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The article outlines the recent developments relating to British law and policy on the marine historic environment (MHE) and, in the process of doing so, to highlight the urgent need for the British government through its International Wrecks Committee to develop a coherent and effective policy for dealing with British heritage discovered beyond territorial limits. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) published a White Paper entitled "Heritage Protection for the 21st Century" in March 2007. Driven by the sustainable development agenda, the document heralds a major overhauling of general heritage protection legislation in England and Wales.

Pennsylvania's (PA) processes and policies for landscape-scale cultural and visual resource conservation are lacking. In PA, like much of the United States (US), landscape change policies are prescriptive and concerned mainly with ecology, health, safety, and welfare issues. These factors combined relegate cultural and scenic aspects to ancillary matters, often leading to their degradation. Culturally focused fields, such as landscape architecture, archaeology, and planning call for rescaling cultural conservation planning to regional scale. Rescaling would treat cultural resources like other environmental and ecological resources, giving cultural resources equal weight in conservation evaluations. The United Kingdom (UK) has policies specifically for visual impact assessment required for development projects. This paper discusses scale issues and political processes within regional visual and cultural resource conservation in PA, US, compares nascent regional-scale planning efforts in PA and the UK, and proposes improvements to PA and, by extension, US cultural landscape conservation policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Church of England's historic buildings represent the single largest group of heritage sites in the UK, playing a key public-facing role in the church's 'cultural witness'. However, they are complex historic environments implicated in the recent focus on 'contested heritage' and imperial legacies. The wider heritage sector's answer to the adversarial nature of this debate has been to turn contested histories into dialogical opportunities; participatory and collaborative approaches to interpretation and curation have become an important feature of much recent secular heritage work. Yet, the CofE has not yet articulated or embraced the value of similar initiatives for its own collections, with guidance at the institutional level aimed primarily at conservation and protection. This paper initiates a discussion about how engagement with sensitive memories enhances the importance of CofE's cultural heritage. It offers a preliminary report of a research project led by the author titled 'Inclusive Interpretations of Christian Heritage', carried out between 2021 and 2022 at iconic churches in central London. After discussing the theoretical context, project rationale, and method, the paper discusses the connections which Christians from ethnic minority or immigrant backgrounds have to ecclesiastical spaces usually associated with national history. The perspectives of previously unrepresented groups can supplement expert assessments concerning a site's significance, revealing important areas in which the CofE's cultural assets hold meaning beyond national or aesthetic importance. The paper argues that widening community engagement represents a crucial task for accentuating the social and civic importance of the CofE's cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to evidence the perspectives of information professionals in the UK in relation to environmental sustainability and climate action to catalyse collaborative action. Design/methodology/approach: This study takes an interpretivist stance. Research into archive and record management literature was conducted to establish key themes on climate change within the information sector. These themes informed research questions included in a survey cascaded to UK archivists, conservators, records managers and cultural heritage professionals via national mailing lists. The results were then codified and analysed. The study had research ethics and data protection approval from University College London. Findings: Using professional ethics as a framework, this paper argues that climate action can protect records from the impact of climate change, ensuring future access. The information professionals surveyed were motivated by duties to preservation and access to mitigate the impact of the information sector on the environment. However, sector-specific climate action, such as introducing passive storage conditions or decreasing collection sizes, is limited by insufficient resources, organisational hierarchies and cultures, sector support and a perceived conflict with the duty to preservation. Originality/value: To date, there is a growing body of literature from other countries on archival practices and the natural environment. However, the UK in general and the records management sector in particular, have not yet fully engaged in the discussion. This study reviews these knowledge gaps for the UK information sector to appropriately respond to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating an exhibition is a multidisciplinary task which, besides the work of the authors of the scenario, copywriters and experts in the given topic, involves also the work of architects and landscape architects. Although the paper reflects on various completed exhibitions, the scenario and form of an exhibition cannot be separated. The paper focuses on spatial aspects of outdoor exhibitions from the perspective of an architect and landscape architect and documents them via various completed exhibitions. In terms of architecture they can be classified upon the aspects of form and content, wherein form covers the spatial, i.e. architectural, design of the exhibition and means, and content covers the quantity, complexity, style and chronology of the information communicated. The motivation for the paper is the need to identify the factors influencing the educational quality of exhibitions that the professionals designing the space and form of exhibitions may use in their practice. This covers predominantly those factors that relate to the designing of spaces where exhibitions take place based on the given scenarios, to which the viewers react rather subconsciously. The method used for the research is a spatial and content analysis of three exhibitions presenting cultural and natural heritage, specifically Hardangervidda National Park in Norway, Kongernes Jelling visitor centre in Denmark, and the National Museum of Rural Life at Wester Kittochside -- Scottish National Museum in Great Britain. Factors considered include: the connection to the site -- landscape context; authenticity; spatial scenario; and so-called warm-up and cool-down spaces that create atmosphere. A scenario, as in a film, connects the environment and content in a defined chronology. By this research we want to follow up on the trend in museums and exhibitions to present information through powerful narrative storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores