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This paper synthesises critique from Māori patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) and their whānau to identify barriers and propose changes to improve the structure and function of the New Zealand mental health system. A qualitative Kaupapa Māori Research methodology was used. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were completed with Māori patients with BD and members of their whānau. Structural, descriptive and pattern coding was completed using an adapted cultural competence framework to organise and analyse the data. Three key themes identified the impact of structural features of the New Zealand mental health system on health equity for Māori with BD. Themes involved the accessibility, delivery and scope of the current health system, and described how structural features influenced the quality, utility and availability of BD services for Māori patients and whānau. Structural barriers in the existing design, and potential changes to improve the accessibility, delivery and scope of BD services for Māori, were proposed including a redesign of operational, environmental, staffing, and navigation points (information, transition, fatigue) to better meet the needs of Māori with BD. A commitment to equity when implementing structural change is needed, including ongoing evaluation and refinement. This paper provides specific recommendations that should be considered in health service redesign to ensure the New Zealand mental health system meets the needs of Māori patients with BD and their whānau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital contact tracing (DCT) was a central component of the global response to containing COVID‐19. Research has raised concerns that DCT could exacerbate inequities, yet the experiences of diverse communities at greater risk from COVID‐19 are typically underrepresented. Methods: The present study aimed to understand the perceived barriers to the adoption of the app amongst Māori, Pasifika, and disabled people. Focus groups and interviews were undertaken with Māori, Pasifika, and disability sector stakeholders and community participants. Results: Participants (n = 34) generally expressed willingness to utilise DCT and support its adoption within the communities. Simultaneously, participants revealed how the app could marginalise community members who struggled with the usability and those distrusting of the government's COVID‐19 interventions. Conclusions: The findings highlight how addressing communication inequality can assist in the development of contact‐tracing responses that are both effective and equitable. The study provides insights about the role of information and communication technologies as health resources. Patient or Public Contribution: Consulting with members of the target communities was central throughout the present study, including recommendations for potential participants, participation in interviews and sharing early findings for feedback. This study reports on focus groups and interviews with individuals from Māori and disability sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal mental health plays a vital role in the overall wellbeing of mothers, children, families, whānau (core support network) and communities. However, many mothers face mental health challenges during the transition to parenthood. In this study, we used an online story-sharing platform to collect the experiences of mothers who have faced unmet needs while using the Well Child Tamariki Ora (WCTO) service in Aotearoa New Zealand. From the 420 submitted stories, 125 stories related to mental health need while using the WCTO service. Using thematic analysis, we identified three main themes that highlighted the experiences of mothers with the service. This includes (1) making it seem that I'm coping: Mothers' fear of being judged; (2) i wish I had connected with my WCTO nurse: Fostering meaningful relationships to facilitate personal information sharing; and (3) beyond the baby: Mothers desire for recognition and support during WCTO visits. These findings point to several missed opportunities for WCTO providers to inquire about mental health and offer support needed by mothers. To address this, a relational approach to care would prioritise families and whānau as the focus of care rather than just monitoring the development of babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Regular diabetic foot checks, at least annually, are important for early identification of risk factors and prevention of ulceration and amputation. To ensure this, most general practices in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) offer free annual diabetes reviews (ADRs) which include a comprehensive foot evaluation. However, attendance rates at these ADRs are low. Aim. To explore patients' perspectives on the barriers to attending ADRs and foot checks. Methods. Semi-structured interviews with people with type 2 diabetes who were overdue their ADR (n = 13; 7 women, 6 Māori) from two urban practices were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim and then analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Results. We identified three key themes demonstrating barriers to attendance: healthcareassociated factors (suboptimal clinician-patient relationship, not having a consistent general practitioner (GP)); patient-related factors (co-morbid health conditions, issues surrounding identity, and logistical issues); and systemic factors (COVID-19 pandemic, travel distance to the practice, unawareness of available foot care services). Participants' feedback focused on patient-centred approaches for improvements to service delivery, for example using online educational materials, and utilising culturally appropriate models of health including Te Whare Tapa