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In the game of rock-paper-scissors with three players, this paper identifies conditions for a correlated equilibrium that differs from the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and is evolutionarily stable. For this to occur, the correlation device attaches more probability to three-way ties and solo-winner outcomes than would result from the Nash equilibrium. The correlated equilibrium is evolutionarily stable because any mutant fares worse than a signal-following player when facing two players who follow their own correlated signals. The critical quality of the correlation device is to make this true both for potential mutants who would disobey their signal and instead choose the action which would beat the action signaled to the player, as well as for potential mutants who would deviate to the action that would be beaten by what the device signals to the player. These findings reveal how a strict correlated equilibrium can produce evolutionarily stable strategies for rock-paper-scissors with three players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further improve the performance of impregnated paper decorated blockboard (ecological board), high-density fiberboard (HDF) was selected as the equilibrium layer to replace the commonly used poplar veneer. Results showed that the performance of HDF ecological board can be comparable to that of poplar veneer ecological board. It had good appearance quality, and its surface scratch resistance, surface wear resistance, water resistance and mechanical properties met the requirements of National Standard GB/T 34722-2017. The surface cracking resistance of the ecological board prepared with HDF as the equilibrium layer reached the highest level (grade 5), far better than that of the poplar veneer ecological board. This was because HDF was a relatively homogeneous material, and its dry shrinkage in both the transverse direction and along the grain direction was much lower than that of the poplar veneer. This characteristic of HDF made it possible to improve the dimensional stability and bending resistance of blockboard substrates under dry and hot conditions. The formaldehyde emission of the HDF ecological board was higher than that of the poplar veneer ecological board, but it met the formaldehyde emission requirements of indoor materials according to GB 18580-2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol in oil was used to indirectly evaluate the aging status of cellulosic paper insulation for oil-immersed transformers. However, the distribution of methanol in oil is affected by many factors, not only related to the oil–paper adsorption equilibrium, but also may be affected by the vapor–liquid phase transition. In this study, the adsorption experiments of mineral oil and standard cellulosic Kraft paper for methanol were designed to explore the adsorption equilibrium process at different oil–paper mass ratios under room temperature. The vapor–liquid equilibrium experiments of methanol between oil and gas were carried out to explore the effects of temperature and phase volume ratios. It turned out that: firstly, compared with mineral oil, the Kraft paper has a stronger adsorption capacity for methanol, which makes most of methanol adsorbed in paper when equilibrium at room temperature. Secondly, the increase of oil–paper mass ratios reduces the adsorption of Kraft paper for methanol and makes the equilibrium time longer. Particularly, at a higher oil–paper mass ratio, due to the less paper mass, methanol would "reverse diffusion" from paper to oil standard solution in the early stage of equilibrium. Finally, the presence of methanol in gas phase cannot be ignored. The increase of temperature makes more liquid methanol in oil transferred to the gas phase by the phase transition process, while increasing the oil–gas phase volume ratios in constant volume system can inhibit this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The profiles of the edge of rectangular sheets of paper folded so as to join opposite edges were measured and compared with the profiles calculated with the theory of elasticity. I show how the calculation can be accomplished by using the aspect ratio of the loops as the only input parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Approximation for the slope of the equilibrium line in multicomponent mixtures. • Method based on the new concept of the design component. • Design component is that eliminated from the mixture in a section of the column. • Two approximate methods of estimating the slope are adequate for design work. • These simple approximations easily programmed in any spreadsheet. There is no simple definition of the slope for multicomponent systems because the vapour liquid equilibrium is represented by a surface (which lies in hyperspace for more than 3 compounds). Thus, for multicomponent systems any pseudo-binary method for estimating tray efficiencies and HETP must rely, in part, on an approximate method of estimating the slope. The objective of this paper is to present a new method of approximating the slope in multicomponent systems based on differentiation of the phase equilibrium surface with respect to the mole fraction of the design component, defined as that compound we seek to eliminate from the mixture in a particular section of the column. There is only one design compound per column section. The approach presented here can be easily applied to absorber and stripper columns, where the concept of key components is not applicable. Two analytical approximate methods of estimating the design slope are shown to be in good agreement with the rigorous calculation even in cases where the relative volatility is not constant. These simple approximations, which need nothing beyond what is readily available from any column simulation program are adequate for design and can be programmed easily in any spreadsheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-service evaluation of moisture in transformer insulation is a very important aspect in the condition assessment of power transformers because moisture in cellulosic materials leads to significant reductions in both dielectric