linguistic and cultural complexity within immigration legal advice communication. Drawing from a linguistic ethnographic study, ethnographic and interactional data from two linked advice meetings about UK refugee family reunion processes are subject to deductive analysis using Risager's model of the language-culture nexus, within which the intersection of language(s) and culture(s) in a communicative event is conceptualised as a nexus of linguistic, languacultural, discursive, and other (non-linguistic) cultural resources and practices. The paper operationalises this intercultural communication theory in a new and exploratory way to investigate how cultural complexity is manifest, and interactionally managed, at different levels of meaning. The substantive analysis shows how a range of divergent resources, brought in by the different participants, are drawn upon and externalised as communicative practices in both legal advice meetings. Understanding is negotiated interculturally at different levels of meaning – the linguistic, the languacultural, and the discursive – in contrasting ways in each meeting. Methodologically, the paper argues that a strength of Risager's framework is that it supports a methodical and structured analysis of communicative events characterised by linguistic and cultural complexity, which can be linked to other discourse analytical approaches. The model's complexity, and its foregrounding of verbal over other semiotic modes, are highlighted as challenges for the analyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses conflicts associated with policies to protect the built heritage. Such conflicts relate to a host of tensions between private and public concerns and specifically between pro-development and pro-conservation approaches. To examine these cleavages, the paper operationalises private and public concerns over heritage by asking if there is a recognisable set of justifications that policy-makers use for supporting a pro-conservation or alternatively a pro-development approach? To do this, the paper looks at appeals decided by Her Majesty’s Planning Inspectors in London. The findings show that although they are not dichotomous, public and private interests in heritage development can be factually recognised in the setting of appeals. Moreover, the paper finds that Planning Inspectors often channel conflicts through the prism of certain public interests, namely, protecting architectural and physical attributes of the building and its surroundings. Although inspectors are instructed to actively weigh in other (potentially overriding) considerations in heritage appeals, such as socio-economic and proprietary issues, these considerations do not appear to have the same standing within the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of authenticity has been challenged by several authors when applied to cultural heritage. However, little thinking has been devoted to the impact that the shifting concept of authenticity has on conservation practices of mobile heritage (e.g. vintage cars, historic trains, ships, aeroplanes, motorcycles). The topic is explored here through some case studies from Italy and the UK, and will be introduced by a brief summary of the concepts of authenticity and replicas. The paper will highlight a different understanding of the concept of authenticity by collectors and museums, leading to different approaches to conservation practices. The author underlines the difference between “originality” and “authenticity” and suggests that “authenticity” is tied to the perception and experience of cultural heritage, while “originality” is related to the fabric. Even though there is merit in all the different approaches to conservation, conversations on this subject are needed to ensure a streamlining of concepts and vocabulary applied by the different stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherent biases, barriers to participation and other risks of exclusion thwart the UK cultural heritage sector's capacity to benefit all citizens equally. However, growing evidence bases – from local audits to regional insight reports to national censuses – ostensibly make it possible to identify these biases and risks in increasingly fine-grained ways, and from there to design programmes to engage individuals who might not otherwise participate in the historic environment. In this paper, we assess the efficacy of 'audience mapping' for supporting the inclusion of specific, underrepresented audiences in UK cultural heritage. The audience mapping methodology we applied in the Towards a National Collection project Unpath'd Waters (UNPATH) offers a case study. Sixty datasets (including audience interviews, web analytics, observations, etc.) from 18 organisations catering to maritime heritage were compared to support the project in reaching three audiences: visually impaired people, cross-disciplinary researchers and non-coastal communities. We review our method and its outcomes, then position our learnings against other audience mappings conducted by the Museum of London Archaeology for commercial clients. Like all audience methodologies, mapping has problematic dimensions that can heighten rather than halt inequities. We consider how to adapt approaches (e.g. to surveying, consulting and 'profiling' people) to sensitively respond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we utilise data from biographical interviews to examine the values held by UK planners and whether and how they promote progressive planning ideals in their everyday work, often despite countertendencies in planning systems and organisational priorities. Our research concurs with the idea of a mildly progressive, yet conservative, positioning: in Hillier's (2002) terms, some planners are 'on a mission' but these missions vary from common-good orientations, a desire to do 'better' planning in a putative public interest, to more justice-based commitments to certain progressive 'causes' such as particular publics, cultural heritage, special places, or the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the response of the English heritage sector, in particular Historic England, to the impact caused by the initial lockdown and restrictions introduced to protect lives during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. This response, headed by the Heritage Sector Response Group, relied on effective cross-sector working in order to both make the case for targeted support for the heritage sector to the UK Government and to provide advice and support for organisations during the lockdown and the limited reopening of the economy which followed. This included gathering intelligence in order to understand the impact of restrictions on the sector, which was used to swiftly develop emergency grant schemes funded by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, the National Lottery Heritage Fund and Historic England. The paper also considers the Historic England Heritage Online Debate around the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the sector, which gathered case studies from across the sector to capture and share qualitative information. The paper then looks at other long term challenges facing the sector, such as climate change, and considers how a collaborative