, whereas none of the variance is explained by the combined daily energy expenditure related to physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which investigated the short-term effects of exercise and diet composition on appetite control in restrained females. Method used in this study; Participants of this study; How hunger and heart rate profiles were tracked; Results of this study.

Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]