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Several international cervical screening guidelines advise against using high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) testing in women younger than 30. The rationale for this in young women, lies in the potential for additional detection of both low‐grade and high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) leading to unnecessary treatments without reducing the burden of cervical cancer. We studied 56 544 women screened at 24 to 29 with HR‐HPV testing and 116 858 screened with liquid‐based cytology (LBC) in the English HPV screening pilot. They were compared to 528 460 women screened at the age of 30 to 49. We studied the detection of cervical cancer and CIN2/3 across two consecutive screening rounds 3 years apart. At 24 to 29, a positive HR‐HPV test detected more cases of cervical cancer in the prevalence round than did a positive LBC test (1.36/1000 screened vs 0.82/1000, ORadj: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.18‐2.19). In women with a negative HR‐HPV test, cervical cancer was diagnosed before or at the incidence round in 0.07/1000. After a negative LBC test, cancer detection reached 0.47/1000 and 40% of these cases were diagnosed at FIGO stage IB+. HR‐HPV testing increased the detection of CIN2/3 diagnoses in two consecutive rounds combined by 30% (71.9/1000 vs 55.2/1000). The patterns of detection of cervical cancer and CIN2/3 were almost identical at older ages. These data support using HR‐HPV testing for screening of women younger than 30, which not only accelerates the diagnosis of cervical cancer but leads to a similar relative increase in CIN2/3 diagnosis to that found in women aged 30 to 49. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is reportedly more sensitive than cytology for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The effectiveness of HPV testing in primary cervical screening was assessed in the ARTISTIC trial, which was done over two screening rounds approximately 3 years apart (2001–03 and 2004–07) by comparing liquid-based cytology (LBC) combined with HPV testing against LBC alone. Methods: Women aged 20–64 years who were undergoing routine screening as part of the English National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme in Greater Manchester were randomly assigned (between July, 2001, and September, 2003) in a ratio of 3:1 to either combined LBC and HPV testing in which the results were revealed and acted on, or to combined LBC and HPV testing where the HPV result was concealed from the patient and investigator. The primary outcome was the detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) in the second screening round, analysed by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN25417821. Findings: There were 24 510 eligible women at entry (18 386 in the revealed group, 6124 in the concealed group). In the first round of screening 233 women (1·27%) in the revealed group had CIN3+, compared with 80 (1·31%) women in the concealed group (odds ratio [OR] 0·97, 95% CI 0·75–1·25; p>0·2). There was an unexpectedly large drop in the proportion of women with CIN3+ between the first and second rounds of screening in both groups, at 0·25% (29 of 11 676) in the revealed group and 0·47% (18 of 3866 women) in the concealed group (OR 0·53, 95% CI 0·30–0·96; p=0·042). For both rounds combined, the proportion of women with CIN3+ were 1·51% (revealed) and 1·77% (concealed) (OR 0·85, 95% CI 0·67–1·08; p>0·2). Interpretation: LBC combined with HPV testing resulted in a significantly lower detection rate of CIN3+ in the second round of screening compared with LBC screening alone, but the effect was small. Over the two screening rounds combined, co-testing did not detect a higher rate of CIN3+ or CIN2+ than LBC alone. Potential changes in screening methodology should be assessed over at least two screening rounds. Funding: National Institute of Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This chapter reviews the contribution of cervical cytology, what makes it successful, the management of screen positives and how technological advances may affect its use in the future. Cervical screening has saved hundreds of thousands of lives but has not been available to women in the poorest countries. In countries where wide coverage has been achieved and quality assurance is in place, incidence and death rates have fallen by over 50% even though cervical cytology is logistically complex. The management of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is very effective, but low-grade cytological abnormalities require care to avoid over-treatment. The increasing rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and the prospect of prophylactic vaccination will change the way cervical cytology is used, possibly giving way to HPV testing as the primary test in secondary prevention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Potential roles for HPV testing in cervical screening.The most important clinical value of HPV testing in thelower genital tract is to distinguish women at very low riskof malignancy from those at some risk.In cervical screening, the principal roles that HPV testingmay play are(i) in primary screening,(ii) in following up the treatment of cervical abnormalities,(iii) triage of mild abnormalities.Study findingsThe ASCUC-LSIL triage study (ALTS) investigated the sensitivityof HPV testing using HC II combined with repeat cytologyin detecting CIN3+ lesions (Table 1) [11].Further results from the ALTS study, in which 897 cases oflow-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 1193cases of HPV DNA-positive ASCUS were followed for 2 years,suggested that LSIL lesions and HPV-positive ASCUS areclinically equivalent [12]. Initial colposcopic detection of obviouslyprevalent CIN2+ reduces risk. However, for the remainingwomen who have CIN ≤ 1 on colposcopy and directedbiopsy, the risk for subsequent CIN grade 2 or 3 isapproximately 12% over 2 years.The HPV in addition to routine testing (HART) studylooked at the management of women who tested positivefor high-risk types of HPV, but had negative or borderlinescreening abnormalities [13]. HPV testing was more sensitivethan borderline-or-worse cytology (97.1% versus 76.6%,P = .002), but less specific (93.3% versus 95.8%, P < .0001)for detecting CIN2+. Surveillance at 12 months was as effectivefor monitoring progression as immediate colposcopy.From study results to clinical practiceA meta-analysis to assess the accuracy of HPV DNA testingas an alternative to repeat cytology in women who had equivocalresults on a previous Pap smear suggests thatHC II assayhas higher sensitivity and similar specificity than the repeatPap smear (ASCUS as threshold) for CIN2+ among womenin this patient group [14].HPV testing has a high negative predictive value and althoughthe positive predictive value is lower, it offers considerablebenefits in triaging patients. It can also assist decisionmaking on behalf of women with mild cytological abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus infection. Most human papillomavirus infection is harmless and dears spontaneously but persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (especially type 16) can cause cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, penis, and oropharynx. The virus exclusively infects epithelium and produces new viral particles only in fully mature epithelial cells. Human papillomavirus disrupts normal cell-cycle control, promoting uncontrolled cell division and the accumulation of genetic damage. Two effective prophylactic vaccines composed of human papillomavirus type 16 and 18, and human papillomavirus type 16,18, 6, and 11 virus-like particles have been introduced in many developed countries as a primary prevention strategy. Human papillomavirus testing is clinically valuable for secondary prevention in triaging low-grade cytology and as a test of cure after treatment. More sensitive than cytology, primary screening by human papillomavirus testing could enable screening intervals to be extended. If these prevention strategies can be implemented in developing countries, many thousands of lives could be saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]