approach and lessons learned from the sector's response to the COVID-19 restrictions may provide models for building resilience for the future and developing solutions to other issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an account of field research and its findings from an international knowledge exchange project entitled Design Ecologies: Sustaining ethno-cultural significance of products through urban ecologies of creative practice, jointly funded by the UK's Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing. The contribution of this paper is to effectively communicate the processes, mechanisms and benefits of an academic knowledge exchange programme. In this case, six exchange visits were carried out, three to China by the British team and three to the UK by the Chinese team. These visits offered opportunities for both teams to gain insights into a variety of heritage sites and craft practices, as well as to the wider policy landscapes in each country. We found that the use of certain terms, like 'creative industries', to refer to traditional craft practices and other heritage related activities can be problematic as they tend to emphasise their instrumental rather than their intrinsic value. The Chinese team found the importance and significance of volunteers within the UK's cultural heritage landscape to be very different from that of China, which does not have a history of volunteering. On the other hand, China supports its Intangible Cultural Heritage through adoption of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, hereafter referred to as the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) programme or UNESCO convention (UNESCO 2019b; Cominelli and Greffe 2012); in contrast, the UK has not ratified the UNESCO convention. The China team commented on the UK's approach to heritage that keeps a sense of 'living' heritage, e.g. The English Lake District is a UNESCO World Heritage Centre in which people still live and work. In China, such areas are often depopulated to preserve the heritage and focus on tourism. The British team identified opportunities for design contributions in the visualisation of interrelated and interdependent "ecosystems" of design and production, as observed in Jingdezhen Ceramics Factory. Also, at Taoxichuan Creative Zone design was already being used effectively for the design of artefacts, points of sale, branding and packaging. There is much potential for this to be explored and developed further with different case studies in the UK and China. A shared understanding was developed from the knowledge exchange visits and visit reports created by each of the respective teams. These led to a set of conclusions, insights and themes. Finally, this project has already paved the way for a further Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) research project entitled Located Making, in collaboration with the Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology and Ningxia University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the UK's approach to the digitisation of its cultural heritage during the New Labour administration from 1997 to 2010, with a specific emphasis on academic texts and archival documents. Focusing on the identification of common areas of concern across a range of programmes, the paper asks whether a national digitisation strategy is needed and, if so, what form it should take. It concludes with three recommendations for improving the coordination and practice of the digitisation of the UK's cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in this volume arose from a conference organised by The Association for Industrial Archaeology (AIA) in Nottingham in June 2004, with the support of English Heritage, which had the explicit intention of formulating a research framework for industrial archaeology in the 21st century. Most have been written by those professionally involved in archaeology, which in itself indicates the massive step forward that industrial archaeology has taken in the last half-century from its beginnings as a largely volunteer movement. The recent designation of British World Heritage Sites such as Blaenavon in South Wales, New Lanark in Scotland, two textile-based sites in England, the Derwent Valley of Derbyshire and Saltaire in West Yorkshire, and most recently Liverpool — Maritime Mercantile City, has emphasised the international importance of Britain's contribution to the processes of industrialisation. For all these sites, the designations have taken account not just of the technological innovations which many of them represent but also the social context of the process of industrialisation, expressed through settlement patterns and material culture. The invited papers at the Nottingham conference were explicitly intended to explore this social agenda, which is of paramount importance in our efforts to examine the process of transition from an agrarian to an industrial society through the archaeological remains of the early modern period. This volume contains the results of that decision and is intended to demonstrate how far industrial archaeology (or whatever we choose to call it) is now a fully recognised element within mainstream archaeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King Arthur and Robin Hood, as two main folkloric figures, play an important role in British national identity especially in the nineteenth century. Throughout centuries, these mythical stories became well-known in the cultural heritage of other countries besides Britain. The lore and depictions of these two characters were not limited to the written and oral literature but came into existence through different mediums such as television, cinema, and computer games. Both the stories of King Arthur and Robin Hood have topical themes reflecting the political, social, and cultural issues and conflicts in societies and shape the future as timeless artefacts. In this sense, the major aim of this paper is to present and analyze the evolution of these two folk legends by using various historical and cultural sources to demonstrate the validity of the two characters across time, place, and medium. King Arthur and Robin Hood: The History and Folklore of England's Most Famous Folk Legends by Jesse Harasta (2009) is used as the basis of the evolution of the lore of the two folkloric characters. The stories and the characters, the subjects of various myths and legends throughout centuries, have also been adapted and used in a variety of works and products transmitting local history of the lore of King Arthur and Robin Hood into global folklore. The political, social, and cultural use, adaptation, and evolution of King Arthur and Robin Hood will be traced starting from their emergence in the medieval ages through the twentieth century when the lore of King Arthur and Robin Hood is transformed through story-telling and added to different structures by using different media. As will be exemplified per the aim of the study though some changes in the presentation of the folkloric characters are present; the major dichotomic human characteristics are preserved. The article follows the trajectory of evolution of two legends into myths, literature, and finally products of popular culture. The work questions whether the