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2. International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016 (Lisbon, Portugal, April 30-May 2, 2016)
- Author
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World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (WIARS) (Portugal), Pracana, Clara, and Wang, Michael
- Abstract
We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016, taking place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 of April to 2 of May, 2016. Psychology, nowadays, offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, is aimed ultimately to benefit society. This International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. The conference is a forum that connects and brings together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. There is an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2016 received 332 submissions, from 37 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference 96 submissions (29% acceptance rate). The conference also includes: (1) A keynote presentation from Prof. Dr. Richard Bentall (Institute of Psychology, Health & Society of the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom); (2) Three Special Talks, one from Emeritus Professor Carlos Amaral Dias (University of Coimbra, Director of Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Private practitioner of psychiatry and psychoanalysis, Portugal) and Prof. Clara Pracana (Full and Training member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Portugal), another from Emeritus Professor Michael Wang (University of Leicester, United Kingdom), and a third one from Dr. Conceição Almeida (Founder of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, and Vice-President of the Board. Member of the Teaching Committee, Portugal); (3) An Invited Talk from Dr. Ana Vasconcelos (SAMS--Serviços de Assistência Médico-Social do Sindicato dos Bancários de Sul e Ilhas, founding member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and member of NPA-Neuropshycanalysis Association, Portugal). Thus, we would like to express our gratitude to all our invitees. This volume is composed by the abstracts of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT 2016), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.). This conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program six main broad-ranging categories had been chosen, which also cover different interest areas: (1) In CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Emotions and related psychological processes; Assessment; Psychotherapy and counseling; Addictive behaviors; Eating disorders; Personality disorders; Quality of life and mental health; Communication within relationships; Services of mental health; and Psychopathology. (2) In EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Language and cognitive processes; School environment and childhood disorders; Parenting and parenting related processes; Learning and technology; Psychology in schools; Intelligence and creativity; Motivation in classroom; Perspectives on teaching; Assessment and evaluation; and Individual differences in learning. (3) In SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Cross-cultural dimensions of mental disorders; Employment issues and training; Organizational psychology; Psychology in politics and international issues; Social factors in adolescence and its development; Social anxiety and self-esteem; Immigration and social policy; Self-efficacy and identity development; Parenting and social support; and Addiction and stigmatization. (4) In LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY: Violence and trauma; Mass-media and aggression; Intra-familial violence; Juvenile delinquency; Aggressive behavior in childhood; Internet offending; Working with crime perpetrators; Forensic psychology; Violent risk assessment; and Law enforcement and stress. (5) In COGNITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Perception, memory and attention; Decision making and problem-solving; Concept formation, reasoning and judgment; Language processing; Learning skills and education; Cognitive Neuroscience; Computer analogies and information processing (Artificial Intelligence and computer simulations); Social and cultural factors in the cognitive approach; Experimental methods, research and statistics; and Biopsychology. (6) In PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: Psychoanalysis and psychology; The unconscious; The Oedipus complex; Psychoanalysis of children; Pathological mourning; Addictive personalities; Borderline organizations; Narcissistic personalities; Anxiety and phobias; Psychosis; Neuropsychoanalysis. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters by sharing their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. Authors will be invited to publish extended contributions for a book to be published by inScience Press. We would like to express thanks to all the authors and participants, the members of the academic scientific committee, partners and, of course, to the organizing and administration team for making and putting this conference together. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]
- Published
- 2016
3. Dilemma of the Objective Paper-and-Pencil Assessment within the Piagetian Framework.
- Author
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Cohen, Herbert G.
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CONSTRUCTIVISM (Education) ,EDUCATION ,COGNITIVE psychology ,DEVELOPMENTAL psychology ,EDUCATIONAL ideologies ,EDUCATIONAL evaluation ,CURRICULUM planning ,CURRICULUM - Abstract
The article comments on the dilemma of the objective paper-and-pencil assessment within the Piagetian framework in the U.S. Paper-and-pencil measures also lack the flexibility of the clinical method in which a perceptive interviewer can explore the various ways in which a subject interprets his or her environment. Paper-and-pencil instruments attempt to retain various aspects of the clinical interview method. It must be noted that many measures of formal operational reasoning also assess other cognitive capabilities such as field independence.
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- 1980
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4. Interdisciplinary Characterizations of Models and the Nature of Chemical Knowledge in the Classroom
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Erduran, Sibel and Duschl, Richard A.
