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The quest for cost-effective and thermal efficient structural materials onto beating the high cost of construction is gaining more attention among researchers. This study focused on the blending of cement and sand with waste paper pulp into cost-effective structural materials. The composites were prepared in four mix groups with each containing a fixed amount of sand at 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% (by weight of pulp). Cement was varied at 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.% in each group, and curing was done for 28 days. Properties evaluated are compressive, bending, and splitting strengths. It was observed that increasing cement and sand contents enhanced strengths; howbeit, the blend of 30 wt.% cement/15 wt.% sand resulted in a reduction in bending strength even as 30 wt.% cement/20 wt.% sand engendered a decrease in bending and splitting strength. The microstructural features showed that inherent fibers of the pulp were well bonded with hydration products and sand content yielding good performance in the composites. The optimization procedure carried out depicted a combination of 35.27% cement and 20% sand as the optimum composition. Experimental outcomes were modelled for the purpose of prediction of responses. The models were confirmed statistically fit showing how varying cement content affected strength responses at fixed sand proportion. ANOVA affirmed the significant contribution of cement and sand on the strength responses. Compliance reliability was observed to be dependent on the interactive pattern between cement and sand. Going by the standard prescription for the strength properties, cement and sand content of 35.27 and sand 20 wt.% satisfied all strength requirements for low-cost construction having a compliance reliability of 1.31., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Slaker grits (SG) and biomass fly ash (BFA), two waste streams generated in the pulp and paper industry, are commonly disposed of in landfills, a practice with a high economic and environmental burden. In this work, their individual valorization as fillers in a commercial screed mortar formulation was evaluated in order to achieve a more sustainable management practice. The waste streams were characterized in terms of true density, particle size and morphology, and chemical and mineralogical composition. The influence of their incorporation amount (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 wt.% of the total solids) and pre-treatment (sieving and grinding) on the fresh (workability) and hardened state (density, water absorption by capillarity, and flexural and compressive strength) properties of the mortars were assessed. The results show that the addition of 10.0 wt.% of the SG after milling and sieving (<75 µm) and 7.5 wt.% of BFA in the as-received condition, or up to 10.0 wt.% after grinding and sieving (<63 µm), allowed for the production of mortar samples with properties within the recommended specifications and that were resistant to 25 consecutive freeze-thaw cycles. This waste valorization route could represent an economic benefit of up to 8.85 €/tmortar and 2.87 €/tmortar for mortar, and pulp and paper companies, respectively.

Introduction. Utilization of chemical cellulose fillers in construction industry is one of the ways of processing unused wastes from pulp and paper industry. Decorative, finishing, and heat insulation materials are widely used as construction materials. This paper proposes various compositions and insulation materials characterized by compressive strength of not less than 10 MPa, water tightness of 0.8, and density of not over 600 kg/m3. The likely curing mechanism is studied for cement systems. The possible mechanism of hardening structures formation in the systems is discussed. Methodology. Corrugated fibreboard МS-5B waste is used as a filler, high-early strength cement М-500 (CEM 47.5) – as inorganic binder, and elemental sulfur, polyethylene terephthalate, cementmodified polyurethane (PU) with the addition of nanosized silicon oxide are used as a polymeric matrix. Infrared spectroscopy, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), and scanning electron microscopy are used for investigations. Cement samples undergo compressive strength, water tightness and water absorption testing. Results and discussion. Physical and mechanical properties obtained for composites with the paper filler and polymeric matrix based on cement-modified PU, are described, and testing results are compared with the experimental data obtained for materials based on other binders. It is found that the paper filler–cement-modified PU composition is consistent with the purposes of this research. The understanding is improved for the curing mechanism of the polymeric matrix–paper filler system. The THz-TDS data demonstrate a correlation between the spectral transmission and thermal conductivity and density of synthesized heat insulation materials. Conclusion. Synthesized is the effective heat insulation material with relatively high compressive strength, low density, and high tightness to water. Scientific understanding of the curing mechanism is improved.

The environmental acceptability of geotechnical composites made of treated municipal sewage sludge (SwS) and paper ash (PA) after two different curing periods has been investigated. The mineral composition of such composites, including their content of major oxides, is mainly influenced by the PA. The content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the initial materials and in the composites varies considerably. In the SwS the Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn contents are above the legally permitted limits. The PTE content of PA are lower, but still somewhat above the permitted values for Ba and Cu. Mixing these two materials together resulted in a decrease in the PTE, but the Ba, Cu and Zn contents are still too high for agricultural application. However, leachates from composites that had been cured for 28 days are highly alkaline, and the As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn contents in them are well below the permitted values. The Cu contents (2.4 to 5.4 mg/kg) are above the permitted limit for inert material, but inside the range for non-hazardous material. In a leachate of composite which was prepared with fresh PA and a lower PA to SwS ratio, the Cu content was 1.4 mg/kg, since fresh PA is more reactive and therefore has a higher ability to immobilise Cu. Therefore, such mixtures can be utilised for covers and liners for sanitary landfills.