divisive line between what is local and authentic versus that which is globalized and thus international is as clear as is presupposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With climate change, many cultural landscapes will be lost or permanently altered. One approach to managing this is through international designation, through UNESCO, and the focus that it provides. National designations such as National Park status also offer a set of strategies for managing and adapting. This paper explores landscape designations in Japan and the UK focusing on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is suggested that the UK's dualistic governmental structures for landscapes prioritise some attributes over others. This is examined through the recent inscription of the Lake District as a World Heritage Property and counterpointed through looking at the recent Landscape Review also known as the Glover Report. A case study on a Japanese approach to landscape designation is explored to suggest alternative approaches. Both country's relationship with international designation is discussed. Methodologies and theoretical approaches are examined with the conclusion that landscape change and loss are dealt with in Japan differently and arguably more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new framework for calculating vulnerability indices within archaeological resource management on a landscape-scale. Current approaches consider archaeological sites in isolation from their context within the historic landscape. The new framework advocated in this article assesses the vulnerability of landscape character areas, as defined through historic landscape characterization. This framework uses a two-step vulnerability index: the first assesses the vulnerability of archaeological sites and landscape features; the second uses the results of the first vulnerability index, as well as spatial data on the landscape character areas and the threat in question to calculate the vulnerability of each landscape character area. The framework is applied to a brief case study in coastal North Wales, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TESOL postgraduate students come to the UK from China seeking an authentic environment in which to develop their English language skills and learn about their host culture. This paper provides a substantive review of the historical context of higher education in China, including its Confucian cultural heritage, and shows its evolution from a system of rote learning to one increasingly embracing critical thinking and active classrooms. Significant previous studies on the Chinese international student experience in Western academic contexts are then presented. Applying this, we present a needs analysis conducted at a British university to elucidate perceived missing adaptation support and the resulting programme, demonstrating what was successful and providing best practice recommendations for other universities looking to enhance sociocultural support for this changing student population. Our goal is to assert the need for Western higher education to acknowledge the changing profile Chinese international students, specifically postgraduates, will have upon matriculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the turn of the millennium three rock art projects focusing primarily on Northumberland in the United Kingdom (Northumberland Rock Art: Web Access to the Beckensall Archive,Rock Art on Mobile PhonesandHeritage and Science: working together in the CARE of rock art) have made information and images widely available to the public via the Internet. All three projects were strongly underpinned by the ethos expressed in the Faro Convention and the Ename and Burra Charters that the value of cultural heritage should be enhanced by interpretation. This paper investigates the responses to these digital media initiatives, showing that they have increased the reach of this ancient rock art resource to large numbers of people in United Kingdom and Ireland, and globally. In addition, it reveals that having made these heritage resources available online, they have created a further desire among people to engage with the rock art virtually with the increased possibility of following this up with anin situvisit.ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHERCopyright of International Journal of Heritage Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the buildings of the British labour movement. Hitherto, labour activists, historians and heritage professionals have focused on the artefacts and archives as opposed to the many historic buildings of the labour movement. The narrative closely follows the course of the industrial revolution and the accompanying development of the labour movement from its beginnings in the eighteenth century. Examples cover a wide range including the artisan trade societies, Utopian Owenite settlements and purpose-built radical and trade union premises. The authors make a brief critique of the paper itself as an example of the intangible heritage of the labour movement. It concludes with a consideration of why these buildings are relatively neglected and suggests that the notion ‘don’t mourn, organise’ might contain some clues as to specific reasons for their neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact on land use of area-wide regeneration spending related to historic conservation is largely under-researched. This paper is intended to make a contribution to this subject within the context of conservation studies. It arises out of the findings from a longitudinal investigation into the more general impact of the Heritage Lottery Fund's Townscape Heritage Initiative across the UK. This research has examined 16 cases where significant investment has been made in the built fabric in order to improve the townscape and other aspects of the heritage. Through an analysis of changes in land use mapped at three points over a ten-year period, the paper presents findings from a selection of seven of these cases, and highlights patterns of change in terms of land use, and the relationship between newly prioritised uses and their 'fit' with the historic identity of place. The value of the research lies both in these generalisable findings and in the methods described to arrive at them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the processes involved in a participatory inclusive research project in Liverpool and Merseyside, UK. The project involved 25 people with learning difficulties - the Heritage Forum - visiting 13 cultural and heritage sites on more than 50 occasions across a 15-month period. The research provides a much needed resource at a time when there is a lack of provision for, and research into, the intellectual accessibility of cultural and heritage sites in the UK and globally. This paper details the research approach taken by the Heritage Forum, providing a flexible protocol about ways of working with groups and individuals with learning difficulties. It also reports on the Heritage Forum's general findings about the cultural and heritage sites, providing some initial guidance about how to best include this diverse population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the United Kingdom (UK) having