Whā and Whānau Ora approach. Discussion. We identified several barriers to attendance, some of which are potentially modifiable. Addressing modifiable barriers and incorporating suggestions made by participants may improve access to the ADR and reduce non-attendance. Further participatory action research could explore these insights in ways that facilitate tino rangatiratanga (self-determination) and palpable action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives.New Zealand has a unique tool, Te Tiriti o Waitangi, the Treaty of Waitangi, for addressing health disparities. Indigenous Māori have compromised health status compared to other groups. This paper investigates ways in which public health units (PHUs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) use Te Tiriti o Waitangi in service delivery to Māori. Design.A nationwide telephone survey of primary health providers (n=162) was conducted in 2014-15. Participants were asked about effectiveness and monitoring of their service delivery to Māori. Results.PHUs reported actively working with Māori, and Te Tiriti o Waitangi to reduce health disparities. Direct Māori engagement with development and delivery of programmes was viewed as essential. Strategies included designated PHU staff in positions of responsibility, formal partnerships with Māori, and providing operational and strategic guidance. Some PHUs supported development of cultural competencies. NGO responsiveness to Māori was variable. Some NGOs described prioritising service delivery and programmes for Māori. Others reported the focus of their service was European or other non-Māori ethnicities. Lack of resources or past difficulties engaging with Māori were barriers. Conclusion.Public health has an ethical commitment to reduce health disparities. Advancing Te Tiriti obligations in everyday practice has the potential to address inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Youth health outcomes are poor in New Zealand and have a life-long impact on individuals, wha-nau (family) and society. Little is known about how young people view their experiences of general practice care despite it being the most common place to access health care. AIM: This study sought to explore young peoples' experiences of care in a selected, youth-friendly general practice. METHODS: In-depth individual interviews with six young people. RESULTS: Four themes were identified from young peoples' narratives in relation to their experiences of general practice care: going to the doctor is not easy for a young person; the attributes of staff make all the difference; specific youth-friendly consultation practices help young people; and a youth-friendly physical environment can help young people access services and feel safe. DISCUSSION: Even though the study general practice had explicitly instituted youth-friendly initiatives, including offering no-charge consultations and specialist staffmembers, young people still described considerable barriers to attendance. Many barriers are practice-based and could bemodified by staff training, provision of further youth care staff roles and consideration of environmental changes. Other barriers such as waiving prescription costs need government funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Primary health care is critical, particularly in rural areas distant from secondary care services. AIM: To describe the development of Coast to Coast Health Centre (CTCHC) at Wellsford, north of Auckland, New Zealand and reflect on its achievements and ongoing challenges. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with staff and management of CTCHC and with other health service providers. Surveys of staff and a sample of enrolled patients were undertaken. Numerical data on service utilisation were obtained from the practice and from national datasets. RESULTS: The CTCHC provides a wide range of services, including after-hours care, maternity and radiology, across a network of electronically connected sites, as well as interdisciplinary training for a range of health students. General practitioner (GP) recruitment is problematic and nursing roles have been expanded. Staff report positively on the work environment. Consultation rates are higher than in comparable practices, especially consultations with nurses. Rates of hospital admission are relatively low. The development of the CTCHC was assisted by formation of a local primary health organisation (PHO) and by recognition by the local district health board (DHB). Issues with poor coordination of local services, and less service provision than is characteristic in urban areas, remain. Contracting processes with the DHB were complex and time-consuming. The merging of the local PHO into a larger PHO within the Waitemata DHB catchment inhibited progression towards more complete locality planning. DISCUSSION: A dedicated and locally controlled provider was able to generate a more than usually complete community health service for Wellsford and area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The number of general practitioners (GPs) providing maternity care in New Zealand has declined dramatically since legislative changes of the 1990s. The Ministry of Health wants GPs to provide maternity care again. AIM: To investigate New Zealand general practice registrars' perspectives on GPs' role in maternity care; specifically, whether maternity services should be provided by GPs, registrars' preparedness to provide such services, and training opportunities available or required to achieve this. METHODS: An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to all registrars enrolled in The Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners' (RNZCGP's) General Practice Education Programme (GPEP) in 2012, via their online learning platform OWL. RESULTS: 165 of the 643 general