Industrial waste locks are used as raw materials to reduce harmful effects on the environment and improve environmental performance. Marble clay powder can be used as a filling aid and can fill voids in concrete structures. This article will show you how to use a maximum natural sand alternative in concrete with marble powder and quarry dust. The challenge of the 21st century is to change to a new form that can support the natural system. This necessitates a radical rethinking of how to give the community infrastructure and housing. Making a concerted effort to develop novel, innovative, and alternative construction materials may be necessary. Jungles of concrete around cause's impact on the Environment and it would result in climate change. Mankind must avoid the use of things that are detrimental to the environment. So in this paper, it is decided to address the issue by adopting the use of the green concrete concept which is environmentally friendly. Green concrete is concrete made up using industrial wastes such as marble powder, quarry dust, wood ash, paper pulp, etc. Green concrete, which is capable of sustainable development, helps to reduce the consumption of natural resources, energy use, and environmental pollution. Green concrete is more cost‐effective than ordinary concrete and reduces the cost of resultant concrete by 14%–20%. It is also observed that the alkali‐aggregate reaction and sulfate attack resistance of concrete are both significantly improved. Green concrete is a useful tool for lowering environmental pollution and enhancing concrete's resistance to harsh conditions. All stages of infrastructure construction and rehabilitation will follow this trend of using new cement and techniques. Green concrete's adaptability and its performance derivatives will meet a variety of future needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a study on the viability of using waste from the paper industry: biomass boiler ash and green liquor dregs to fabricate mortars and concretes. Both types of ash were characterized by obtaining their chemical and mineralogical composition, their organic matter content, granulometry, adsorption and other common tests for construction materials. Seven different mortars were fabricated, one for reference made up of cement, sand, and water, three in which 10, 20, or 30% of the cement was replaced by biomass ash, and three others in which 10, 20, or 30% of the cement was replaced with dregs. Test specimens were fabricated with these mortars to conduct flexural and compression tests. Flexural strength is reduced for all the mortars studied. Compressive strength increases for the mortars fabricated with biomass ash and decreases for the mortar with dregs. Finally, 5 concretes were made, one of them as a reference (neither biomass ash nor dregs added), two of them with replacements of 10 and 20% of biomass ash instead of cement and another two with replacements of 10 and 20% of dregs instead of cement. The compressive and tensile splitting strength increase when a 10% of ash is replaced and decrease in all the other cases. The modulus of elasticity always decreases., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The production of paper pulp by the Kraft method generates considerable amounts of wastes. Namely, lime mud generated in the recovery circuit of chemical reagents, biological sludge from the wastewater treatment of wood digestion process and fly ash collected in the fluidized bed combustor used to generate electricity from biomass burning. The final destination of such wastes is an important concern, since environmental regulations are becoming stricter regarding their landfill. Driven by this fact, industries are looking for more sustainable solutions, such as the recycling in distinct products. This work tested these wastes as secondary raw materials to produce clinker/cement that was then experienced in mortar formulations. The first step involved the residues detailed characterization and a generated amounts survey. Then, specific but simple steps were suggested, aiming to facilitate transport and manipulation. Distinct blends were prepared and fired in order to get belitic and Portland clinkers. The Portland clinkers were processed at lower temperatures than the normally used in the industry due to the presence of mineralizing impurities in some wastes. Belite-based cements were used to produce mortars that developed satisfactory mechanical strength and did not reveal signs of deterioration or durability weaknesses., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Risk assessment and technical feasibility of brick formation from exhausted paper mill sludge derived biochar obtained after its use as an adsorbent for the treatment of effluent containing pentachlorophenol was studied. The bricks were prepared by geopolymerization mechanism in presence of sodium hydroxide, and the extent of geopolymerization was determined on the basis of crystal structure, surface functionalities, and surface morphology of the bricks. The preparation parameters (sodium hydroxide dosage, initial water and calcium carbonate content and curing temperature) were optimized and the results were analyzed in terms of compressive strength, water absorption, and abrasion index. Risk assessment of heavy metals was performed to determine the contamination level and overall hazard index of the biochar-based geopolymer bricks. Hazard quotient and hazard index were calculated to assess the overall non-carcinogenic risk posed by selected heavy metals via ingestion and dermal contact. The leaching potential of heavy metal and pentachlorophenol from the biochar-based geopolymer bricks was also determined. The results showed that the biochar-based geopolymer bricks showed good mechanical properties and the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate falls within the permissible limits prescribed by Indian Standards for Industrial and Sewage Effluents Discharge (inland surface water).

This short communication focuses on the potential use of paper sludge ash, a waste product of the paper making industry, as an innovative binder partially replacing cement in concrete with glass aggregate. After preliminary testing using binary or ternary CEM-II mixes with paper sludge ash/pulverised fly ash, a suitable mix for concrete with glass aggregate was identified. Concrete mixes with partial or full natural sand replacement by waste glass aggregate were then produced and showed appropriate strengths and overall similar or better water absorption characteristics than control mixes with natural aggregates, without manifest alkali-silica reaction problems. This shows potential for applications in precast dry mix concrete units based on the required strengths that were achieved.

The development of new construction materials is a crucial issue in the building construction industry, as it is one of the most energy and resource-intensive industries. Paper has played a significant role in daily activities since its creation. a wide range of applications thanks to its adaptable qualities. Paper waste can be found in a variety of places, including newspapers, offices and schools. Paper waste is a rich source of fibre and can be utilised as a building material. Utilization of paper wastes can help to reduce pollution and waste in the environment. The purpose of this review study is to highlight and examine some current studies that look into the potential applications of post-consumer paper waste in concrete specimens. The review had been conducted on the research paper between the year 2010 till 2023, paper waste does have potential to be incorporated with cementbased material with the right formulation and percentages. This review data focused on the mechanical properties of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been a notable surge in the interest in promoting environmentally conscious products, particularly within the building industry where the focus has shifted towards sustainable materials. In this study, as a sustainable building material, ceiling tiles have been fabricated as a composite board containing waste materials, namely waste paper, sawdust, recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and epoxy resin, and characterized comprehensively through physical and mechanical tests, density, thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and flexural strength (FS) for product stability. A total of nine composites were fabricated with different ratios through molding techniques, and the characterization results were compared to determine the optimized stable ratio of composite composition. The composition of 25% waste paper, 15% sawdust, 10% recycled PET, and 50% epoxy resin presented the maximum FS compared to the other composite ratios. Water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling were evaluated after immersion durations of 1–24 h. The findings revealed that as the density increased, the sawdust content within the matrix decreased from 25–35%. Concurrently, an increase in recycled PET content resulted in decreased water absorption and thickness swelling. Significantly, the MOE, MOR, and FS demonstrated optimal values at 864.256 N/mm2, 12.786 N/mm2, and 4.64 MPa, respectively. These observations represent the excellent qualities of this hybrid composite board, particularly in terms of sustainability, stability, and water absorption capacity. Moreover, its lightweight nature and ability to support ceiling loads further enhance its appeal for construction applications. This study not only advances the discourse on sustainable construction materials but also fosters opportunities for broader acceptance and innovation within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the last ten years, as international environmental protection consciousness has increased, the study and applications of green building, green construction materials and energy savings as well as reduction of carbon dioxide have become urgent issues for governments. In Taiwan, joss papers are burned in more than 11,731 registered shrines or temples in traditional Chinese deity or ancestor worship ceremonies during special holidays or occasions. Instead of placing this large amount of burned joss paper ash (BJPA) in landfills, this study proposes recycling BJPA by replacing some cement with calcined BJPA (CBJPA) in mortar specimens. After BJPA samples were calcined at a high kiln temperature, mortar samples were created using CBJPA to replace cement at seven different levels: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Tests like setting time and compressive strength were performed for macro-analyses; scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis were carried out for the microstructure and chemical composition analyses. The test results showed that the compressive strengths of specimens with different levels of CBJPA replacement were apparently less than those of the control group (0% CBJPA) at all curing times. The compressive strength and setting time both decreased as the fraction of CBJPA in the mortar increased. Furthermore, because the hydration product did not cement and the mortar specimen structure was loose, the expected strength improvement from the pozzolanic reaction provided by the CBJPA was not clearly observed.