been regarded as one of the richest hotspots for underwater cultural heritage (UCH), its policy and practice regarding its protection has displayed some areas of weakness. This paper makes a case to review the legal framework and its overall administration in the UK, in order to protect and preserve any remaining UCH before it is further lost or damaged. First, we introduce some of the flaws in the UK's legal system protecting UCH, demonstrating how it has led to a considerable loss of cultural heritage and underlining how it is in need of modernisation. This includes discussion of issues raised in a number of recent cases, including the proposed Victory (1744) recovery project, the proposed Goodwin Sands dredging licence and various cases relating to the illegal recovery of material. We then map out how policy is implemented in practice and the role played by various institutions involved with its administration, where we find a schism between what policy intends and what it is achieving in practice. This takes us towards a broader discussion on how legislative reform might look, including a more proactive and ambitious approach to the future management and enjoyment of the UK's impressive UCH. Here we argue the need for better engagement at the global and regional negotiating table, as well as in favour of adopting a unified and consistent policy which aims to be more sustainable, precautionary, proportionate and inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - As part of its broader re-evaluation of heritage policy, the UK Government has reviewed the Ecclesiastical Exemption, a long-standing system that removes certain ecclesiastical buildings from secular heritage controls. This paper aims to critically review The Future of the Ecclesiastical Exemption and subsequent The Ecclesiastical Exemption: The Way Forward. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a detailed overview of the Ecclesiastical Exemption and the Faculty Jurisdiction literature followed by a critical review of recent government proposals. Findings - The post-consultation evaluation of responses forced a review of the High Level Management Agreement and the introduction of voluntary Heritage Partnership Agreements. But further reviews of the Ecclesiastical Exemption are likely to be implemented in the future. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the broader appreciation of the "shadow" planning system that the Church of England enjoys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing number of volunteers in the heritage sector indicates a desire for a leisure experience by pursuing a subject interest with like-minded people. Millar and others have suggested that volunteers are the ‘ultimate frequent visitors’, and as the day visitor market for museums and heritage attractions declines, this paper offers the repositioning of ‘heritage visiting’ from day visits to longer term connections with particular heritage attractions via volunteering. It draws on Stebbins’s concept of serious leisure as a way of reading museum volunteering as a leisure practice and argues that museum volunteering is a way of practising heritage as leisure that is ‘self-generated’, with museum volunteers active in constructing their own identities. According to the concept of ‘serious leisure’, museum volunteers become part of a social world inhabited by those knowledgeable about heritage and history. The paper concludes by examining the adequacy of Stebbins’s P-A-P system for analysing the power relations between museum professionals and volunteers in the museum social world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Popular Music Heritage, Cultural Memory and Cultural Identity project, this paper explores the relationship between popular music and cultural identity through a focus on British Bhangra. The selection of British Bhangra music as the specific site of focus for this paper allows for an in-depth study into the way in which popular music plays a role in the negotiation of cultural identity in a local and national context. Beginning with a discussion based around the idea of 'minority heritage', as opposed to 'official heritage', this paper argues for the significance of popular music to the narratives of cultural identity and the representations of cultural memories within the British Asian community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raymond Williams once remarked that 'Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language' (1983). He never said what the other ones were but had he been writing today, one of these might well have been 'heritage'. Indeed, the imbrications of 'culture' and 'heritage', and the vexed nature of their relationship, particularly with regard to popular music, are such that each has come to serve as a synonym for the other in the wider sociocultural imaginary. This paper casts a critical spotlight on discourses of cultural heritage in the UK by questioning what makes popular music culture 'heritage' and considering the extent to which the UK popular music has become increasingly heritagised. Relating the specific example of popular music to wider debates on cultural heritage and heritagisation, the paper calls for greater problematising of discourses of popular music as cultural heritage, and considers, by way of conclusion, how a critical focus on the lived, performative and 'hauntological' dynamics of music heritage practices can illuminate understandings of the way cultures of music and memory are negotiated and transacted in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gypsy, Roma and Travellers (GRT) are a highly marginalised UK higher education minority with patchy targeted policy interventions. Drawing on qualitative interview data with education professionals working with GRT and with GRT young people, families and activists, the article compares attitudes, expectations, and desires around higher education. Firstly, the way in which university outreach can essentialise GRT people and the need to nuance these regulatory and normative practices is discussed. Tensions for GRT people imagining higher education and navigating complex identity transitions of ethnic invisibility are next explored alongside worries around 'coming out'. Finally, the article identifies the 'cruel optimism' in desiring education as a form of social mobility, particularly when institutions are not inclusive of GRT. From this, an urgent need is identified for contextually-sensitive GRT outreach for the academy's promises to be meaningfully inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslims live in a 'modern' world where subjects such as the English language, mathematics, sciences, and information and communication technology (ICT) are highly valued and enthusiastically transmitted in schools. How some Islamic schools attempt to equip their students with 'modern knowledge' while remaining faithful to their religious traditions is the focus of this exploratory study. Using two Islamic schools in Singapore and Britain as illustrative case studies, this paper examines their history, aims, curriculum and pedagogy in their aspiration to acquire 'modern' knowledge within their Islamic world views. It further explores some common challenges faced by students and teachers in both