- Abstract
In this paper, the authors argue that chemical knowledge in the classroom will be enriched by the application of characterizations of models drawn from a range of disciplinary backgrounds. This discussion highlights two important issues relating to chemical knowledge in the classroom: (1) the status of chemical knowledge in the classroom, particularly in the context of models; and (2) chemistry learners' engagement in the modelling of the structure and function of matter, which is a central feature of chemistry. This discussion draws on evidence from several bodies of literature. First, the authors review the literature on the applications of history and philosophy of science in science education. This review illustrates the broader context for the study of chemical knowledge for educational purposes and highlights the weaknesses in the literature in respect of philosophical considerations of chemical knowledge in general. Second, they examine the role of models and modelling in philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, chemistry and chemistry education, and the interdisciplinary characterisations that provide a context for the reconceptualization of the nature of chemical knowledge in the classroom. The interdisciplinary approach includes perspectives on philosophical accounts of models that begin to address a significant aspect of the nature of chemical knowledge. The discussion concludes with some implications for theory of learning, curriculum design, and teacher education. (Contains 4 figures.)
- Published
- 2004
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5. Subjective Impressions Do Not Mirror Online Reading Effort: Concurrent EEG-Eyetracking Evidence from the Reading of Books and Digital Media.
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Kretzschmar, Franziska, Pleimling, Dominique, Hosemann, Jana, Füssel, Stephan, Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina, and Schlesewsky, Matthias
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ,DIGITAL media ,ONLINE reading programs ,ELECTRONIC books ,COGNITIVE neuroscience ,COGNITIVE psychology ,SHORT-term memory - Abstract
In the rapidly changing circumstances of our increasingly digital world, reading is also becoming an increasingly digital experience: electronic books (e-books) are now outselling print books in the United States and the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, many readers still view e-books as less readable than print books. The present study thus used combined EEG and eyetracking measures in order to test whether reading from digital media requires higher cognitive effort than reading conventional books. Young and elderly adults read short texts on three different reading devices: a paper page, an e-reader and a tablet computer and answered comprehension questions about them while their eye movements and EEG were recorded. The results of a debriefing questionnaire replicated previous findings in that participants overwhelmingly chose the paper page over the two electronic devices as their preferred reading medium. Online measures, by contrast, showed shorter mean fixation durations and lower EEG theta band voltage density – known to covary with memory encoding and retrieval – for the older adults when reading from a tablet computer in comparison to the other two devices. Young adults showed comparable fixation durations and theta activity for all three devices. Comprehension accuracy did not differ across the three media for either group. We argue that these results can be explained in terms of the better text discriminability (higher contrast) produced by the backlit display of the tablet computer. Contrast sensitivity decreases with age and degraded contrast conditions lead to longer reading times, thus supporting the conclusion that older readers may benefit particularly from the enhanced contrast of the tablet. Our findings thus indicate that people's subjective evaluation of digital reading media must be dissociated from the cognitive and neural effort expended in online information processing while reading from such devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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6. Digital media and perceptions of the United States among the Russian elite, 2004–2016.
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Tkacheva, Olesya
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DIGITAL media ,POLITICAL communication ,PRESS ,SENSORY perception ,COGNITIVE psychology ,COGNITIVE maps (Psychology) - Abstract
This paper seeks to explain why Russian elites' exposure to online media for their news contributed to stronger pro-American attitudes than reliance on traditional media. Two causal mechanisms are tested using a repeated cross-section of elite surveys. One operates at the level of attitudes and is suggested by the field of political communication; the other emerges from the literature on cognitive psychology and operates at the level of beliefs by providing a cognitive map through which individuals process information and reach conclusions. I find that both mechanisms are relevant, with framing effects being particularly important to hardliners' perceptions of security threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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7. The Design Help Desk: A collaborative approach to design education for scientists and engineers.
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O’Mahony, Timothy, Petz, Jason, Cook, Jonathan, Cheng, Karen, and Rolandi, Marco
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ENGINEERING education ,DESIGN education ,DESIGN science ,SOCIAL interaction ,SCIENTIFIC visualization - Abstract
Visual design, learning sciences, and nanotechnology may be strange bedfellows; yet, as this paper highlights, peer interaction between a designer and a scientist is an effective method for helping scientists acquire visual design skills. We describe our findings from observing twelve sessions at the Design Help Desk, a tutoring center at the University of Washington. At each session, a scientist (who is expert in his own domain but a novice in design) consulted a designer (who is expert in design but a novice in science) in order to receive advice and guidance on how to improve a scientific visualization. At the Design Help Desk, this pairing consistently produced a momentary disequilibrium in the scientist’s thought process: a disequilibrium that led to agency (where the scientist gained ownership of his/her own learning) and conceptual change in the scientist’s understanding of visual design. Scientists who visited the Design Help Desk were satisfied with their experience, and their published work demonstrated an improved ability to visually communicate research findings—a skill critical to the advancement of science. To our knowledge, the Design Help Desk is a unique effort to educate scientists in visual design; we are not aware of any other design-advice/tutoring centers at public or private universities in the United States or abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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8. A measure of knowledge flow between specific fields: Implications of interdisciplinarity for impact and funding.