practice registrars responded (25.7% response rate). Most (95%) believe that GPs interested and trained in maternity care should consider providing antenatal, postnatal or shared care with midwives, and 95% believe women should be able to access maternity care from their general practice. When practising as a GP, 90% would consider providing antenatal and postnatal care, 47.3% shared care, and 4.3% full pregnancy care. Professional factors including training and adequate funding were most important when considering providing maternity care as a GP. DISCUSSION: Ninety-five percent of general practice registrars who responded to our survey believe that GPs should provide some maternity services, and about 90% would consider providing maternity care in their future practice. Addressing professional issues of training, support and funding are essential if more GPs are to participate in maternity care in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Prediabetes is the asymptomatic precursor to type two diabetes mellitus, a significant and growing public health problem in New Zealand (NZ). Little is known about how general practitioners (GPs) and nurses view prediabetes care, and similarly little is known about how people with prediabetes view their condition and care. Aim. This study aimed to investigate the views of NZ GPs and nurses, and people with prediabetes about prediabetes and its management. Methods. This was a mixed qualitative methods study that is part of a randomised control trial of a prediabetes intervention. Results. Three key themes emerged from the health professional data (GPs and nurses) and another three themes emerged from people with prediabetes data. GPs and nurses were uncertain about the progression of prediabetes; they felt prediabetes was not a priority and they were unsure about what to advise. People with prediabetes were uncertain about the diagnosis and information given to them; they were unsure about what to do about prediabetes and they found lifestyle change hard. Discussion. GPs, nurses and people with prediabetes, expressed much uncertainty, but also some certainty about prediabetes. All were certain that prediabetes is common and increasing and that sustained lifestyle change was very difficult. But uncertainty prevailed about whether, in reality, prediabetes could be stopped, who would be most likely to benefit from lifestyle interventions and how best to achieve these. Older Māori and Pacific women were keen to promote lifestyle change and this appeared best done through Māori and Pacific peoples' organisations by means of co-designed interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To ascertain former students' perceptions of and influences from a final‐year pre‐registration, rurally located, clinically based, 5 week interprofessional program on their subsequent work and career in the health professions. Design: Online survey delivered 5 years post‐program (4 years post‐graduation). Setting: The Tairāwhiti interprofessional education program was first undertaken in 2012/2013 by students from six health professional degree programs (dentistry, dietetics, medicine, nursing, pharmacy and physiotherapy) in the Tairāwhiti region, New Zealand. Participants: Health professionals who attended the Tairāwhiti interprofessional education program in 2012/2013 as students were invited to participate; 70 of 86 (81%) responded in 2017/2018. Results: Five years on, most respondents (91%;64/70) were working as health professionals, with a fifth (23%;15/64) working overseas. Of those currently practising in New Zealand, 51% (24/47) were working in hospital practice and 49% (23/47) in the community, with 56% (27/48) working in metropolitan areas and 44% (21/48) in regional/rural locations. Of the 51 respondents who provided free‐text comments about perceived influences of program participation, the majority described positive influences on their clinical practice as health professionals or their subsequent career choices. Five themes emerged from the free‐text data: 'made me a better clinician'; 'made me consider rural/regional work'; 'collaborating for care'; 'choosing an area of practice to work in,' and 'little or no impact.' Conclusion: This work reports positive influences on subsequent careers among respondents who had previously participated as final‐year students in a rurally located IPE program, particularly with respect to interprofessional working, rural health, and contextual and cultural influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance understanding of access to rehabilitation services in Australian and New Zealand acute care facilities for older adults living with dementia and/or living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) following a hip fracture. Information on hip fracture rehabilitation was obtained from an online survey of 40 health professionals who were members of the Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry Network. This information was supplemented with key informant interviews with five geriatricians and five rehabilitation physicians. Availability of hip fracture rehabilitation services differed by region and country. Around one in 10 respondents indicated that their facility had specific rehabilitation protocols for people living in RACFs or who were living with dementia. Barriers to providing hip fracture rehabilitation were commonly related to availability of resources. Rehabilitation pathways were determined according to individual patient characteristics and perceived potential benefit. Decision making was mainly informed by the patient's pre-fracture morbidity and residence. Three key themes and nine sub-themes emerged from the interviews. The development of consistent decision criteria and pathways for access to hip fracture rehabilitation could provide a standard approach