schools in their quest for a balanced curriculum. By highlighting the Islamic schools in two Muslim minority countries, this paper aims to contribute towards the international literature on how religious schools assert their cultural heritage and negotiate their learning in the modern age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently much discussion in the UK around skills and other workforce development issues within the cultural heritage sector. This coincides with wider debate within the international heritage community around the meaning and purpose of heritage preservation in the context of globalisation. Issues around representation, access, ownership and diversity, inclusivity and human rights are today associated with concepts of authenticity, values and democracy in a global setting and embodied today, for example, by the United Nations in the concept of intangible heritage—which refers to aspects of 'living' heritage. This paper brings to light, through an assessment of key international heritage charters, declarations and political conventions, how changes in attitudes towards the past have lead to the formal re-constitution... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visits to archaeological sites, within school, a history or archaeology club, or a family group, are the main means for young people to engage with the archaeological historic environment. The majority of archaeological sites easily accessible for such groups are those that have been 'sanitized' for public consumption. These are often devoid of explanation of the archaeological process which made them accessible. This paper looks at the contribution that working archaeological sites can make to young people's understanding of archaeology, with particular reference to visits made by branches of the Young Archaeologists' Club, based in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout human history, imperial powers colonized other countries and, subsequently, took much of their cultural property. Today, previously looted countries actively seek the return of their cultural property while former colonial powers face the decision of whether to return appropriated artifacts and remains. The United States and United Kingdom (U.K.) serve as two juxtaposing case studies, highlighting the willingness to and resistance against the repatriation of cultural property. The United States maintains a large and successful repatriation program. Under the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, federally funded museums must inventory and return cultural property with connections to Native American tribes. Conversely, the U.K. enacted two weak laws to govern the return of cultural property: the Human Tissue Act of 2004 and the Holocaust (Return of Cultural Objects) Act of 2009. Because neither U.K. Act mandates the repatriation of relevant cultural property, the Acts leave the decision of whether to repatriate to the museums benefiting from possessing the property. The British public largely abhors their government's strong stance of ownership over previously colonized countries' cultural property--notably the British claim of ownership over the Parthenon Marbles, Benin Bronzes, and Rosetta Stone. Furthermore, international organizations promote repatriation and reproach the U.K.'s resistance toward repatriation. With little to no international or domestic support regarding their retention of such property, the U.K. should reconsider a practical repatriation framework. This Comment recommends that the U.K. should look to the United States's successful framework and adopt a similar approach. Nevertheless, the Comment also addresses issues with the United States's framework of dealing with cultural property--principally, the lack of an exception for scientific studies--and presents the U.K. with strategies to mediate such issues. This Comment ultimately proposes legislation that would be amenable to the U.K., with the hope that the legislation balances the public's desire to repatriate cultural property with the British government's apparent desire to retain as much cultural property as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Museum has been the target of criticism around the world for its failure to repatriate controversial cultural property to their respective countries of origin. In 1753, a private collector left his collection to Great Britain if it agreed to build a public museum and designate a Board of Trustees whose duty was to protect the collection for the public. Statutorily incorporating the collector's intent, Parliament passed legislation binding the Board of Trustees to abide by certain principles, including preserving the collection and prohibiting disposal of objects, except in very few circumstances. As such, the Museum is administrated through trust and fiduciary duty law, legally binding the Trustees to preserve the Museum's collection. This paper argues that, despite pressing demands for the Musuem to repatriate cultural property, the Board of Trustees is prohibited from repatriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport as a topic for museum collection, display, and interpretation has gradually developed over the last 100 years. However, until recently, there has been very little discussion or examination of the material culture of sport within the literature. Consequently, there is a misconception that sport in museums is relatively new, little is understood about the role and value of sporting heritage, and sporting collections are rarely used to inform historical study. In turn, the museum sector would benefit from more opportunities to work with sports historians whilst developing and delivering their sporting provision. Therefore, this paper examines the development of sport in museums, explores the current activity being developed in the field including the work of the Sport in Museums Network and the National Sporting Heritage Day, and offers practical information about how partnerships between academics and museum practitioners can be established to create a better understanding of the history and heritage of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2006, a requirement came into effect for World Heritage Site management plans to include an assessment of the possible impact of climate change on the heritage site, and to include mitigation strategies as appropriate. This paper focuses on progress in the UK towards developing and implementing climate-change adaptation policies within these plans. Research undertaken to examine this complex area of work has identified key challenges faced by site managers when including and subsequently implementing climate-change policies. Information was collected through a questionnaire survey of all UK World Heritage Sites, reviews of relevant documents, and in-depth interviews with a wide range of professionals. The study found that plans are gradually being updated to include climate-change considerations, however, this is not always straightforward and plan implementation is proving challenging. Concerns about data reliability and the contested nature of scientific data on climate change are widespread, and there is a perceived lack of the necessary information to make fully informed decisions. Resource