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Kwon, Seokbeom, Solomon, Gregg E. A., Youtie, Jan, and Porter, Alan L.
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GOVERNMENT aid to research ,SCIENCE & state ,RESEARCH grants ,COGNITIVE science ,CITATION analysis - Abstract
Encouraging knowledge flow between mutually relevant disciplines is a worthy aim of research policy makers. Yet, it is less clear what types of research promote cross-disciplinary knowledge flow and whether such research generates particularly influential knowledge. Empirical questions remain as to how to identify knowledge-flow mediating research and how to provide support for this research. This study contributes to addressing these gaps by proposing a new way to identify knowledge-flow mediating research at the individual research article level, instead of at more aggregated levels. We identify journal articles that link two mutually relevant disciplines in three ways—aggregating, bridging, and diffusing. We then examine the likelihood that these papers receive subsequent citations or have funding acknowledgments. Our case study of cognitive science and educational research knowledge flow suggests that articles that aggregate knowledge from multiple disciplines are cited significantly more often than are those whose references are drawn primarily from a single discipline. Interestingly, the articles that meet the criteria for being considered knowledge-flow mediators are less likely to reflect funding, based on reported acknowledgements, than were those that did not meet these criteria. Based on these findings, we draw implications for research policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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9. The relevance of U.S. Strategic Highway Safety Plans in a future context.
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Hughes, Brett P., Falkmer, Torbjorn, Anund, Anna, and Black, Melissa H.
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TRAFFIC safety ,HIGHWAY planning ,ROAD safety measures ,SYSTEMS theory ,CIVIL engineering - Abstract
While road safety in the United States (U.S.) has been continually improving since the 1970's, there are indications that these improvements are becoming increasingly difficult to sustain. Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSPs) are prepared by States to guide road safety management, however assessing the appropriateness of these plans remains a significant challenge, especially for the future in which they are to be applied. This study developed a new methodology to assess SHSPs from the perspectives of comprehensive system-based safety management and relevant future issues that can be applied before SHSPs are implemented, thereby avoiding long periods after implementation before assessing the appropriateness of the plans. A rating scale was developed and applied to assess 48 U.S. SHSPs against two key criteria: 1. a comprehensive framework for road safety, and 2. the anticipated changing, difficult and unpredictable nature of future transport and its context. The analysis concluded that current SHSPs have good national oversight with several strengths but were weak in some areas of content and did not address future challenges. Improvements are suggested to strengthen the plans’ thoroughness by being consistent with systems theory and practice, as well as ways that these SHSPs can be more resilient to future circumstances. Implementing the recommendations in this paper provides the opportunity to adopt a system-based safety management practice that has been successful in other hazardous industries. Doing so is expected to most efficiently and effectively continue the recent improvements to road safety, which is likely to be increasingly difficult otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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10. Analysis of survival for lung cancer resections cases with fuzzy and soft set theory in surgical decision making.
- Author
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Alcantud, José Carlos R., Varela, Gonzalo, Santos-Buitrago, Beatriz, Santos-García, Gustavo, and Jiménez, Marcelo F.
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SOFT sets ,LUNG cancer ,NON-small-cell lung carcinoma ,DECISION theory ,DECISION making ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) - Abstract
Objective: Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer around the world, and it represents the main cause of death in the USA. Surgical treatment is the optimal therapeutic strategy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer. The principal factor for long-term survival after complete resection is the anatomic extension of the neoplasm. However, other factors also have adverse effects on operative mortality, and influence long-term outcome. In this paper we propose an algorithmic solution for the estimation of 5-years survival rate in lung cancer patients undertaking pulmonary resection. Materials and methods: We address the issue of survival analysis through decision-making techniques based on fuzzy and soft set theories. We develop an expert system based on clinical and functional data of lung cancer resections in patients with cancer that can be used to predict the survival of patients. Results: The evaluation of surgical risk in patients undertaking pulmonary resection is a primary target for thoracic surgeons. Lung cancer survival is influenced by many factors. The computational performance of our algorithm is critically analyzed by an experimental study. The correct survival classification is achieved with an accuracy of 79.0%. Our novel soft-set based criterion is an effective and precise diagnosis application for the determination of the survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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11. The impact of nutritional supplement intake on diet behavior and obesity outcomes.