The paper describes results obtained in the development of a previous research. We study here, in fast firing, the sintering behaviour and measure some properties of tiles containing a mixture of 60 wt% of paper mill sludge and 40 wt% of glass cullet. The behaviour of this material is compared to those displayed by materials obtained by the same mixture added with 10, 20 and 30 wt% of a natural red clay. In parallel, the same properties are measured also on a reference blend, which is presently used to produce commercial tiles. We show that powders containing 60 wt% of paper sludge and 40 wt% of glass cullet to which 30 wt% of clay is added give rise to materials that display a stable sintering process and have good hardness and strength and therefore could be used for the industrial production of tiles.

Background, Aim and Scope: One of the problems to affect Portland cement matrices is low resistance to aggressive agents, due principally to the presence of a high content of portlandite in the hydrated cements. Pozzolanic materials have played an important role in the improving the durability of cement-based materials for decades. This work studies the behaviour of cement mortar matrices blended with 10% calcined paper sludge (source for metakaolinite) and exposed to different environmental conditions (saline and non-saline environments) after 6 and 12 months of exposure., Materials and Methods: Two cements were studied: an ordinary Portland cement (CEM 1, 42.5R), acting as reference cement, and a blended cement formulated by mixing 90% (by mass) of CEM 1, 42.5R with 10% (by mass) of paper sludge calcined at 700 degrees C for 2 h. The specimens were exposed 1 year to saline and non-saline environments. All the mineralogy samples were studied through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The in-depth study on ionic mobility was performed on samples subjected to natural exposure (coast and tableland) for 6 and 12 months., Results: Portland cement was composed of quartz, calcite, calcium hydroxide and tobermorite gels. The pozzolanic cement (10% calcined paper sludge) is of the same composition but a high calcite concentration and barium carbonate. SEM analysis from coastline show deposits of variable composition. The deposits are identified on the surface of different mineral components. The minerals from tableland are much fractured, i.e. calcite and feldspars. Inside the fractures, the deposits and the ions are located and trapped superficially., Discussion: SEM analysis of control cement Portland and 10% calcined paper sludge shows deposits on quartz and calcite with a very high concentration of Pb, Zn, Cl and barium sulphate. A very porous aspect is due to the presence of the different aggregate types. This porous configuration permits retention of the ion environment. The pozzolanic cement in environments subject to the saline mist favours the retention and transport of ions observed. Something similar also happens with the increase in exposure to outdoor weather. Non-saline samples show temperature changes (ice or thaw cycles). Barium retention is kept on the surface in fracture lines by the gelification processes. In general, it may be inferred that an increase in exposure time increases the diffusion of ions towards test piece interiors. The chemical composition profiles show that the ions present different penetration speeds., Conclusions: The results indicate the better vulnerability of pozzolanic cements from calcined paper sludge in saline and non-saline environments. The cements with a 10% addition of calcined paper sludge favour retention and transport of ion has been observed., Recommendations and Perspectives: Today, projects are centred on a new recycling line for industrial waste of this kind, with special attention on its incorporation in cement manufacture as a pozzolanic material, setting the most appropriate activation conditions of the mineralogical compound in this waste (kaolinite and metakaolinite) and taking them as a starting point for this project. The use of pozzolanic cement with 10% addition of calcined paper sludge is a system which favours ionic retention.

New composite boards with low-thermal conductivity produced from a mixture of solid wastes from tissue paper manufacturing (solid waste TPM) and corn peel have been developed. The effects of solid waste TPM/corn peel ratio on the properties of the boards were investigated and the possibility of using recycled polystyrene packaging foam as a laminating agent to improve the quality of the boards was also evaluated. Our results show that the density of the particleboards decrease with increasing the amount of corn peel added in the mixture, leading to a decrease in thermal conductivity of the final product. In contrary, larger amount of solid waste TPM added in the mixture produced stronger boards. The lamination of recycled polystyrene on the surface of particleboards improves the mechanical properties and reduces the thickness swelling of the boards. The best improvement in mechanical properties and swelling resistance could be achieved when 15% polystyrene (w/v) was coated on the surface of the boards.