to access to rehabilitation, particularly for patients with cognitive impairment and/or who reside in RACFs. Need to establish evidence-based criteria for patients who will benefit from hip fracture rehabilitation. Consistent decision criteria for access to hip fracture rehabilitation will assist in guiding a standard approach to providing rehabilitation, particularly for patients with cognitive impairment and/or who reside in RACFs. There is a need to ensure the availability of physiotherapy services in RACFs to assist with rehabilitation provision. Rehabilitation provided to patients with cognitive impairment and/or who are living in RACFs should be tailored to their physical and mental ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Coproduction of research between consumers of mental health services and nonconsumer mental health researchers is increasing. There is some research available describing consumer perspectives of this experience. However, there is a notable lack of research on other (nonconsumer) researcher experiences of and views about consumer involvement in coproduced research. A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken to examine perspectives of mental health researchers about consumer involvement in research. In‐depth individual interviews were undertaken with 11 nonconsumer mental health researchers in Australia and New Zealand. Interview transcripts were analysed to identify major themes. There were three interacting themes: the salience of experiential difference, expanded learning, and enhanced research. The dynamic between different perspectives and learning had the effect of enhancing research across the spectrum of study phases and in ensuring research was of value to different groups. The findings emphasize the important contribution consumer researchers can make to mental health research by bringing their unique perspective and enhancing an environment of mutual learning. Findings also point to the need for foregrounding the numerous benefits of joint research between consumer and other researchers to enhance and improve clinical practice and the development of policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a best practice model that can be utilized by food system actors to assist with (re) building trust in the food system, before, during and after a food incident defined as 'any situation within the food supply chain where there is a risk or potential risk of illness or confirmed illness or injury associated with the consumption of a food or foods' (Commonwealth of Australia. National Food Incident Response Protocol. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2012). Interviews were undertaken with 105 actors working within the media, food industry and food regulatory settings across Australia, New Zealand (NZ) and the United Kingdom(UK). Interview data produced strategy statements, which indicated participant views on how to (re)build consumer trust in the food system. These included: (i) be transparent, (ii) have protocols and procedures in place, (iii) be credible, (iv) be proactive, (v) put consumers first, (vi) collaborate with stakeholders, (vii) be consistent, (viii) educate stakeholders and consumers, (ix) build your reputation and (x) keep your promises. A survey was designed to enable participants to indicate their agreement/disagreement with the ideas, rate their importance and provide further comment. The five strategies considered key to (re)building consumer trust were used to develop a model demonstrating best practice strategies for (re)building consumer trust in the food system before, during and after a food incident. In a world where the food system is increasingly complex, strategies for (re)building and fostering consumer trust are important. This study offers a model to do so which is derived from the views and experiences of actors working across the food industry, food regulation and the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Despite the investment in exploring patient-centred alternatives to medical malpractice in New Zealand (NZ), the UK and the USA, patients' experiences with these processes are not well understood. We sought to explore factors that facilitate and impede reconciliation following patient safety incidents and identify recommendations for strengthening institutionled alternatives to malpractice litigation. Methods We conducted semistructured interviews with 62 patients injured by healthcare in NZ, administrators of 12 public hospitals, 5 lawyers specialising in Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) claims and 3 ACC staff. NZ was chosen as the research site because it has replaced medical malpractice litigation with a no-fault scheme. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes from interview transcripts. Results Interview responses converged on five elements of the reconciliation process that were important: (1) ask, rather than assume, what patients and families need from the process and recognise that, for many patients, being heard is important and should occur early in the reconciliation process; (2) support timely, sincere, culturally appropriate and meaningful apologies, avoiding forced or tokenistic quasi-apologies; (3) choose words that promote reconciliation; (4) include the people who patients want involved in the reconciliation discussion, including practitioners involved in the harm event; and (5) engage the support of lawyers and patient relations staff as appropriate. Discussion Policymakers and healthcare institutions are keenly interested in non-litigation approaches to resolving malpractice incidents. Interviewing participants involved in patient safety incident reconciliation processes suggests that healthcare institutions should not view apology as a substitute for other remedial actions; use flexible