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Objective. To provide a systematic review of the social consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. In the present study, articles indexed in Persian and Latin databases (Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Magiran). 43 documents published in the last 3 years in Persian or English language were reviewed. The research steps were performed according to PRISMA writing standard and the quality assessment was done by two researchers independently with Newcastle Ottawa Scale tools for observational studies according to the inclusion criteria. Results. Measures to break the chain of virus transmission and to control the COVID-19 pandemic have caused major problems in the economic, social, political and psychological spheres and have affected billions of people worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has caused widespread unrest in society and unprecedented changes in lifestyle, work and social interactions, and increasing social distance has severely affected human relations. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic has social consequences in certain groups can exacerbate their unfavorable situation. Special groups in crisis situations should be given more attention, and clear and precise policies and programs should be developed to support them. Resumen Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática de las consecuencias sociales de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. En el presente estudio se revisaron los artículos indexados en bases de datos latinas y persas (Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar y Magiran), luego de lo cual se recuperaron 43 documentos publicados en los últimos 3 años en persa o en inglés. Los pasos de la revisión se realizaron según el protocolo PRISMA y, para reducir el sesgo en la evaluación de la calidad, los artículos seleccionados se evaluaron cualitativamente por dos investigadores de forma independiente con la herramienta de Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados. Las medidas para romper la cadena de transmisión del virus y para el control de la pandemia de COVID-19 han causado importantes problemas en las esferas económica, social, política y psicológica y han afectado a miles de millones de personas en el mundo. La crisis por la pandemia ha provocado un malestar generalizado en la sociedad y cambios sin precedentes en el estilo de vida, el trabajo y las interacciones sociales. El aumento de la distancia social ha afectado gravemente las relaciones humanas. Conclusión. La pandemia de COVID-19 tiene consecuencias sociales que pueden agravar la situación desfavorable de grupos vulnerables. Se debe brindar más atención a los colectivos especiales en situaciones de crisis y desarrollar políticas y programas claros y precisos para apoyarlos. Resumo Objetivo. Realizar uma revisão sistemática das consequências sociais da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. No presente estudo, os artigos indexados nas bases de dados latinas e persas (Web Of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar e Magiran) foram revisadas, logo se recuperaram 43 documentos publicados nos últimos 3 anos em persa ou em inglês. Os passos da revisão se realizaram segundo o protocolo PRISMA e, para reduzir o viés na avaliação da qualidade, os artigos selecionados foram avaliados qualitativamente por dois investigadores de forma independente com a ferramenta de Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados. As medidas para romper a cadeia de transmissão do vírus e para o controle da pandemia de COVID-19 há causado importantes problemas nas esferas económica, social, política e psicológica e há afetado a milhares de pessoas no mundo. A crise pela pandemia de COVID-19 há provocado um mal-estar generalizado na sociedade e câmbios sem precedentes no estilo de vida, no trabalho e nas interações sociais. O aumento da distância social há afetado gravemente às relações humanas. Conclusão. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem consequências sociais que podem agravar a situação desfavorável de grupos vulneráveis. Se deve brindar mais atenção aos coletivos especiais nas situações de crise e desenvolver políticas e programas claros e precisos para apoiá-los.