We conducted an evaluation of shredded paper insulation to identify potentially toxic components. The study was to provide a preliminary characterization of a few samples of insulation currently in use. The following samples were analyzed: previously produced insulation (PPI) containing fire retardants, shredded recycled paper (PPI feedstock), freshly produced insulation (FPI), and insulation which had been installed in a residence (II). Volatile constituents were analyzed by GC-MS from headspace air of samples held at room temperature or heated to 90 degrees C. Extractable constituents were sampled by extracting with methylene chloride, and analyzing by GC-MS. Formaldehyde analysis was done according to EPA Method TO11. Headspace air at room temperature contained no detectable quantities of volatile constituents for any sample measured. In headspace air at 90 degrees C, only PPI contained traces of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and higher aldehydes, and FPI traces of toluene. Extracts of PPI contained traces of octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and higher aldehydes. Extracts of PPI feedstock contained traces of a substituted cyclohexenecarboxylic acid. FPI contained extractable diethyl phthalate (30-50 micrograms/g). Extracts of II contained traces of methyl palmitate, an octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and a phthalate plasticizer. No formaldehyde was detected. PPI was composed of approximately 98 percent paper fiber and 2 percent pre-gelatinized starch. PPI samples agglomerated together with less than 0.01 percent separating from clumps as fine dust. Boron and sodium were expected and confirmed because they were added to PPI and FPI as fire retardants. Chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, and silicon were present at detectable concentrations. Study calculations indicate that an occupant would have to completely consume all the fine particles produced from 3.3 kg of insulation per day to have an intake of boron equivalent to the EPA RfD. No other constituent appeared to be present even close to toxicologically relevant amounts.

This article explores the use of cellulose and paper-based products in building acoustics. It examines various materials such as cellulose wool, paperboard, corrugated cardboard, and honeycomb panels, and evaluates their acoustic absorption and insulation properties. The results indicate that these paper-based products can be effective alternatives to traditional materials in terms of both absorption and insulation performance. The article emphasizes the potential of paper-based materials in reducing the environmental impact of the building industry. The text also discusses the resonance frequencies and properties of Helmholtz resonators and double walls with the insertion of Helmholtz resonators, providing equations and formulas to calculate their resonance frequencies and transmission loss. It describes the measurement methods used to assess the sound absorption and sound reduction properties of various materials, including cellulose and paper-based products, and presents the results obtained from these measurements. The document also discusses the dynamic properties of paperboard and the testing methods used to measure these properties, as well as the results of tests conducted on cellulose wool. It highlights the environmental benefits of using recycled materials like cellulose wool. The text provides data and analysis on the acoustic properties of various cellulose and paper-based materials used in building construction, including cellulose wool, paperboard, corrugated cardboard, and honeycomb panels. The measurements include parameters such as sound reduction index, sound absorption coefficient, and dynamic Young's modulus. The results demonstrate that these materials have different acoustic characteristics and can be utilized for sound insulation and absorption in [Extracted from the article]

There is a global concern with continuous waste production, and efforts are underway to use these wastes in the construction sector. The negative effects of excessive waste production and the use of virgin materials and energy in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) construction are challenging and require attention. The right step towards developing resilient road infrastructure is using cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs), a cold mix asphalt (CMA). A long-term fix to issues with waste generation and the creation of flexible pavements with HMA can be found by incorporating wastes into CMA. This work reviews the utilization of numerous wastes from different sectors (agricultural, industrial, construction and demolition, and municipal) that are well-known but underutilized and could be used as potential fillers in cold asphalt mixtures. Focus is given to the critical analysis of wastes' physiochemical characteristics and how these affected the effectiveness of mixtures against primary distresses like stability, stiffness, rutting, cracking, fatigue, and moisture susceptibility. Almost all waste materials incorporation reported enhancement in the mechanical performance of CBEM mixes concerning conventional CBEM mixes. The paper sums up the impact on various mechanical properties of CBEM mixes utilizing waste material filler, presents research gaps and a way forward to inspire researchers, and serves as a guideline for using waste materials as fillers in CBEM mixes. This will improve environmental quality and promote sustainability in the paving industry., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Thoron (Rn) exhalation from building materials has become increasingly recognized as a potential source for radiation exposure in dwellings. However, few studies have focused on mitigation strategies to reduce exposure from thoron and its progeny. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to (1) determine the reduction in thoron exhalation from building materials applied with regularly available surface barriers and (2) investigate the effects from surface roughness of the base material, barrier thickness, and surface cover on the thoron-retaining action of the surface barrier. The findings from this study demonstrate that regular surface barriers provide a potentially significant reduction in thoron exhalation, which can reach more than 90%. Despite this reduction, there are also materials that provide no reduction at all. Based on this work, no commonly available product property could be identified that provides good guidance on the barriers' performance to reduce thoron exhalation.

The results of assays carried out on plates used in the construction industry, manufactured entirely with solid wastes of a recycled paper plant, are presented and compared with the results obtained using agglomerated wood and plywood plates. Previous results had shown that wastes are composed essentially of polymers when these wastes are generated by recycled paper produced with the "waved type II" shavings. These solid wastes were placed in a mold that was heated and pressed with a hydraulic press in order to obtain the plates. The waste-produced plates were submitted to tests for humidity, swelling, water absorption, density, modulus of rupture-static bending, modulus of elasticity and direct screw withdrawal. These same assays had been carried out on two types of commercial wood plates, agglomerated wood and plywood, in order to compare the results with those obtained with the waste plate. Waste plates had similar behavior to the agglomerated wood plate, but it was possible to distinguish greater flexibility in the waste-produced plate and a significant difference in the tests for swelling and water absorption which showed the waste plate had a better performance than the agglomerated wood and plywood plates.

A new flame retardant and waterproof porous fiberboard was manufactured from waste newspapers by using a foaming agent and a reinforcing phenol-formaldehyde resin. To find the optimum conditions for forming fiberboard with high mechanical properties as well as flame retardant and waterproof characteristics, a series of experiments were performed with varying weight percentages of resin (w). The results indicate that the best quality of the fiberboard was obtained for w approximately 11%.