constraints, a need for more specialist skills and guidance, and differing levels of interest and motivation in the issue are other challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing cultural heritage is difficult, even when presented with many opportunities. The management of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) expands these challenges, as issues such as mapping, monitoring, access, presentation, and ownership can become more complex. This article reviews the existing literature on theoretical research and various case studies in order to establish common themes on the management of UCH. Initially, a keyword search was carried out in two of the most extensive scientific databases. Publications were reviewed according to several criteria. Various data have been obtained, such as the change in the number of publications over the years, which journals are more interested in the subject, which topics are at the forefront, which places are preferred for case studies, and who are more likely to conduct research. The results show that the studies on the management of UCH mainly focus on evaluating the current management examples and their issues, policy development, legislation, and documentation of the sites. The cultural heritage in the case studies varies from archaeological and architectural remains to shipwrecks and, sometimes, movable objects, despite the emphasis on in-situ built heritage in the search criteria. Meanwhile, the researchers are primarily from universities in Western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Additionally, many publications evaluate national policies and emphasize the importance of public participation, interpretation, and access. While still not much compared to land heritage, the number of studies has increased over the years. As the results of the review are discussed, suggestions are offered for possible future publications. • This is a literature review on the management of underwater cultural heritage. • The study presents the common trends, needs and contemporary approaches. • Methodology involves advanced searching of keywords to gather relevant publications. • Publications mainly focus on policy development, documentation, and evaluation of existing practices. • Case studies in these papers show diversity and the researchers are primarily from universities in Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type of intensive training previously needed for crafts in the printing trade is now redundant, but as craft practices are added biannually to Heritage Craft's UK Red List of Endangered Crafts, there is a pressing need to preserve skills whilst also creating and developing new methodologies for practice in the UK to ensure these crafts survive as part of a thriving cultural heritage. The Dissecting Crafts project was centred around supporting book craft practitioners (typesetters and manufacturers, a letterpress printer and a book binder) to gain insight and extend their practice. Using qualitative research methods, an embodied knowledge methodology was developed as a system of self-evaluation. A freely available online tool kit was developed from project findings to enable other practitioners at all skill levels access to the programme. Sharing the research stages sensitively with case study practitioners evidenced their connectedness with their tools and with what they make, through a process of validation that was not anticipated in the project. Unintrusive methods of documenting in-progress activities, the practitionerresearchers' recordings of the craft participants' experiential dialogue proved valuable for them to be able to harness and transfer their knowledge. The methodology and tool kit were extended to other maker practices with feedback types ranging from practice development, reflection skills, and articulation to validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the significance of living heritage during crises has gained prominence. While the aftermath of such crises often leads to lessons being forgotten, those in conflict zones persistently endure hardships. This study examines the pivotal role of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in bolstering resilience, particularly among diaspora communities, using Syrians in the UK as a case study. We delve into the primary ICH practices that they adopt, their assimilation techniques within the UK, the impact of wartime experiences on their reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, and the consequent effects on host communities. Employing a diverse methodological framework that includes online public lectures, interviews, and direct observations, our results underscore the Syrian diaspora's earnest commitment to preserving its rich heritage. Beyond the poignant losses of invaluable art and treasures to conflict, a dominant narrative of hope and enduring human spirit emerges. As illuminated by our findings, Syrians' resilience extends beyond mere survival, reflecting a deep-seated pride in identity and an unyielding cultural spirit. This resilience not only marks the continuation of Syrian culture but also highlights its capacity to evolve, adapt, and enrich new environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider heritage for buildings within Enterprise Zones – a programme promoted by central government to improve the UK economy. A central view has been focusing on economic growth, with little thought given to the wider implications of heritage when imposing these zones of deregulation. Design/methodology/approach – An illustrative case study of Bristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone is used that includes primary interviews with key stakeholders involved in the zone. This is synthesised with secondary literature review allowing an investigation of the way in which heritage issues are being dealt with and the resulting implications for both Bristol and in other zones in the UK. Findings – Conflicts are demonstrated between the objectives of the Enterprise Zone scheme and those of heritage protection, indicating that they are not natural partners. It is argued that existing statutory protection is not necessarily enough to safeguard the heritage of these areas, given that the balance of power is now tipped in favour of economic growth. Originality/value – If lessons can be learnt from this study then potential heritage issues from similar zoned developments can be avoided. The study encourages positive engagement with heritage by central government. Furthermore, it presents the first academic study that considers heritage within the latest tranche of spatially targeted fiscal incentive programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 2012, Scotland's First Minister Alex Salmond announced a radical measure that would see every Scottish school student study a Scottish text from a prescribed list. In 2010, Michael Gove announced that ‘Our literature is the best in the world’ and that every pupil should study particular authors. The ‘cultural heritage’ model of English is increasingly dismissed by teachers and students However, it is this ‘cultural heritage’ model which is preserved in the discourse of politicians. This paper explores the role that literary heritage texts play in the discourse of