This article describes publication bias, its most frequent causes, its characteristics, the regulatory tools to avoid it, and some statistical techniques to analyze it. These techniques are explained and applied to three therapeutic interventions related to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19): corticosteroids, ivermectin, and tocilizumab. Risk of publication bias was detected for ivermectin and tocilizumab. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are secondary research designs that provide a reference to guide decision-making. They are prone to different types of bias, i.e., a systematic deviation in the results. Even if carried out with methodological rigor, their validity can be threatened by publication bias. This is defined as the act of concealing or delaying publication, withholding data arising from research studies, or both. Up to half of controlled trials remain unpublished. During the H1N1 virus pandemic, publication bias from industry-funded studies led to the recommendation and large-scale procurement of oseltamivir, a drug that later proved to have no relevant beneficial effects. Two-thirds of clinical trial funding for COVID-19 comes from the pharmaceutical industry. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, studies are published at an accelerated pace, making it very important to understand and identify publication bias. To reduce publication bias it is necessary to regulate the registration and publication of clinical trials, but this requires coordination among countries and international bodies. It is important to suspect and attempt to identify publication bias for decision making.Este artigo descreve o viés de publicação, suas causas mais frequentes, suas características, as ferramentas regulatórias para evitá-lo e algumas técnicas estatísticas para analisá-lo. Essas técnicas são explicadas e aplicadas a três intervenções terapêuticas relacionadas à doença pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19, na sigla em inglês): corticoides, ivermectina e tocilizumabe. Detectou-se risco de viés de publicação para ivermectina e tocilizumabe. As revisões sistemáticas e as meta-análises são delineamentos de pesquisa secundária que constituem uma referência para orientar a tomada de decisão. Estão propensas a diferentes tipos de viés, que é um desvio sistemático nos resultados. Mesmo tendo sido desenvolvidas com rigor metodológico, sua validade pode ser ameaçada pelo viés de publicação, que é definido como o ato de ocultar ou atrasar a publicação, reter dados de pesquisa ou ambos. Até metade dos estudos controlados realizados jamais são publicados. Durante a pandemia pelo vírus H1N1, o viés de publicação de estudos financiados pela indústria levou à recomendação e à compra, em grande escala, do medicamento oseltamivir que, mais tarde, ficou conhecido por não ter efeitos benéficos relevantes. Dois terços do financiamento para os ensaios clínicos referentes à COVID-19 vêm da indústria farmacêutica. No contexto da atual pandemia de COVID-19, os estudos vêm sendo publicados em ritmo acelerado; portanto, é fundamental conhecer e identificar o viés de publicação. Para reduzi-lo, é necessário regulamentar o registro de a publicação de ensaios clínicos, o que requer coordenação entre países e organismos internacionais. É importante suspeitar e tentar identificar o viés de publicação para a tomada de decisão.

Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on protected areas (PAs) is very important because these spaces are crucial for international policies for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to fully understand the impacts of COVID-19 on terrestrial and marine protected areas (PAs). To address this concern, we conducted a systematic review on the literature of the impacts of the pandemic on PAs. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines which helps authors to follow certain specific criteria when they make a systematic review on a topic. Following it, we examined five databases, together with complementary search perform in Google Scholar. Lastly, we made a qualitative assessment of articles retrieved, studying short-term changes, and identifying positive and negative effects, as well as challenges and opportunities that arise. After identifying, screening, and selecting, we included 14 journal articles published between February 2020 and May 2021. In the results we showed how the new virus-related restrictions affected the ecological, social and management dimensions of PAs. We discuss how these conserved areas gained social relevance during the pandemic but, at the same time, the vulnerability of related actors increased. Also, we suggested that some social problems differed between develop and developing countries. Additionally, digital tendencies consolidated in PAs management, research, and engagement. Overall sustainability of these places was compromised. We concluded that COVID-19 made humans to see everything through the lenses of health and PAs were not the exception. Esta investigación contribuye a la comprensión de los impactos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en áreas protegidas (PAs), terrestres y marinas. Por un lado, analizamos sus efectos sobre las dimensiones ecológicas, sociales y administrativas de las PAs. Comprender los impactos de la pandemia sobre las PAs es importante debido a que estos espacios son estratégicos para las políticas internacionales de conservación de la biodiversidad y el desarrollo sostenible. Para abordar esta problemática, realizamos una reseña sistemática de la literatura sobre los impactos de la pandemia en los espacios de conservación. Utilizamos las pautas de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) que es una guía que establece criterios para realizar revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura de un tópico de interés. A partir de ella, revisamos cinco bases de datos y lleva a cabo a una búsqueda complementaria en Google Scholar. Tras identificar, examinar y seleccionar, incluimos 14 artículos, publicados entre febrero 2020 y mayo 2021. Por último, llevamos a cabo un análisis cualitativo de los artículos seleccionados, estudiando los cambios a corto plazo, los efectos positivos y negativos, así como los retos y oportunidades que emergieron. En las discusiones, explicamos que las áreas protegidas adquirieron relevancia social durante la pandemia al mismo tiempo que se incrementó la vulnerabilidad de ciertos actores y medios de financiación de los parques. Además, los espacios tuvieron problemáticas sociales distintivos en países desarrollados y en desarrollo. En suma, la sustentabilidad de las PAs se vio comprometida. Concluimos que la pandemia nos hizo ver todo a través de las lentes de la salud, y las áreas protegidas no fueron la excepción.