guidelines that distil best-practice principles, ensuring that steps are not missed, while not prescribing a 'one size fits all' communication approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Qualitative research examining experiences of recovering from mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is limited. Findings from quantitative studies regarding predictors of persisting symptoms are inconsistent with limited attention directed to capturing broad perspectives and priorities of the wider stakeholders. More flexible research approaches may help advance the field. We used a mixed method design to generate patient perspectives of MTBI recovery, integrating these with quantitative investigation to isolate factors that might contribute to divergent MTBI outcomes. Methods:The qualitative component reported here involved semi-structured interviews with selected participants (n = 10) from the quantitative study cohort, sampling both recovered and non-recovered adult MTBI participants. Interviews focused on participants’ general description and understandings of their recovery and perceptions of what helped or hindered this. Data were analyzed using general thematic analysis. Results and conclusion:Participants regardless of recovery status identified the importance of having a coherent understanding of their injury and recovery. Factors facilitating coherence included social support, validation, reassurance, accessing credible evidence-based information and having a pathway to wellness. Findings suggested that coherence could be a helpful umbrella construct worthy of examination in future MTBI research. This construct appears broad and able to cope with the complexity of individual experiences after injury.Implications for rehabilitationSense of coherence may be a helpful umbrella construct that can facilitate resilience and positive recovery beliefs and expectations after mild traumatic brain injury.Reassurance, validation, and social support appear important and may facilitate injury recovery.Focus on the experiences of people recovering from mild traumatic brain injury may help to refine recovery models and understandings and thus provide more effective intervention targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore kaumātua attitudes towards physician aid-in dying, to gain a clear understanding of how such attitudes may influence and shape their expectations of medical care at the end of life and to assist health professionals in Aotearoa/New Zealand to address the healthcare needs of older Māori near the end of life. Design: A kaupapa Māori consistent approach was undertaken. A systematic narrative technique was employed for the qualitative data analysis. Data were triangulated through independent data coding by three researchers (two of whom identified as Māori researchers), to ensure a robust and consistent method of analysis as well as adhering to a kaupapa Māori research approach. Setting/participants: Recruitment of participants was through kaumātua of Te Kupenga Hauora Māori (Māori leadership within the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences), University of Auckland and local Auckland marae. Focus group or individual interviews (as per their preference) were undertaken with 20 Kaumātua from the Auckland region. Results: Five closely interrelated themes were identified from kaumātua narratives regarding physician aid-in dying. These were (1) attitudes and understandings of physician aid-in dying, (2) influence of power, (3) significance of kawa, (4) whānau relationships and the (5) significance of wairua. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that for these kaumātua, medical practices that hasten death such as physician aid-in dying are 'not all just about the dying'. Tikanga and kawa are important processes and concepts to understand during death and dying, and whānau are central to such processes being respected by those involved in the dying process. These factors are so closely intertwined that they cannot be considered in separation of each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisational culture has been shown to impact on resident outcomes in residential aged care ( RAC). This is particularly important given the growing number of residents with high palliative care needs. The study described herein (conducted from January 2013 to March 2014) examined survey results from a convenience sample of 46 managers, alongside interviews with a purposively selected sample of 23 bereaved family members in order to explore the perceptions of organisational culture within New Zealand RAC facilities in one large urban District Health Board. Results of the Organisational Culture Assessment Instrument ( OCAI) completed by managers indicated a preference for a 'Clan' and the structured 'Hierarchy' culture. Bereaved family interviews emphasised both positive and negative aspects of communication, leadership and teamwork, and relationship with residents. Study results from both managers' OCAI survey scores and next of kin interviews indicate that while the RAC facilities are culturally oriented towards providing quality care for residents, they may face barriers to adopting organisational processes supportive of this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: People with stroke or Parkinson’s disease (PD) live with reduced mood, social participation and quality of life (QOL). Communication difficulties affect 90% of people with PD (dysarthria) and over 33% of people with stroke (aphasia). These consequences are disabling in many ways. However, as singing is typically still possible, its therapeutic use is of increasing interest. This article explores the experiences of and factors influencing participation in choral singing therapy (CST) by people with stroke or PD and their significant others.Method: Participants (eight people with stroke, six with PD) were recruited from a community music therapy choir running CST. Significant others (seven for stroke, two for PD) were also recruited. Supported communication methods were used as needed to undertake semi-structured interviews (totalN = 23).Results: Thematic analysis indicated participants had many unmet needs associated with their condition, which motivated them to explore self-management options. CST participation was described as an enjoyable social activity, and participation was perceived as improving mood, language, breathing and voice.Conclusions: Choral singing was perceived by people with stroke and PD to help them self-manage some of the consequences of their condition, including social isolation, low mood and communication difficulties.Implications for RehabilitationChoral singing therapy (CST) is sought out by people with stroke and PD to help self-manage symptoms of their condition.Participation is perceived as an enjoyable activity which improves mood, voice and language symptoms.CST may enable access to specialist music therapy and speech language therapy protocols within community frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To identify why some nurses cope well with continuing to work as they age and others struggle. Background There is a need to understand better the challenges older nurses face and how they manage them. Design Secondary analysis of existing data. Methods Data collected in two separate studies were analysed. The first study (2012) was an online, anonymous survey that collected free text (qualitative) and categorical data ( n = 3273, 57·6% response rate). The second (2014) was an explorative, descriptive study that collected data through focus groups and interviews ( n = 46). Qualitative data from both studies were analysed using David Thomas' () general inductive approach. Research Ethics Committee approval was gained for the 2012 and 2014 studies. Results Data were categorised in two themes: the challenges of ageing and nursing; and factors that enable nurses to continue to practice. Physical challenges, fatigue, guilt, ageism and demands to complete continuing education were considered challenges. Maintaining personal fitness, self care, flexible working and a strong belief in their ability to contribute to the profession were present in older nurses who continued to practice. Conclusion While older nurses face growing physical and cognitive challenges as they age, they demonstrate strong resilience in the face of these challenges. It is recommended nurses seek support from their workplaces early to address challenges. Organisations must address ageism in the workplace and provide practical interventions such as supporting changes to work hours, shifting nurses to less physical roles and providing career planning to support resilience in older workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: "Hunger training", which aims to teach people to eat only when blood glucose is below a set target, appears promising as a weight loss strategy. As the ability of participants to adhere to the rigorous protocol has been insufficiently described, we sought to determine the feasibility of hunger training, in terms of retention in the study, adherence to measuring blood glucose, and eating only when blood glucose concentrations are below a set level of 4.7 mmol/L. Method: We undertook a two-week feasibility study, utilising an adaptive design approach where the specific blood glucose cut-off was the adaptive feature. A blood glucose cut-off of 4.7 mmol/L (protocol A) was used for the first 20 participants. A priori we decided that if interim analysis revealed that this cut-off did not meet our feasibility criteria, the remaining ten participants would use an individualised cut-off based on their fasting glucose concentrations (protocol B). Results: Retention of the participants in the study was 97 % (28/29 participants), achieving our criterion of 85 %. Participants measured their blood glucose before 94 % (95 % CI 91, 98) of eating occasions (criterion 80 %). However, participants following protocol A, which used a standard blood glucose cut-off of 4.7 mmol/L, were only able to adhere to eating when blood glucose was below the prescribed level 66 % of the time, below our within-person criterion of 75 %. By contrast, those participants following protocol B (individualised cut-off) adhered to the eating protocol 84 % of the time, a significant (p = 0.010) improvement over protocol A. Conclusion: Hunger training appears to be a feasible method, at least in the short-term, when an individualised fasting blood glucose is used to indicate that a meal can begin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As self efficacy beliefs help determine an individual's response to challenging situations, we explored the impact of the refugee experience on efficacy beliefs and their contribution to resettlement. General self efficacy (GSE) was assessed in 186 resettled Afghan and Kurdish refugees against a range of personal and temporal variables. Although no differences in GSE in relation to temporal factors were noted, significant relationships between self efficacy, lower psychological distress and higher subjective well being were evident. The findings suggest that GSE, because of its positive association with mental health and well being, is a variable worthy of further examination in refugees. In addition to ensuring a supportive environment for learning English, proactive employment strategies should be encouraged. Further research examining the use of successful refugee role models to promote self efficacy, enhance motivation for learning and ensure newly arrived refugees view resettlement as a challenge, rather than a threat, is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]