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Background: Rising CO2 is expected to result in changes in plant traits that will increase plant productivity for some functional groups. Differential plant responses to elevated CO2 are likely to drive changes in competitive outcomes, with consequences for community structure and plant diversity. Many of the traits that are enhanced under elevated CO2 also confer competitive success to invasive species, and it is widely believed that invasive species will be more successful in high CO2. However, this is likely to depend on plant functional group, and evidence suggests that C3 plants tend to respond more strongly to CO2. Results: We tested the hypothesis that invasive species would be more productive than noninvasive species under elevated CO2 and that stronger responses would be seen in C3 than C4 plants. We examined responses of 15 grass species (eight C3, seven C4), classified as noninvasive or invasive, to three levels of CO2 (390, 700 and 1000 ppm) in a closed chamber experiment. Elevated CO2 decreased conductance and %N and increased shoot biomass and C/N ratio across all species. Differences between invasive and noninvasive species depended on photosynthetic mechanism, with more differences for traits of C3 than C4 plants. Differences in trait means between invasive and noninvasive species tended to be similar across CO2 levels for many of the measured responses. However, noninvasive C3 grasses were more responsive than invasive C3 grasses in increasing tiller number and root biomass with elevated CO2, whereas noninvasive C4 grasses were more responsive than invasive C4 grasses in increasing shoot and root biomass with elevated CO2. For C3 grasses, these differences could be disadvantageous for noninvasive species under light competition, whereas for C4 grasses, noninvasive species may become better competitors with invasive species under increasing CO2. Conclusions: The ecophysiological mechanisms underlying invasion success of C3 and C4 grasses may differ. However, given that the direction of trait differences between invasive and noninvasive grasses remained consistent under ambient and elevated CO2, our results provide evidence that increases in CO2 are unlikely to change dramatically the competitive hierarchy of grasses in these functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The performance of foliage feeders tends to decrease under elevated CO2, but the responses of phloem-feeding insects have been much more equivocal. As phloem tissues are less accessible than whole-plant tissues, much less is known about how phloem composition is altered under elevated CO2 and the mechanisms driving changes in aphid performance. 2. In this study, the plant mechanisms underlying the performance of Rhopalosiphum padi aphids on Hordeum vulgare (barley) grown under ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) CO2 were examined. We used aphid stylectomy to sample pure phloem from plants in CO2-controlled conditions and high-performance liquid chromatography to analyse phloem samples for amino acid concentrations. 3. Aphid abundance significantly increased by 127% under elevated CO2. Consequently, plant biomass decreased under elevated CO2 in trials with herbivores present, possibly due to the increased herbivore load, but increased when aphids were absent. The intrinsic rate of population increase ( rm) was significantly higher under elevated CO2; however, there were no statistically significant effects on aphid fecundity or development time. The concentration of individual amino acids tended to increase, although these increases were statistically significant in only a few cases. A principal components analysis revealed that the relative abundance (mol %) of those amino acids considered essential for aphids tended to increase under elevated CO2. 4. These results indicate that CO2 may affect nutrient translocation in plants in ways that are contrary to predictions about nitrogen metabolite responses to CO2. Such plant biochemical responses may underlie observations of improved phloem feeder performance under elevated CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising atmospheric CO2 has been shown to alter plant nitrogen metabolism, growth and secondary chemistry. We hypothesized that altered aphid performance under elevated CO2 is linked to phloem nitrogen chemistry., Rhopalosiphum padi performance on endophyte-infected or uninfected tall fescue was examined under three levels of CO2 (ambient, 800 and 1000 p.p.m.) and high and low nitrogen fertilization. Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid-facilitated exudation was used to sample phloem sap, followed by quantification of relative amino acid concentrations using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography., Aphid abundance was reduced at 800 p.p.m. relative to ambient CO2 but returned to baseline at 1000 p.p.m. The density of aphids was reduced in both the elevated CO2 treatments. Aphids were unsuccessful at colonizing endophyte-infected plants, possibly as a result of the presence of loline alkaloids., Multivariate analysis showed that certain groups of phloem amino acids were altered by nitrogen fertilization and CO2. We found that four amino acids (valine, arginine, glutamine and aspartate) were correlated with aphid performance. These findings partially explained the effect of plant nitrogen fertilization and elevated CO2 on aphids., The present study represents a first step toward providing a mechanistic explanation of the aphid performance changes that may result from rising atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]