Natural rubber latex (NRL) and cellulosic fibre are promising additives for improving the performance and sustainability of cement composite. This study investigated the optimised inclusion of NRL into waste paper pulp (WPP)-ordinary Portland cement (OPC) composites to enhance mechanical and durability properties. Three mixing methods were compared, revealing pre-mixing WPP with OPC before adding diluted NRL as the most effective. Both high-ammonia NRL (HA-NRL) and prevulcanised NRL (PV-NRL) significantly reduced water absorption, with PV-NRL slightly outperforming HA-NRL. Flexural properties were optimised at an NRL/OPC/WPP ratio of 10/700/300 parts by dry weight, although excessive NRL content reduced modulus. NRL also enhanced fire resistance through a synergistic effect, forming an ash-char layer, with HA-NRL exhibiting superior performance due to chemical distinctions. Failure modes and crystal formation were analysed using FE-SEM. Overall, optimised NRL and WPP incorporation improved water resistance, flexural performance, and fire resistance, suggesting their potential for sustainable construction. Further research could explore additional performance aspects and optimise NRL and WPP dosages for broader applications. • NRL incorporation significantly enhances flexural strength and modulus, promising structural applications. • Optimised composite formulations with natural rubber latex and waste paper pulp offer sustainable construction materials. • Synergy between NRL and waste paper pulp enhances fire resistance, resulting in the formation of a ash-char layer, suggesting suitability for fire-prone environments. • Exceptional water resistance ensures durability and resilience against moisture-induced degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study inspects the viability of engaging the discarded paper wastes in concrete by varying the volume proportions from 0%–20% with each 5% increment in replacement of the weight of cement. A physiomechanical study was conducted, and the results were presented. A glass fiber reinforced rectangular slab with a longer span (ly) to shorter span (lx) ratio of (ly: lx) 1.16 was cast with optimum replacement of waste-paper mass and compared the force-deformation characteristics with the conventional concrete slab without waste paper. The optimum percentage of discarded papers for the replacement of cement is 5%. Also, the results imply that the compressive strength at the age of 28 days is 30% improved for the optimum replacement. Based on the outcomes of the investigation, it can be inferred that the compressive strength gets progressively reduced if the volume of the discarded paper gets increases. The incorporation of glass fibers improves the split and flexural strength of the concrete specimens considerably. The ultimate load-carrying capacity of the glass fiber reinforced waste paper incorporated concrete slab measured 42% lower than that of the conventional slab. However, development of the new type of concrete incorporating waste papers is the new trend in ensuring the sustainability of construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the use of wastepaper sludge in geopolymer mortar systems for manufacturing construction products. The investigation was driven by the increasing demand for reuse options in paper-recycling industry. Both fresh and hardened geopolymer mortar properties are evaluated for samples incorporating dry wastepaper sludge, and the results indicate potential end-use benefits in building product manufacture. Addition of wastepaper sludge to geopolymer mortar reduces flow properties, primarily due to dry sludge absorbing water from the binder mix. The average 91-day compressive strength of mortar samples incorporating 2.5 wt% and 10 wt% wastepaper sludge respectively retained 92% and 52% of the reference mortar strength. However, contrary to the normal trend of increasing drying shrinkage with increasing paper sludge addition to Portland cement matrices, the corresponding geopolymer drying shrinkage decreased by 34% and 64%. Equally important, the water absorption of hardened geopolymer mortar decreased with increasing paper sludge content at ambient temperatures, providing good prospects of overall potential for wastepaper sludge incorporation in the production of building and masonry elements. The results indicate that, despite its high moisture absorbance due to the organic matter and residual cellulose fibre content, wastepaper sludge appears compatible with geopolymer chemistry, and hence serves as a potential supplementary additive to geopolymer cementitious masonry products., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sustainable waste management system for effluents treatment sludge has been a pressing issue for pulp and paper sector. Recycling is always recommended in terms of environmental sustainability. Following an approach of waste valorisation, this work aims to demonstrate the technical viability of producing fiber-cement roof sheets incorporating cellulose primary sludge generated on paper and pulp mills. From the results obtained with preliminary studies it was possible to verify the possibility of producing fiber-cement sheets by replacing 25% of the conventional used virgin long fiber by primary effluent treatment cellulose sludge. This amount of incorporation was tested on an industrial scale. Environmental parameters related to water and waste, as well as tests for checking the quality of the final product was performed. These control parameters involved total solids in suspension, dissolved salts, chlorides, sulphates, COD, metals content. In the product, parameters like moisture, density and strength were controlled. The results showed that it is possible to replace the virgin long fibers pulp by primary sludge without impacts in final product characteristics and on the environment. This work ensures the elimination of significant waste amounts, which are nowadays sent to landfill, as well as reduces costs associated with the standard raw materials use in the fiber-cement industrial sector., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this work is the experimental determination of effective transport properties of porous media consisting of compacted pieces of cardboard and polyethylene (PE). The proposed method itself is more general and can be applied to many different materials and contexts. Three major transport properties were determined: porosity, tortuosity factor and permeability. Three parameters characterizing the media were varied over a wide range: the bulk density, the size of the elements entering the mix, and the proportion of cardboard and PE in the mix. The properties were measured by means of a specially designed experimental device based on miscible gas tracing. The porosity and tortuosity factor were simultaneously determined by parametric identification, based on the experimental sample output response to an inlet gas concentration step change compared to the results of a direct numerical model. Permeability was calculated in the standard way from the measurement of the pressure drop across the sample. The reproducibility of the measurements was very good. It was found that changing the material density of the medium significantly affects all three structural properties. When the bulk density is varied between 300 and 900 kg m(-3), the tortuosity factor varies in a range as large as 18-8 and the permeability decreases by a ratio of 2-3. The tortuosity factor shows unusual variation, characterized by a decrease when density is increased above 500 kg m(-3). The size of the elements does not significantly affect the structural properties of the medium in the range of parameters studied.