Considering the lower prevalence of pediatric patients with COVID-19, health professionals are more familiar with interventions aimed at adults; thus, understanding the symptoms and which approaches can be useful for pediatric patients with COVID-19 is of great importance for health professionals. The study aimed to aggregate scientific data on procedures and treatments performed on pediatric patients (aged 6 to 17 years) with COVID-19. A systematic literature search was performed in five electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and LILACS). Literature analyses were performed in English and Chinese, between November 2019 and December 2020. For data classification, the web application Rayyan® was used. Studies have shown that in most cases, children are asymptomatic. However, when symptomatic, they present fever, cough, intestinal infection, and vomiting. It is noteworthy that the respiratory rate and stool tests were significant indicators of the disease. Regarding treatment, oxygen support is essential during the hospitalization of patients and, antiviral therapy with Lopinavir and Ritonavir has shown significant results in a few isolated cases. It is concluded that the main symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric patients are mild symptoms similar to those of common flu. In addition, respiratory rate and examinations based on fecal samples are good indicators of the disease in children of both sexes, as well as antiviral therapies and early isolation at the beginning of the disease are significant for the healing process. Teniendo en cuenta la menor prevalencia de pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19, los profesionales de la salud están más familiarizados con las intervenciones dirigidas a adultos; por lo tanto, comprender los síntomas y qué enfoques pueden ser útiles para los pacientes pediátricos con COVID-19 es importante para los profesionales de la salud. El estudio tuvo como objetivo agregar datos científicos sobre procedimientos y tratamientos realizados en pacientes pediátricos (de 6 a 17 años) con COVID-19. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática en cinco bases de datos electrónicas (es decir, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar y LILACS). Los análisis de la literatura se realizaron en inglés y chino, entre noviembre de 2019 y diciembre de 2020. Para la clasificación de los datos se utilizó la aplicación web Rayyan®. En la mayoría de los casos, los niños son asintomáticos. Sin embargo, cuando son sintomáticos, presentan fiebre, tos, infección intestinal y vómitos. Es de destacar que la frecuencia respiratoria y las pruebas de heces fueron indicadores significativos de la enfermedad. En cuanto al tratamiento, el soporte de oxígeno es fundamental durante la hospitalización de los pacientes y la terapia antiviral con Lopinavir y Ritonavir ha mostrado resultados significativos en casos aislados. Se concluyó que los principales síntomas del SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes pediátricos son síntomas leves similares a los de la gripe. Además, la frecuencia respiratoria y los exámenes basados ​​en muestras fecales son buenos indicadores de la enfermedad en niños de ambos sexos, así como las terapias antivirales y el aislamiento temprano al inicio de la enfermedad son importantes para el proceso de curación. Considerando a menor prevalência de pacientes pediátricos com COVID-19, os profissionais de saúde estão mais familiarizados com as intervenções destinadas a adultos; assim, compreender os sintomas e quais condutas podem ser úteis para pacientes pediátricos com COVID-19 é importante para os profissionais de saúde. O estudo objetivou agregar dados científicos sobre procedimentos e tratamentos realizados em pacientes pediátricos (de 6 a 17 anos) com COVID-19. Uma busca sistemática da literatura foi realizada em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (i.e., PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar e LILACS). As análises da literatura foram realizadas nos idiomas inglês e chinês, entre novembro de 2019 e dezembro de 2020. Para a classificação dos dados, foi utilizado o aplicativo web Rayyan®. Na maioria dos casos, as crianças são assintomáticas. Porém, quando sintomáticos, apresentam febre, tosse, infecção intestinal e vômitos. Vale ressaltar que a frequência respiratória e os exames de fezes foram indicadores significativos da doença. Em relação ao tratamento, o suporte de oxigênio é essencial durante a internação dos pacientes e, a terapia antiviral com Lopinavir e Ritonavir tem mostrado resultados significativos em casos isolados. Concluiu-se que os principais sintomas da SARS-CoV-2 em pacientes pediátricos são sintomas leves semelhantes aos da gripe comum. Além disso, a frequência respiratória e os exames com base em amostras fecais são bons indicadores da doença em crianças de ambos os sexos, assim como as terapias antivirais e o isolamento precoce no início da doença são importantes para o processo de cicatrização.