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Anders, Sven and Schroeter, Christiane
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DIETARY supplements ,OBESITY ,CONSUMERS ,HEALTH & Nutrition Examination Survey ,BODY weight ,BODY mass index - Abstract
After decades-old efforts to nudge consumers towards healthier lifestyles through dietary guidelines, diet-related diseases are on the rise. In addition, a growing share of U.S. consumers proactively chooses nutritional supplements as an alternative preventative way of maintaining good health, a $25.5 billion industry in the United States. This paper investigates possible linkages between the economics of consumer supplement choices and the relationship to important dietary and health outcomes. We use National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to estimate the impact of nutritional supplements intake on respondent’s body weight outcomes, controlling for diet quality.: The focus of this article is to determine whether nutritional supplements takers differ from non-takers with regard to their health outcomes when controlling for differences in diet quality, based on individual Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) score. The analysis applies treatment effects estimators that account for the selection bias and endogeneity of self-reported behavior and diet-health outcomes. The analysis demonstrates a negative association between supplement intake and BMI but no significant effect on an individual’s diet quality. Our findings suggest that individuals proactively invest into their health by taking nutritional supplements instead of improving diet quality through more nutritious food choices. Our results provide important contributions to the literature on a key food policy issue. Knowledge of the determinants of supplement demand in the context of strong diet-health trends should also be helpful to stakeholders in the U.S. produce sector in their competition over consumer market share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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12. Predictors of Student Productivity in Biomedical Graduate School Applications.
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Hall, Joshua D., O’Connell, Anna B., and Cook, Jeanette G.
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MEDICAL schools , *COLLEGE applications , *DOCTOR of philosophy degree , *GRADUATE students , *GRADE point average - Abstract
Many US biomedical PhD programs receive more applications for admissions than they can accept each year, necessitating a selective admissions process. Typical selection criteria include standardized test scores, undergraduate grade point average, letters of recommendation, a resume and/or personal statement highlighting relevant research or professional experience, and feedback from interviews with training faculty. Admissions decisions are often founded on assumptions that these application components correlate with research success in graduate school, but these assumptions have not been rigorously tested. We sought to determine if any application components were predictive of student productivity measured by first-author student publications and time to degree completion. We collected productivity metrics for graduate students who entered the umbrella first-year biomedical PhD program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 2008–2010 and analyzed components of their admissions applications. We found no correlations of test scores, grades, amount of previous research experience, or faculty interview ratings with high or low productivity among those applicants who were admitted and chose to matriculate at UNC. In contrast, ratings from recommendation letter writers were significantly stronger for students who published multiple first-author papers in graduate school than for those who published no first-author papers during the same timeframe. We conclude that the most commonly used standardized test (the general GRE) is a particularly ineffective predictive tool, but that qualitative assessments by previous mentors are more likely to identify students who will succeed in biomedical graduate research. Based on these results, we conclude that admissions committees should avoid over-reliance on any single component of the application and de-emphasize metrics that are minimally predictive of student productivity. We recommend continual tracking of desired training outcomes combined with retrospective analysis of admissions practices to guide both application requirements and holistic application review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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13. Examining Associations between Health Information Seeking Behavior and Adult Education Status in the U.S.: An Analysis of the 2012 PIAAC Data.
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Feinberg, Iris, Frijters, Jan, Johnson-Lawrence, Vicki, Greenberg, Daphne, Nightingale, Elena, and Moodie, Chelsea
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MEDICAL informatics ,ADULT education ,DATA analysis ,LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
This paper presents data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies with a focus on the interrelationships among health information seeking behavior (HISB), and health status or use of preventive health measures for U.S. adults both with and without a high school diploma. Key results of ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for demographic factors, (1) adults with a high school diploma use more text-based health information sources while adults without a high school diploma use more oral sources, (2) using the Internet as a source of health information is more strongly related to reporting excellent/very good health status than having a high school diploma, (3) those without a high school diploma who use the Internet report the largest increase in health status over any other health information source, and (4) for those with learning disability or vision problem, a high facility in reading English is an important predictor of whether the Internet is used as a health information source. The Internet appears to play a key role in both enhancing health status and enabling use of preventive measures for those with and without a high school diploma; although, individuals without a high school diploma who use the Internet for health information derive substantial benefit in health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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14. Holistic Art Instruction and Narrative Thinking.