The technical properties of three layered cement-bonded boards (CBBs) made from wastepaper and sawdust were investigated. The CBBs were produced at three density levels of 1000, 1200 and 1300 kg/m3 and at four cement/particle ratios of 2.0:1, 2.5:1, 3.0:1 and 3.5:1 on a weight to weight basis. The technical properties evaluated were modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS). The MOR values ranged from 4.85 to 11.69 MPa and MOE values ranged from 2.80 to 5.57 GPa. The mean values of WA and TS after 24 h of water soaking of the CBBs ranged from 18.18% to 40.49% and 3.55% to 12.13%, respectively. MOR and MOE of the CBBs increased with increase in board density, but MOR decreased with the increase in cement/particle ratio. On the other hand, WA and TS decreased with increase in board density and cement/particle ratio. CBBs produced from wastepaper and sawdust at cement/particle ratios of 3.0:1 and 3.5:1 are suitable for building construction such as paneling, ceiling and partitioning.

In this work, a new method of bricks making based on waste paper has been developed for the thermal insulation of buildings. This method involves converting paper waste into aggregates and combining them with a Portland cement binder. A physical and thermal characterization of the Aggregate of Waste Paper (AWP) is carried out, followed by a structural study by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Six Paper Brick Types are made with the mass dosage variation of the composite. After drying the bricks in the open air for 28 days, experimental investigations were carried out to determine the density, the water absorption, the compressive and flexural strength, and the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves. In addition, a SEM analysis combined with an Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX) is performed to examine the adhesion between the AWP and the cement particles. The characterization results of the aggregates showed a low density and thermal conductivity amounting to170kg/m3 and 0.06 W/m.K, respectively, and the analysis of their microstructure by SEM demonstrated that their structure is composed of randomly distributed fibers. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the paper bricks are more resistant, since the compressive strength varies between 3.43 and 6.43 MPa, and their thermal properties are lower compared to the conventional bricks, from 0,0851 to 0,0978 W/m.K. Therefore, these findings clearly indicate that the newly made bricks represent an innovative solution for thermal insulation in buildings that can also be used as a structural material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a byproduct of steelmaking, steel slag occupies significant land resources and poses potential environmental and safety challenges due to its extensive accumulation. Recently, steel slag has shown promising applications in the field of concrete. However, considering the complexity of the plateau environment, the utilization of steel slag is relatively lacking, and its low reactivity and poor volume stability remain the main factors restricting its application in plateau concrete. This paper reviews the research status of steel slag activation techniques for concrete, including wet grinding, chemi-excitation, high-temperature activation, and carbonation treatment. The effects of different treatment techniques on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete and the potential issues are discussed. Although different modification methods can improve the activity and volume stability of steel slag to varying degrees, a single modification technology is difficult to achieve the high-quality utilization of steel slag in concrete on the plateau. Based on this, a steel slag grading grinding-magnetic separation utilization technique suitable for high-altitude areas is proposed, which is beneficial for improving the added value and utilization rate of steel slag in concrete., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This article presents the results of the geoarchaeological study of earthen building materials used in a Tartessic public building at Casas del Turuñuelo. The construction dates back to the fifth century BCE and is one of the monumental buildings of Tartessic culture, characterized by its complex architecture, prestige goods, and intentional destruction after a feast and animal sacrifice. We applied an integrated methodology combining macro and micro approaches to investigate earthen construction processes, such as techniques, labour organization, workers' specialization, and environmental exploitation. The sample mainly consists of mudbricks, but we also include other forms of earthen materials such as mud plasters, mud mortars, and geological soils for comparison. In total, 64 samples from different building parts were studied through X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thin-section petrography, and CHN analyses. The results reveal that the workforce involved in the construction process used different resources and presented different skill levels, but was centrally planned and organized. This study reflects on the communities' knowledge of the environment, the logistic effort and technical skill employed in the building process, and the existence of strong political structures capable of managing the erection of the complex Tartessic buildings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Some Chilean copper slag dumps from the nineteenth century still remain, without a proposed use that encourages recycling and reduces environmental impact. In this paper, the copper slag abandoned in landfills is proposed as a new building material. The slags studied were taken from Playa Negra and Púquios dumps, both located in the region of Atacama in northern Chile. Pozzolanic activity in lime and Portland cement systems, as well as the alkali activation in pastes with copper slag cured at different temperatures, was studied. The reactivity of the slag was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical conductivity and pH in aqueous suspension and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, copper slag-Portland cement mortars with the substitution of 25% (by weight) of cement by copper slag and alkali-activated slag mortars cured at 20 and 65 °C were made, to determine the compressive strength. The results indicate that the ancient copper slags studied have interesting binding properties for the construction sector., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Now, a lot of researchers have tried to make recycled rigid materials from the sludge cake produced in paper mill industries for the purpose of decreasing its volume. In this study, the researchers tried to make economically a disposable bin and to examine whether it is toxic or not to the outside environment., Methods: To make a disposable bin, the researchers used the sludge cake, a plastic basket, as a fixed mold, white cloth or newspaper, as a removable supporter for wrapping around the mold, and latex or plaster, as a binder. The strength of the samples was measured by tensile-stress testing. The water absorption was evaluated by Cobb test. As toxicological tests, leaching test and seed germination test were selected., Results: It was possible to form the disposal bin from the cleaned sludge cake. They seemed safe to carry garbage in the industry judging from the results of tensile-stress testing. Some of them showed less water absorptiveness (higher water resistance) in the results of Cobb test. The results of leaching test showed small values of three heavy metals, lead, nickel and copper, in the leachate. The seed germination test suggested no adverse effects of the bins in the clay and sand on the tomato growth., Conclusions: The results of these tests suggest that the bins have good strength, sufficient water resistance and no toxicological effect on the environment. This new recycled bin has the possibility to solve the environmental and health problems at disposing the sludge cake.