The health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed and decisively affected the entire education system, which has resulted in an urgent need to adapt it to an online scenario. Science education is an area that has been highly affected by and, as a consequence, science teachers were forced to make an extra effort to create virtual learning environments accessible for all students. This study offers a systematic review to synthesize how the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced science teachers’ educational practices and adaptations. To this end, Web of Science, ERIC and Scopus databases used to explore the virtual educational practices, e.g., teaching-learning processes, during the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main bibliographic characteristics of the collected literature (research purpose, methodological design, geographical and temporal distribution, central themes) via thematic analysis. The findings offered a synthesis of studies that explain innovative practices, tools, and strategies that were very useful for teachers and students in the STEM area. We believe that future lines of research should be oriented towards broadening the analysis of different pedagogical approaches developed in the teaching of STEM areas during the health crisis by COVID-19. This could be useful for guiding professional and educational actions.

Background COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus infection that can cause a severe respiratory illness and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Because children appear to be less severely affected than adults, their imaging appearances have not been extensively reported. Objective To systematically review available literature regarding imaging findings in paediatric cases of COVID-19. Materials and methods We searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar) for articles describing imaging findings in children with COVID-19. We included all modalities, age Results Twenty-two articles were included, reporting chest imaging findings in 431 children, of whom 421 (97.7%) underwent CT. Criteria for imaging were lacking. At diagnosis, 143/421 (34.0%) had a normal CT. Abnormalities were more common in the lower lobes and were predominantly unilateral. The most common imaging pattern was ground-glass opacification (159/255, 62.4%). None of the studies described lymphadenopathy, while pleural effusions were rare (three cases). Improvement at follow-up CT imaging (3–15 days later) was seen in 29/100 (29%), remained normal in 25/100 (25%) and progressed in 9/100 (9%). Conclusion CT chest findings in children with COVID-19 are frequently normal or mild. Lower lobes are predominantly affected by patchy ground-glass opacification. Appearances at follow-up remain normal or improve in the majority of children. Chest CT imaging adds little to the further management of the patient and should be reserved for severe cases or for identifying alternative diagnoses.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, much has been learned regarding its clinical course, prognostic inflammatory markers, disease complications, and mechanical ventilation strategy. Clinically, three stages have been identified based on viral infection, pulmonary involvement with inflammation, and fibrosis. Moreover, low and high elastance phenotypes can be distinguished in mechanically ventilated patients, based on lung mechanics, ventilation-to-perfusion ratio, and CT scans; these two phenotypes have presumed differences in their underlying pathophysiology. Although essential for therapeutic guidance, the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is poorly understood. Here, we systematically reviewed published case reports and case series in order to increase our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology by constructing a timeline and correlating histopathological findings with clinical stages of COVID-19. Using PRISMA-IPD guidelines, 42 articles reporting 198 individual cases were included in our analysis. In lung samples (n = 131 cases), we identified three main histological patterns: epithelial (n = 110, 85%), with reactive epithelial changes and DAD; vascular (n = 76, 59%) with microvascular damage, (micro)thrombi, and acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia; and fibrotic (n = 28, 22%) with interstitial fibrosis. The epithelial and vascular patterns can present in all stages of symptomatic COVID-19, whereas the fibrotic pattern presents starting at ~3 weeks. Moreover, patients can present with more than one pattern, either simultaneously or consecutively. These findings are consistent with knowledge regarding clinical patterns of viral infection, development of hyperinflammation and hypercoagulability, and fibrosis. Close collaboration among medical staff is necessary in order to translate this knowledge and classification of pathophysiological mechanisms into clinical stages of disease in individual patients. Moreover, further research, including histopathological studies, is warranted in order to develop reliable, clinically relevant biomarkers by correlating these pathological findings with laboratory results and radiological findings, thus, increasing our understanding of COVID-19 and facilitating the move to precision medicine for treating patients.