- Author
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Johnson, Sharon
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ART education ,COGNITIVE psychology ,NARRATIVE art ,TEACHING ,LEARNING ,THEORY ,UNITED States education system ,EDUCATION research - Abstract
This paper investigates how recent research on narrative thinking and the construction of narrative meaning by cognitive psychologists, educators, and art educators (Bruner 1986, 1990, 1997; Egan, 1991; Johnson, 2001; Lyle, 2000; Polkinghorne, 1988; Rosen, 1985; Siegal, 1999) aligns with the goals of holistic art instruction as described by London et al. (2004). Particular attention is given to Bruner's theory of narrative cognition as well as Bruner's definitions of the grammatical and aesthetic elements of narrative form. Three examples of art problems grounding holistic art instruction in K-12 classrooms are analyzed to demonstrate how the elements of narrative thinking operate when students engage in the process of solving holistic art problems. The paper argues that the synergistic relationship between narrative thinking and holistic art instruction provides a rationale for establishing narrative learning theory as an appropriate cognitive framework for the development of holistic approaches to teaching and learning in art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
15. Effect of Using Analogies on Chemistry Achievement According to Piagetian Level.
- Author
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Gabel, Dorothy L. and Sherwood, Robert D.
- Subjects
CHEMISTRY education ,PHYSICAL sciences education ,CHEMISTRY teachers ,ACADEMIC achievement ,ACHIEVEMENT ,CONSTRUCTIVISM (Education) ,EDUCATION ,COGNITIVE psychology - Abstract
The article focuses on the effect of using analogies on chemistry achievement in the U.S. This paper also determines whether the use of verbal analogies would have an effect on changing students' Piagetian levels during the school year. The results indicate that using mental analogies does not result in greater achievement for all types of students and appears to confirm the research reports of the three science teachers. The author implies that results might have been more positive in this study if students were required to extend the analogies themselves to the chemical situations rather than telling them how they applied.
- Published
- 1980
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16. Personal Information Management.
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Teevan, Jaime and Jones, William
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PERSONAL information management ,DATABASE management ,INFORMATION retrieval ,INFORMATION science ,COGNITIVE psychology ,HUMAN-computer interaction ,INFORMATION resources management ,ELECTRONIC data processing - Abstract
The article presents information on the history and importance of personal information management (PIM). The term personal information management was first used in the 1980s in the midst of popular excitement over the potential of the personal computer to greatly enhance human ability to process and manage information. Interest in PIM has increased not just as a technical topic but as a serious area of inquiry, focusing the best work from a diverse set of scientific and engineering disciplines, including cognitive psychology, human-computer interaction, database management, information retrieval and library and information science. The workshop in January 2005 at the University of Washington sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation reported on the interest in PIM which is double-edged--offering greater access to information while risking the loss of what is important. The interest from the research community in PIM also follows from the growing awareness of the problems these new technologies sometimes create.
- Published
- 2006
17. "THE SHAME OF AMERICAN EDUCATION" REDUX.
- Author
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Rumph, Robin, Ninness, Chris, McCuller, Glen, Holland, James, Ward, Todd, and Wilbourn, Tiffany
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UNITED States education system ,NO Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ,UNITED States. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ,TEACHERS colleges ,TEACHER training ,COGNITIVE psychology - Abstract
Skinner's classic article is reinterpreted in light of contemporary events. Skinner principally blamed cognitive psychology and colleges of education for the shameful state of American education. This paper asserts it is the philosophy of progressive education and its dominant influence over how teachers are trained that are largely the causes of American educational ineffectiveness. The authors analyze progressive education and No Child Left Behind (NCLB) using organizational, metacontingency, and macrocontingency analysis. The authors support NCLB's and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act's (IDEA) emphasis on science-based pedagogy as a step in the right direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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18. Deciding to support violence: An empirical examination of systematic decision-making, activism, and support for political violence.