Thermo-mechanical pulping produces well-individualized fibers compared to wood particles and less fragile fibers compared to Kraft pulping, besides presenting higher volume, higher yield, and lower production cost, which can be an exciting alternative for the fiber-cement industries. This study evaluated the impact of soak and dry-aging cycles on the performance of extruded composites reinforced with non-bleached eucalyptus fibers. The cement matrix comprised cement (70%) and limestone (30%). Composites were reinforced with 1 to 5% of eucalyptus fiber by cement mass and tested on the 28th day of cure at 99% relative humidity and after 400 accelerated aging cycles. The water absorption and apparent porosity gradually increased with the reinforcement level. Composites with 4 and 5% fibers showed the highest toughness (0.21 and 0.23 kJ/m 2 , respectively). The aging by 400 soak-dry cycles reduced the composites' water absorption and apparent porosity. The modulus of elasticity (MOE), rupture (MOR), and toughness increased, except for toughness for composites reinforced with 1 and 5% fibers, explained by the cementitious matrix's continuous hydration, fiber mineralization, and natural carbonation. In general, eucalyptus thermo-mechanical fibers were suitable for producing cementitious composites. Cementitious composites with 3% fibers presented a higher MOR, MOE, low water absorption, and apparent porosity after 400 accelerated aging cycles. In addition, the composites with 4% fibers also presented remarkable improvements in these properties. The aging cycles did not result in composites with less resistance, a positive fact for their application as tiles and materials for external use in civil construction., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The cement industry is among the top three polluters among all industries and the examination of the nonlinear and cointegration dynamics between cement production and CO 2 emissions has not been explored. Focusing on this research gap, the study employs a novel Markov-switching autoregressive distributed lag (MS-ARDL) model and its generalization to vector error correction, the MS-VARDL model, for regime-dependent causality testing. The new method allows the determination of nonlinear long-run and short-run relations, regime duration, and cement-induced-CO 2 emission cycles in the USA for a historically long dataset covering 1900-2021. Empirical findings point to nonlinearity in all series and nonlinear cointegration between cement production and cement-induced CO 2 emissions. The phases of regimes coincide closely with NBER's official economic cycles for the USA. The second regime, characterized by expansions, lasts twice as long relative to the first, the contractionary regime, which contains severe economic recessions, as well as economic crises, the 1929 Great Depression, the 1973 Oil Crisis, the 2009 Great Recession, and the COVID-19 Shutdown and Wars, including WWI and II. In both regimes, the adverse effects of cement production on CO 2 emissions cannot be rejected with varying degrees both in the long and the short run. Markov regime-switching vector autoregressive distributed lag (MS-VARDL) causality tests confirm unidirectional causality from cement production to CO 2 emissions in both regimes. The traditional Granger causality test produces an over-acceptance of causality in a discussed set of cases. Industry-level policy recommendations include investments to help with the shift to green kiln technologies and energy efficiency. National-level policies on renewable energy and carbon capture are also vital considering the energy consumption of cement production., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Although calcined clay-blended cement offers higher performance and durability compared to neat Portland cement (PC), its extensive use of natural clay leads to the depletion of natural non-renewable resources. To address this concern, this study focuses on the utilization of supplementary cementitious materials-based waste products as a substitute for PC. The blended cement was optimized with a low replacement level of 10 wt.% calcined Fanja clay (FNJ) as a low-grade metakaolin (MK) and 90 wt.% PC. Various types of industrial solid wastes (ISWs) were incorporated into the PC-FNJ blend in place of PC. The ISWs utilized included silicate-rich wastes, such as silica fume (SF) and glass waste (GW) powder, as well as silicate-less waste, such as marble dust (MD). The results revealed that incorporating 10 wt.% SF into the PC-FNJ mixture resulted in a considerable decrease in the flow rate while improving its early mechanical strength. GW, as another silicate waste, also enhanced early mechanical properties but not as much as SF. However, the composite of PC-FNJ-GW exhibited higher workability than the neat PC, PC-FNJ, and PC-FNJ-SF. The mixtures of PC-FNJ-MD demonstrated the same trend. Embedding SF into PC-FNJ-GW and PC-FNJ-MD substantially decreased both their flowability and mechanical properties. Nonetheless, all composites containing ISWs showed higher flexural strength, higher resistivity to chloride diffusivity, and higher or comparable acid and salt resistivity., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Recently, it was indicated that a feasible industrial alternative to valorize the sludge obtained from the treatment of waste water effluent of paper fabrication in Europe is its use as raw material in the production of clay bricks. The present technical note is an open report, probably first in Americas, on a Brazilian industrial-scaled solution for this kind of sludge. As a novelty, the sludge was added to a mixture of clays for improved technical properties of construction bricks. Both bricks, added with 10 wt% of sludge and conventional pure clay bricks for comparison, were simultaneously fired at a relatively low temperature of 750 °C according to the ceramic fabrication procedure. The technical characterization was performed by linear shrinkage, water absorption and mechanical compression tests as per Brazilian standards. The brick consolidated structure was analyzed by optical microscopy. Environmental impact was evaluated by solution test and atmospheric emission by monitoring the release of SO 2 , NO x , TOC, CO and particulate material, according to Brazilian standards. The results showed that, owing to its composition and firing temperature, the addition of paper sludge into clay bricks contributes to a substantial reduction in price associated with a saving of 3% of fuel similar to that reported for Spanish kilns, during the industrial firing stage. The paper sludge added clay bricks attended the technical and environmental standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the increased risk of high heat release and asphyxiation (toxic gas poisoning) in the event of a fire involving polyurethane (PU)- and MDF-based building materials, which are commonly used in buildings. Among them, polyurethane (PU) building materials are very commonly used in buildings, except in Europe and some other countries, due to their excellent thermal insulation performance. Still, problems of short-term heat release and the spread of toxic gases in the event of a fire continue to occur. To overcome these problems, researchers are actively working on introducing various flame retardants into building materials. Therefore, in this study, we produced a laboratory-sized (500 mm × 500 mm) plate-like flame-retardant board that can be utilized as a building material with a lower heat release rate and a lower toxicity index. The material was made by mixing expanded graphite and ceramic binder as flame retardants in a material that is formulated based on the cellulose of waste paper, replacing the existing building materials with a hot-press method. According to the ISO-5660-1 test on the heat release rate of the plate-like flame-retardant board, the Total Heat Release (THR) value was 2.9 (MJ/m2) for 10 min, showing an effect of reducing the THR value by 36.3 (MJ/m2) compared to the THR value of 39.2 (MJ/m2) of the specimen made using only paper. In addition, the toxicity index of the flame-retardant board was checked through the NES (Naval Engineering Standards)-713 test. As a result, the test specimen showed a toxicity index of 0.7, which is 2.4 lower than the toxicity index of 3.1 of MDF, which is utilized as a conventional building material. Based on the results of this study, the cellulose fire-retardant board showed the effect of reducing the heat release rate and toxicity index of building materials in a building fire, which reduces the risk of rapid heat spread and smoke toxicity. This has the potential to improve the evacuation time (A-SET) of evacuees in fires. It is also important to show that recycling waste paper and utilizing it as the main material for building materials can be an alternative in terms of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was developed in a new landfill for refuse from construction and demolition (C&D) material recovery plants of small size (4 Ha.) in Europe, with the aim of evaluating the liquid and gas emissions in this type of facility at a large scale. It included characterization of the materials, monitoring leachate and gas quantity and composition. Besides thermometers, piezometers and sampling ports were placed in several points within the waste. This paper presents the data obtained for five years of the landfill life. The materials disposed were mainly made up of wood and concrete, similar to other C&D debris sites, but the amount of gypsum drywall (below 3% of the waste) was significantly smaller than other available studies, where percentages above 20% had been reported. Leachate contained typical C&D pollutants, such as different inorganic ions and metals, some of which exceeded other values reported in the literature (conductivity, ammonium, lead and arsenic). The small net precipitation in the area and the leachate recirculation into the landfill surface help explain these higher concentrations, thus highlighting the impact of liquid to solid (L/S) ratio on leachate characteristics. In contrast to previous studies, neither odor nuisances nor significant landfill gas over the surface were detected. However, gas samples taken from the landfill inside revealed sulfate reducing and methanogenic activity., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Waste management in construction is critical for the sustainable treatment of building-related construction and demolition (C&D) waste materials, and recycling of these wastes has been considered as one of the best strategies in minimization of C&D debris. However, recycling of C&D materials may not always be a feasible strategy for every waste type and therefore recycling and other waste treatment strategies should be supported by robust decision-making models. With the aim of assessing the net carbon, energy, and water footprints of C&D recycling and other waste management alternatives, a comprehensive economic input-output-based hybrid life-cycle assessment model is developed by tracing all of the economy-wide supply-chain impacts of three waste management strategies: recycling, landfilling, and incineration. Analysis results showed that only the recycling of construction materials provided positive environmental footprint savings in terms of carbon, energy, and water footprints. Incineration is a better option as a secondary strategy after recycling for water and energy footprint categories, whereas landfilling is found to be as slightly better strategy when carbon footprint is considered as the main focus of comparison. In terms of construction materials' environmental footprint, nonferrous metals are found to have a significant environmental footprint reduction potential if recycled., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