education policy in the context of devolution in twenty-first century Britain and considers the drivers and differences which can be seen in England and Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although an increase in the quality and availability of sports coaching is one of the ‘soft’ legacy targets for the organisers of London 2012, little is actually known about the ongoing relationships between the Olympic Games and Britain’s coaching traditions, social practices which form an important part of the nation’s intangible cultural heritage. Using newspaper reports and organisational archives, this paper explores how the London Games in 1908 and 1948 impacted on British attitudes to coaching at the level of elite sport and highlights in the process the lasting impact of the cultural heritages of amateurism and voluntarism. The debates and coaching initiatives that followed these Games challenged some of the fundamental tenets of British sporting heritage but amateurism was so ingrained into the sporting culture that changes were always slow and highly contested. As Britain prepares for 2012, coaching is at the forefront of the drive for success but the experiences of previous home Olympics suggest that cultural heritages such as coaching practice can be highly resistant to change and that intangibles such as preferences for voluntarism will continue to impact on attempts to professionalise coaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out to address what lessons can be learnt from conservation and management efforts across both the natural and cultural heritage environments by highlighting how approaches which separate the two environments are worked into policies and bureaucracies of activities. The authors discuss issues related to the natural and historic environment, the complexities in English legislation, and the organisational structures which make it difficult to work towards an integrated approach which enhances, protects and conserves both the natural and cultural heritage. These complexities are looked at through the 2018 revision of the National Planning Policy Framework, the introduction of the Environment Bill and the Net Gain concept. The authors suggest that working coordination and cooperation across the sectors may result in more effective lobbying and more substantive improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the rise to academic significance of Heritage Studies, and suggests four emerging entry points for the analysis of heritage problems, these being the fields of heritage, the markets for heritage, the different levels of identity towards which heritage is intended to contribute, and the various stages in a cycle of heritage. The paper concludes by suggesting major trends in attitudes to heritage in the 21st century and with challenges concerning the management of heritage in particular sites in the United Kingdom and in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liverpool is widely recognized for its iconic 'Three Graces'-a trio of grand buildings that stand along the city's River Mersey waterfront. In this article we argue that there are a similar kind of iconic 'three graces' in Liverpool's popular music and heritage landscapes: the Cavern Club, Eric's Club, and Cream. These three venues have taken on broader symbolic meanings as representative of entire musical styles and eras. As such they dominate the histories of the city's music-making cultures, producing (and reproduced through) a variety of representations, texts and mappings of the city's musical past. This paper draws from ethnographic materials gathered through a two-year research project to decentre this 'master page' or 'master map' of the three graces with a series of mappings of Liverpool's popular music heritage that calls attention to hidden or alternative histories of the city that are less often mapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years there has been a growing interest in the future of military remains created in the UK since 1945. This interest has been sparked by debates that have taken place in archaeology, heritage management and conservation. Our purpose in this article is to intersect with these discussions and practice in a number of ways. First the article sets the discussion of Cold War military sites into the wider context of the rise of military archaeology and heritage conservation more generally. Second, it reviews some of the literature relating to Cold War heritage, both in terms of land management and reuse, but more centrally as a potential national heritage asset. Third, it outlines how this potential asset is managed currently within the heritage protection system and the heritage challenges posed by these remains, particularly the attempts which have been made to incorporate them into a mainstream heritage agenda. Finally, the paper considers the successes and limitations of heritage conservation strategies, under the auspices of the Cold War Monuments Protection Programme (MPP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid 1990s Management Plans have been prepared for most UK World Heritage Sites. Such Plans are distinctive in the fully integrated approach they take to ensuring conservation for a variety of differing World Heritage Sites. Some Plans were prepared ‘late’ for World Heritage Sites already inscribed on the World Heritage List in the mid 1980s and others formed part of the nomination documents required by UNESCO. Many candidate or recently nominated sites include complex cultural landscapes and townscapes. The essential principle that underlies a good World Heritage Management Plan is that its policies and objectives for the future must be drawn from a proper understanding of the ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ of the site and the potential changes that might occur there. Based on the experience of preparing Management Plans for six UK World Heritage Sites over the last five years, this paper sets out the lessons learned and highlights the emergence of good practice in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports research into the effect on the UK environment of the deregulation of land development controls. One form of deregulation is granting advance approval to specified classes of small-scale development because they are considered inconsequential. Previous research has indicated that such ‘permitted development’ may adversely affect the natural heritage. This study systematically investigated its impact on the natural heritage of Scotland. The study canvassed the opinions of agents best placed to comment: natural heritage authority field staff, local government planners and representatives of non-governmental organizations. The results revealed concern about permitted development as a whole, and about specified classes. Despite professed concerns about sustainable development, UK planning modernization has failed to grasp the opportunity for a radical and fundamental reform of the scope of UK planning control in the context of contemporary environmental issues. Accordingly, there remains an unresolved tension between the desire to remove unnecessary state regulation of land development and the protection of the natural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]