- Author
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Becker, Michael H
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POLITICAL violence ,ACTIVISM ,DECISION making ,VIOLENCE ,COGNITIVE psychology ,POLITICAL affiliation - Abstract
This study examines how attitudes of activism and systematic decision-making are related to support for political violence. Using unique data from a randomly selected sample of undergraduate and graduate students (N = 503), this study explores how activism, systematic decision-making, and political affiliation coincides with existing support for political violence. Among respondents, stronger support for activism and less systematic decision-making behavior was associated with support for political violence on one's behalf. These results hold across models and suggest that in the United States, cognitive psychology and decision-making perspectives inform the decision to support political violence and in turn, should be considered in efforts to curb support for organizations which use political violence as a tactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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19. Cross-national cognitive assessment in schizophrenia clinical trials: a feasibility study
- Author
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Harvey, Philip D., Artiola i Fortuny, Lidia, Vester-Blockland, Estelle, and De Smedt, Goedele
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- *
COGNITIVE psychology , *SCHIZOPHRENIA , *CLINICAL trials , *COGNITION disorders diagnosis , *RISPERIDONE , *ANTIPSYCHOTIC agents , *HALOPERIDOL , *COGNITION disorders , *COMPARATIVE studies , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *ETHNOLOGY research , *PILOT projects , *EVALUATION research , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *THERAPEUTICS ,DRUG therapy for schizophrenia - Abstract
Clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia now often include cognitive assessments in addition to clinical ratings of symptoms. Recently, these trials have included cross-national assessments. It is not clear if translated psychological tests produce consistent results across different languages. This paper presents the results of a study of the comparability of the results of cognitive assessments in different English-speaking countries and a number of countries where tests were translated into other languages. Performance on tests of executive functioning, verbal and visuo-spatial learning and memory, language skills, psychomotor speed, and vigilance was compared across the first episode patients with schizophrenia (n=301) assessed in six different languages (English, French, Finnish, German, Hebrew, and Afrikaans), including two different countries where patients were assessed in English and other languages: Canada (French) and South Africa (Afrikaans). The variance in performance across the sites tested in English was as large as the variance between English and non-English speakers when all tests were considered. Performance differences across English and other languages were found only for executive functions, vigilance, and psychomotor speed, with executive functioning differences nonsignificant when education was considered. No differences were found between English and non-English speakers in Canada. These results suggest that the translation of tests of memory and verbal skills can lead to consistent results across translated versions of the tests. Differences between countries were greater than differences between languages, suggesting the need to consider representativeness of patient samples in terms of local educational attainment. In general, these data support the validity of cross-national neuropsychological assessments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
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20. Emerging Alphabetic Literacy in School Contexts.
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DYSON, ANNE HAAS
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LITERACY education ,COGNITIVE psychology ,DEVELOPMENTAL psychology ,CURRICULUM - Abstract
An essay on the behavior of students during school-structure literacy tasks in the U.S. is presented. It emphasizes the consideration of children as active constructions of knowledge in the context of developmental cognitive psychology. It highlights the implications of the potential gap between active child and school curriculum.
- Published
- 1984
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21. COGNITIVE SCIENCE: A NEW APPROACH TO COGNITION, LANGUAGE, AND COMMUNICATION.
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Craig, Robert T.
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COGNITIVE science ,BOOKS ,LITERATURE ,COGNITIVE psychology - Abstract
Focuses on the effect of growth of cognitive science on literature with reference to six books. Purpose of 'Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding,' by Roger C. Schank; Reference to cognitive psychology-related activities of LNR research group at the University of California.
- Published
- 1978
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22. Murderous States: Empathy and Distancing in the Capital System.
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Bandes, Susan
- Subjects
- *
CAPITAL punishment , *CAPITAL punishment sentencing , *SOCIOLOGY of emotions , *COGNITIVE psychology , *CULTURE , *CRIMINAL justice policy , *CRIMINAL justice system - Abstract
One barrier to understanding the operation of emotion in the legal context is the tendency to regard emotion as private, internal and a-contextual. As recent work in cognitive psychology and the sociology of emotion highlights, emotions take shape in a social context. Cultures transmit rules about how emotion should be displayed but also about how it should be experienced. The American system of capital punishment is an institution (and at the intersection of several other institutions, including the trial system, the criminal justice system, and the prison system) rife with unarticulated feeling and display rules. This paper will focus on the ways in which those rules work to create empathy for certain actors and distance toward others. It will argue that the feeling and display rules of the capital system serve to distance jurors from defendants and from their own feelings toward the defendant's humanity, facilitating the imposition of a death sentence. Murderous States: Empathy and Distancing in the Capital System ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
23. Healthcare facility-based strategies to improve tuberculosis testing and linkage to care in non-U.S.-born population in the United States: A systematic review.