Bricks have a long history of being utilized as a construction material across the globe. The production processes involved in the manufacture of bricks have a significant impact on the environment, human health, economy, and society. This study conducts a thematic and bibliometric analysis to provide an in-depth review of the effects of brick kilns on humans and the environment. The PRISMA framework was used to identify relevant articles from the Web of Science database, resulting in the selection and critical review of 348 articles. The bibliometric analysis included an evaluation of historical growth, keywords, citation and co-citation, organizations, and countries. The articles were published in 213 journals, written by 1396 authors from 670 institutions in 66 countries. Thematic analysis revealed that brick kilns have a negative impact on the environment, including soil damage, and cause health problems for kiln workers and animals. Modern slavery and societal issues also persist in developing countries. The current research is focused on finding alternative materials for brick manufacturing, improving industry energy efficiency, managing waste, and technological advancements, such as the implementation of the zigzag or Hoffmann kiln to reduce pollution. In developing countries, utilizing waste from other industries in brick production can effectively lower production costs. While developed countries have embraced advanced technologies for brick production, it is recommended that developing countries adopt awareness campaigns to encourage the upgrading of kilns to cleaner and more sustainable systems. Future research directions should aim to support brick kiln owners in adopting such systems., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This paper presents results of an investigation into the use of de-inking sludge from a paper recycling mill as feedstock material in the manufacture of cement mortar products, including masonry blocks and mortar renders. Both physical and mechanical properties of mortar specimens containing various amounts of de-inking sludge were investigated. It was observed that the addition of de-inking sludge to cement mortar at a fixed water-to-cement ratio significantly reduced flow properties and increased setting time. Water absorption and volume of permeable voids of cement mortar increased with increased dosage of de-inking sludge, with a corresponding reduction of bulk density. The 91-day compressive strength of mortar samples with 2.5 wt% and 20 wt% de-inking sludge loadings retained 83% and 62% respectively of the reference mortar strength. The corresponding drying shrinkage increased by up to 160% compared to reference samples. However, a de-inking sludge loading of up to 2.5 wt% did not significantly alter measured physical and mechanical properties. The results demonstrate that despite the high moisture absorbance of de-inking sludge due to its organic matter and residual cellulose fibre content, it serves as a potential supplementary additive and its cellulosic content proving to be an active set retardant to cementitious masonry products., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)