and mechanical strengths by one-half for each doubling of water content [1]. Moisture equilibrium charts provide a quick way of estimating the in-service moisture content of transformer insulations. Knowledge of the moisture distribution within the various materials, which are dependent on diffusion and absorption? desorption processes, are valuable in insulation diagnostics and dry-out processes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: We investigate a population of individuals who play the Rock–Paper–Scissors (RPS) game. The players choose strategies not only by optimizing their payoffs, but also taking into account the popularity of the strategies. For the standard RPS game, we find an asymptotically stable polymorphism with coexistence of all strategies. For the general RPS game we find the limit cycles. Their stability depends exclusively on two model parameters: the sum of the entries of the RPS payoff matrix, and a sensitivity parameter which characterizes the personality of the players. Apart from the supercritical Hopf bifurcation, we found the subcritical bifurcation numerically for some intervals of the parameters of the model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The dielectric parameters of oil-immersed insulation paper, semi-conductive paper and mineral oil were measured at different temperature. The quantitative analysis about the influence of the equalizing cage density on the Inverted-type Oil-immersed Current Transformer (IOCT) electric field distribution was studied, and the temperature dependence of the insulation material dielectric parameters were taken into consideration. In high temperature conditions, the oil-paper damage of IOCT insulation system is generally not caused by electric breakdown but heat aging. The maximum electric field strength of oil-paper I is approximately reduced by 12.84%, and that of the oil-paper II is reduced by 0.35%, after the equalizing cage density is increased. The increasing of the equalizing cage density will be beneficial to the electric field equidistribution of the IOCT insulation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We correct the proof of Theorem 2 in the mentioned paper concerning finite-difference equilibrium solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of inconsistent energy in the charging and discharging cycles of lithium-ion battery packs, a new multilayer equilibrium topology is designed in this paper. The structure adopts a hierarchical structure design, which includes intra-group equilibrium, primary inter-group equilibrium and secondary intergroup equilibrium. This structure greatly increases the number of equilibrium paths for lithium-ion batteries, thus shortening the time required for equilibrium, and improving the overall efficiency. In terms of control strategy, fuzzy logic control (FLC) is chosen to control the size of the equilibrium current during the equilibrium process. We performed rigorous modeling and simulation of the proposed system by MATLAB and Simulink software. Experiments show that the multilayer equilibrium circuit structure greatly exceeds the traditional single-layer equilibrium circuit in terms of efficacy, specifically, the Li-ion battery equilibrium speed is improved by 12.71% in static equilibrium, 14.48% in charge equilibrium, and 11.19% in discharge equilibrium. In addition, compared with the maximum value algorithm, the use of the FLC algorithm reduces the equalization time by about 3.27% and improves the energy transfer efficiency by about 66.49% under the stationary condition, which verifies the feasibility of the equalization scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the development and switching controller design of an inverted pendulum system (IPS) platform. The euler-lagrange approach is first used to model the dynamics of the IPS which takes into account the impact of friction forces during its movements. The paper then derives a switching control method to swing the pendulum rod into the neighborhood of and stabilizing it at the equilibrium point. The implemented switching controller consists of: i) a nonlinear swing up control which brings the pendulum to the vertical position and ii) a linear stabilizing control which maintains the pendulum rod to remain in a vertical position around the neighborhood of the vertical axis. The nonlinear controller is constructed using lyapunov’s method while the linear controller is designed using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method framework. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed switching controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscoelastic properties of cellulose microfibril—polymer composites and paper sheets were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis as a function of relative humidity in order to assess the bonding properties in cellulosic networks. The amount of associated water in the composites (equilibrium moisture content) was measured by thermogravimetry. Water plasticization was evidenced by DMA both in composite and paper samples. Polymers with high affinity to water, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose, clearly increased the water plasticization in the composites. The plasticization behavior of paper sheet samples was also influenced by polymers. However, the effect of polymers on the plasticization was different between the composite and the paper samples. The consideration of fiber bonding domain in paper structure as a gel-like layer consisting of cellulose microfibrils, polymers, and associated water can help to unveil some of the complex mechanisms behind the strength in fibrous cellulosic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Due to cellulose of paper is abundant, inexpensive and renewable in nature, the development of paper-based materials from cellulose to substitute materials prepared by complicated chemical routes is a fascinating challenge. This work investigates a novel method for fabricating paper-based Ni-Al layered double hydroxides ( LDHs)/ Al2O3 composite using celluloses as template; the fabricated composite was applied to adsorb bovine serum albumin ( BSA) from water. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) images demonstrate the hierarchical morphologies and multiscale structures of composites at scales ranging from micro- to nano-scales. The unique macroporous structures can be directly observed by morphology analysis, and show that these materials which have potential applications in bulky biomolecules adsorption. Compared with bare LDH particles, LDHs/ Al2O3 composites show a high binding capacity for BSA, where the appropriate adsorption capacity is achieved at neutral pH. The equilibrium data for BSA adsorption onto composites are found to be well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, while the kinetic data are well-fitted to the pseudo-second-order model. CONCLUSION Since the BSA adsorbed composites show near complete (over 95%) desorption in a high negative charge density of salt solution, suggesting that the paper-based Ni-Al LDHs/ Al2O3 composites are practically usable for BSA separation. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recommend that an auction market replace the current system for submitting academic papers and show a strict Pareto-improvement in equilibrium. Besides the benefit of speed, this mechanism increases the average quality of articles and journals and rewards editors and referees for their effort. The 'academic dollar' proceeds from papers sold at auction go to authors, editors and referees of cited articles. This nonpecuniary income indicates the academic impact of an article-facilitating decisions on tenure and promotion. This auction market does not require more work of editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In evolutionary game theory interactions between individuals are often assumed obligatory. However, in many real-life situations, individuals can decide to opt out of an interaction depending on the information they have about the opponent. We consider a simple evolutionary game theoretic model to study such a scenario, where at each encounter between two individuals the type of the opponent (cooperator/defector) is known with some probability, and where each individual either accepts or opts out of the interaction. If the type of the opponent is unknown, a trustful individual accepts the interaction, whereas a suspicious individual opts out of the interaction. If either of the two individuals opt out both individuals remain without an interaction. We show that in the prisoners dilemma optional interactions along with suspicious behaviour facilitates the emergence of trustful cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2013, all of the major academic publishing houses moved thousands of journal titles to an original hybrid model, under which authors of accepted papers can choose between an expensive open access (OA) track and the traditional track available only to subscribers. This paper argues that authors might now use a publication strategy as a quality signaling device. The imperfect information game between authors and readers presents several types of Perfect Bayesian Equilibria, including a separating equilibrium in which only authors of high-quality papers are driven toward the open access track. The publishing house should choose an open-access publication fee that supports the emergence of the highest return equilibrium. Journal structures will evolve over time according to the journals' accessibility and quality profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop a rapid and practical procedure that can locate the slip surface for a slope with the minimum reliability index for limit equilibrium analysis at the minimum expense of time. The comparative study on the reliability indices from different sample numbers using the Monte Carlo Simulation Method has demonstrated that the results from large enough sample number are related with those from small sample number with high correlation indices. This observation has been tested for many homogeneous and heterogeneous slopes with various conditions under parametric studies. Based on this observation, the reliability index for a potential slip surface can be calcu lated with a small sample number, and the search for the minimum reliability index and the slip surface can be determined by heuristic optimization algorithm. Based on the comparisons between the critical deterministic and probabilistic slip surfaces for many different cases, the use of the proposed fast method in locating the critical probabilistic slip surface is found to perform well, which is suitable for normal routine analysis and design works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abstract should be short and approximately 200 words. The format is a single column using 10 pt Times New Roman font, left and right margins indented 0.5 cm, single spacing, and justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates a problem concerning the equilibrium of a solid body containing a thin rigid inclusion and a crack. It is assumed that the body is hyperelastic, therefore, it is described within the framework of finite strain theory. One of the peculiarities of this problem is a global injectivity constraint, which prevents the body, the crack faces and the inclusion from both mutual and self penetration. First, the paper deals with the differential formulation of the problem. Next, we consider energy minimization, showing that the latter provides the weak formulation of the former. Finally, the existence of the weak solution is demonstrated through the use of the variational technique. This article is part of the theme issue 'Non-smooth variational problems with applications in mechanics'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equilibrium system is essential for the high-precision movement of the ultra-precision vertical axis. However, the complex assembly process makes orifice-throttling frictionless cylinders difficult to manufacture and prone to air hammering. Surface-throttling frictionless pneumatic cylinders effectively avoid these problems. This paper establishes an improved finite element method (FEM) model of a novel surface-throttling frictionless pneumatic cylinder to investigate its static performance. Furthermore, the static equilibrium calculation of the dual-cylinder system is concerned. The radial bearing capacity and support force requirements for the surface-throttling aerostatic bearings are obtained. The outcomes provide theoretical guidance for optimizing cylinder parameters. It ensures that the ultimately optimized cylinder meets the requirements for radial bearing capacity and support force of the ultra-precision vertical axis while minimizing air consumption. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates a prey–predator model featuring a Holling-type II functional response, in which the fear effect of predation on the prey species, as well as prey refuge, are considered. Specifically, the model assumes that the growth rate of the prey population decreases as a result of the fear of predators. Moreover, the detection of the predator by the prey species is subject to a delay known as the fear response delay, which is incorporated into the model. The paper establishes the preliminary conditions for the solution of the delayed model, including positivity, boundedness and permanence. The paper discusses the existence and stability of equilibrium points in the model. In particular, the paper considers the discrete delay as a bifurcation parameter, demonstrating that the system undergoes Hopf bifurcation at a critical value of the delay parameter. The direction and stability of periodic solutions are determined using central manifold and normal form theory. Additionally, the global stability of the model is established at axial and positive equilibrium points. An extensive numerical simulation is presented to validate the analytical findings, including the continuation of the equilibrium branch for positive equilibrium points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colicins are narrow-spectrum antibiotics produced by and active against Escherichia coli and its close relatives. Colicin-producing strains cannot coexist with sensitive or resistant strains in a well-mixed culture, yet all three phenotypes are recovered in natural populations. Recent in vitro results conclude that strain diversity can be promoted by colicin production in a spatially structured, non-transitive interaction, as in the classic non-transitive model rock-paper-scissors (RPS). In the colicin version of the RPS model, strains that produce colicins (C) kill sensitive (S) strains, which outcompete resistant (R) strains, which outcompete C strains. Pairwise in vitro competitions between these three strains are resolved in a predictable order (C beats S, S beats R, and R beats C), but the complete system of three strains presents the opportunity for dynamic equilibrium. Here we provide conclusive evidence of an in vivo antagonistic role for colicins and show that colicins (and potentially other bacteriocins) may promote, rather than eliminate, microbial diversity in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Location-Routing Problem (LRP) becomes a more intricate subject when the limits of capacities of vehicles and warehouses are considered, which is an NP-hard problem. Moreover, as the number of vehicles increases, the solution to LRP is exacerbated because of the complexity of transportation and the combination of routes. To solve the problem, this paper proposed a Discrete Assembly Combination-Delivery (DACA) strategy based on, the Binary Equilibrium Optimizer (BiEO) algorithm, in addition, this paper also proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model for the problem of this paper. Our primary objective is to address both the route optimization problem and the assembly group sum problem concurrently. Our BiEO algorithm was designed as discrete in decision space to meet the requirements of the LRP represented by the DACA strategy catering to the multi-vehicle LRP scenario. The efficacy of the BiEO algorithm with the DACA strategy is demonstrated. through empirical analysis utilizing authentic data from Changchun City, China, Remarkably, the experiments reveal that the BiEO algorithm outperforms conventional methods, specifically GA, PSO, and DE algorithms, resulting in reduced costs. Notably, the results show the DACA strategy enables the simultaneous optimization of the LRP and the vehicle routing problem (VRP), ultimately leading to cost reduction. This innovative algorithm proficiently tackles both the assembly group sum and route optimization problems intrinsic to multi-level LRP instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper considers the problem of local asymptotic stability for a competitive Lotka–Volterra system with time-varying delays. By employing a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, we not only prove that the local asymptotic stability of the positive equilibrium for the Lotka–Volterra type competitive system will be preserved for suitable delays under a well known condition, but also obtain the maximal allowable length of delays by using Matlab’s Control Systems Toolbox to solve a feasible LMI. Compared with some known results, our estimate on the length of delays is less conservative. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, a phase field model is established to simulate the microstructure formation during the solidification of dendrites by taking the Al-Cu-Mg ternary alloy as an example, and machine learning and deep learning methods are combined with the Kim-Kim-Suzuki (KKS) phase field model to predict the quasi-phase equilibrium. The paper first uses the least squares method to obtain the required data and then applies eight machine learning methods and five deep learning methods to train the quasi-phase equilibrium prediction models. After obtaining different models, this paper compares the reliability of the established models by using the test data and uses two evaluation criteria to analyze the performance of these models. This work find that the performance of the established deep learning models is generally better than that of the machine learning models, and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based quasi-phase equilibrium prediction model achieves the best performance. Meanwhile the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based model also achieves competitive results. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this paper can predict the quasi-phase equilibrium of the KKS phase-field model accurately, which proves that it is feasible to combine machine learning and deep learning methods with phase-field model simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study and characterize the nilpotent global centers of a generalized polynomial Kukles system with degree three. A sufficient and necessary condition of global centers is established under certain parametric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cooperative operation of cascade reservoir systems is an efficient way to regulate water resources. However, noncooperation among various reservoir stakeholders is often observed in practice; this produces an interesting dilemma in the game of water resource management. Considering the upper Yellow River cascade reservoir system as a case study, in this paper we model and analyze the cooperation dilemma in a cascade reservoir system. In our game theoretical analysis, we find that, except for the most upstream reservoir, all reservoirs have free-ride strategies. The free-ride strategy indicates that a reservoir obtains free gain from the cooperation of other reservoirs due to spatial connections, and this fact changes the cooperative game in terms of equilibrium and benefit allocation. The results show that the regulation capacity of the free rider directly affects the equilibrium and benefit allocation of the game. A midstream reservoir with a small or medium regulation capacity tends to employ a free-ride strategy. A midstream reservoir with a large regulation capacity can entirely interrupt the cooperation between upstream and downstream reservoirs, interestingly, which can lead to the disappearance of the free-ride strategy for the midstream reservoir. However, the downstream reservoir may employ a free-ride strategy when the midstream reservoir chooses to cooperate. This implies that grand cooperation is not stable when considering free-ride, whereas partial coalitions are more likely to form. In this paper, we derive equilibrium in the cooperative game of cascade reservoirs, providing theoretical interpretation of the noncooperation phenomenon in the operation of cascade reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origami-inspired design has recently emerged as a major thrust area of research in the fields of science and engineering. One such design utilizes Kresling-pattern origami to construct nonlinear springs that can act as mechanical bit memory switches, wave guides, fluidic muscles, and vibration isolators. The main objective of this work is to characterize the static equilibria of such springs, their stability, and bifurcations as the geometric parameters of the Kresling pattern are varied. To this end, a mathematical model which assumes that the different panels can be represented by axially deformable truss elements is adopted. The adopted model demonstrates that the shape of the potential energy of the spring is very sensitive to changes in its geometric parameters. This causes the static configuration to undergo several bifurcations as one or more of the geometrical parameters are varied. In particular, it is shown that the geometric parameter space of the Kresling pattern can be divided into five regions, each of which results in a qualitatively different spring behavior. Results of the axial truss model are verified experimentally demonstrating that, for the most part, the model is capable of predicting the loci and bifurcations of the spring's equilibria. Nevertheless, it is also observed that, away from the equilibrium points, the quasistatic behavior of the spring is not well-approximated by the axial truss model. To overcome this issue, a modified model is developed which accounts for (i) the rotary stiffness of the creases, (ii) self avoidance due to panel contact at small angles between the panels, and (iii) buckling of the creases under compressive loads. It is shown that the modified model is capable of providing a better overall qualitative approximation of the quasistatic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vehicles are prone to accidents during cornering on a wet or low friction coefficient roads if the longitudinal velocity (Vx) and steering angle (δ) are increased beyond a certain limit. Therefore, it is of major concern to analyze the behaviour and define the stability boundary of the vehicle for such scenarios. In this paper, stability analysis of a 2 degrees of freedom nonlinear bicycle model replicating a car model including lateral (sideslip angle β) and yaw (yaw rate r) dynamics only operating on a wet surface road has been performed. The stability is analysed by utilizing the phase plane method and bifurcation analysis. The obtained converging and diverging nature of the trajectories (β, r) depicts the stable and unstable equilibrium points in the phase plane. The movement of these points results in the transition of the stability known as bifurcation due to the change in the control parameters (Vx, δ). The Matcont/Matlab is utilized to obtain the bifurcation diagrams and the nature of bifurcations. The obtained results show that a saddle node (SNB) and a subcritical Hopf bifurcation (HB) exists for steering angle (±0.08 rad) and higher than (±0.08 rad) with Vx = (10 - 40) m/s respectively. The SNB and HB denotes the spinning of the vehicle and sliding of the vehicle respectively, thus generating a unstable behaviour. A stability boundary is obtained representing the stable and unstable range of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a SIRS infectious model of nonlocal dispersal adopted with age structure. We primarily investigate the existence and nonexistence of traveling wave solutions connecting the disease-free equilibrium state and the endemic equilibrium state. To be more precise, we obtain the existence of traveling wave solutions by constructing suitable upper and lower solutions and then applying Schauder's fixed point theorem when R0 > 1 and c > c*. In addition, we prove the nonexistence of traveling wave solutions by applying the Laplace transform for R0 > 1 and 0 < c < c*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]