- Author
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Miller, Amanda P., Malekinejad, Mohsen, Horváth, Hacsi, Blodgett, Janet C., Kahn, James G., and Marks, Suzanne M.
- Subjects
HEALTH care reminder systems ,META-analysis ,HEALTH facilities ,MEDICAL personnel ,TUBERCULOSIS ,TUBERCULIN test - Abstract
Context: An estimated 21% of non-U.S.-born persons in the United States have a reactive tuberculin skin test (TST) and are at risk of progressing to TB disease. The effectiveness of strategies by healthcare facilities to improve targeted TB infection testing and linkage to care among this population is unclear. Evidence acquisition: Following Cochrane guidelines, we searched several sources to identify studies that assessed strategies directed at healthcare providers and/or non-U.S.–born patients in U.S. healthcare facilities. Evidence synthesis: Seven studies were eligible. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), patients with reactive TST who received reminders for follow-up appointments were more likely to attend appointments (risk ratio, RR = 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.10), but rates of return in a quasi-RCT study using patient reminders did not significantly differ between study arms (P = 0.520). Patient-provider language concordance in a retrospective cohort study did not increase provider referrals for testing (P = 0.121) or patient testing uptake (P = 0.159). Of three studies evaluating pre and post multifaceted interventions, two increased TB infection testing (from 0% to 77%, p < .001 and RR 2.28, 1.08–4.80) and one increased provider referrals for TST (RR 24.6, 3.5–174). In another pre-post study, electronic reminders to providers increased reading of TSTs (RR 2.84, 1.53–5.25), but only to 25%. All seven studies were at high risk of bias. Conclusions: Multifaceted strategies targeting providers may improve targeted TB infection testing in non-U.S.-born populations visiting U.S. healthcare facilities; uncertainties exist due to low-quality evidence. Additional high-quality studies on this topic are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Citizen sociolinguistics: A new method to understand fat talk.
- Author
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Agostini, Gina, SturtzSreetharan, Cindi, Wutich, Amber, Williams, Deborah, and Brewis, Alexandra
- Subjects
SOCIOLINGUISTICS ,SOCIOCULTURAL factors ,ORAL communication ,PROFESSIONAL relationships ,RESEARCH teams - Abstract
Fat talk and citizen science: Fat talk is a spontaneous verbal interaction in which interlocutors make self-disparaging comments about the body, usually as a request for assessment. Fat talk often reflects concerns about the self that stem from broader sociocultural factors. It is therefore an important target for sociocultural linguistics. However, real-time studies of fat talk are uncommon due to the resource and time burdens required to capture these fleeting utterances. This limits the scope of data produced using standard sociolinguistic methods. Citizen science may alleviate these burdens by producing a scale of social observation not afforded via traditional methods. Here we present a proof-of-concept for a novel methodology, citizen sociolinguistics. This research approach involves collaborations with citizen researchers to capture forms of conversational data that are typically inaccessible, including fat talk. Aims and outcomes: This study had two primary aims. Aim 1 focused on scientific output, testing a novel research strategy wherein citizen sociolinguists captured fat talk data in a diverse metropolitan region (Southwestern United States). Results confirm that citizen sociolinguistic research teams captured forms of fat talk that mirrored the scripted responses previously reported. However, they also capture unique forms of fat talk, likely due to greater diversity in sample and sampling environments. Aim 2 focused on the method itself via reflective exercises shared by the citizen sociolinguists throughout the project. In addition to confirming that the citizen sociolinguistic method produces reliable, scientifically valid data, we contend that citizen sociolinguist inclusion has broader scientific benefits which include applied scientific training, fostering sustained relationships between professional researchers and the public, and producing novel, meaningful scientific output that advances professional discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Media coverage of Robin Williams’ suicide in the United States: A contributor to contagion?
- Author
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Carmichael, Victoria and Whitley, Rob
- Subjects
SUICIDE ,SUICIDE statistics ,THEMATIC analysis ,MENTAL illness ,XBRL (Document markup language) ,PRESS - Abstract
Evidence suggests that suicide rates can increase following the suicide of a prominent celebrity or peer, sometimes known as ‘suicide contagion’. The risk of contagion is especially high when media coverage is detailed and sensational. A recent study reported a 10% increase in U.S. suicides in the months following the suicide of comedian Robin Williams, who died in August 2014. The authors tentatively linked this increase to sensational media coverage; however, no content analysis of U.S. media was performed. As such, the aim of the present study is to formally examine the tone and content of U.S. newspaper coverage of Williams’ suicide. The primary objective is to assess adherence to suicide reporting guidelines in U.S. newspapers after his suicide. The secondary objective is to identify common emerging themes discussed in these articles. The tertiary objective is to compare patterns of results in the U.S media with those in the Canadian media. Articles about Williams’ suicide were collected from 10 U.S. newspapers in the 30-day period following his death using systematic retrieval software, which were then examined for adherence to suicide reporting recommendations. An inductive thematic analysis was also undertaken. A total of 63 articles were included in the study. We found that 100% of articles did not call it a ‘successful’ suicide, 96.8% did not use pejorative phrases and 71% did not say ‘commit’ suicide. However, only 11% included information about help-seeking, 27% tended to romanticize his suicide and 46% went into detail about the method. The most prominent emerging theme was Williams’ struggles with mental illness and addiction. These findings suggest that U.S. newspapers moderately adhered to best practice recommendations when reporting Williams’ suicide. Key recommendations were underapplied, which may have contributed to suicide contagion. New interventions targeting U.S. journalists and media may be needed to improve suicide reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Individualized decision aid for diverse women with lupus nephritis (IDEA-WON): A randomized controlled trial.
- Author
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Singh, Jasvinder A., Fraenkel, Liana, Green, Candace, Alarcón, Graciela S., Barton, Jennifer L., Saag, Kenneth G., Hanrahan, Leslie M., Raymond, Sandra C., Kimberly, Robert P., Leong, Amye L., Reyes, Elyse, Jr.Street, Richard L., Suarez-Almazor, Maria E., Eakin, Guy S., Marrow, Laura, Morgan, Charity J., Caro, Brennda, Sloan, Jeffrey A., Jandali, Bochra, and Garcia, Salvador R.
- Subjects
LUPUS nephritis ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,SECONDARY education ,THERAPEUTICS ,U.S. states - Abstract
Background: Treatment decision-making regarding immunosuppressive therapy is challenging for individuals with lupus. We assessed the effectiveness of a decision aid for immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis.Methods and Findings: In a United States multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial (RCT), adult women with lupus nephritis, mostly from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds with low socioeconomic status (SES), seen in in- or outpatient settings, were randomized to an individualized, culturally tailored, computerized decision aid versus American College of Rheumatology (ACR) lupus pamphlet (1:1 ratio), using computer-generated randomization. We hypothesized that the co-primary outcomes of decisional conflict and informed choice regarding immunosuppressive medications would improve more in the decision aid group. Of 301 randomized women, 298 were analyzed; 47% were African-American, 26% Hispanic, and 15% white. Mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 37 (12) years, 57% had annual income of <$40,000, and 36% had a high school education or less. Compared with the provision of the ACR lupus pamphlet (n = 147), participants randomized to the decision aid (n = 151) had (1) a clinically meaningful and statistically significant reduction in decisional conflict, 21.8 (standard error [SE], 2.5) versus 12.7 (SE, 2.0; p = 0.005) and (2) no difference in informed choice in the main analysis, 41% versus 31% (p = 0.08), but clinically meaningful and statistically significant difference in sensitivity analysis (net values for immunosuppressives positive [in favor] versus negative [against]), 50% versus 35% (p = 0.006). Unresolved decisional conflict was lower in the decision aid versus pamphlet groups, 22% versus 44% (p < 0.001). Significantly more patients in the decision aid versus pamphlet group rated information to be excellent for understanding lupus nephritis (49% versus 33%), risk factors (43% versus 27%), medication options (50% versus 33%; p ≤ 0.003 for all); and the ease of use of materials was higher in the decision aid versus pamphlet groups (51% versus 38%; p = 0.006). Key study limitations were the exclusion of men, short follow-up, and the lack of clinical outcomes, including medication adherence.Conclusions: An individualized decision aid was more effective than usual care in reducing decisional conflict for choice of immunosuppressive medications in women with lupus nephritis.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02319525. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Legitimacy on Public Empowerment of Police: A Study of Public Support for Police Militarization in America.
- Author
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Moule, Richard K., Burruss, George W., Parry, Megan M., and Fox, Bryanna
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MILITARIZATION of police ,LAW enforcement ,POLICE ,CIVIL rights ,COGNITIVE psychology ,RATIONAL choice theory - Abstract
The process‐based model dominates contemporary American research on police‐community relations and perceptions of police. A sizable literature has examined the linkages between procedural justice, legitimacy, compliance with the law, and cooperation with police. Less examined is the relationship between legitimacy and public empowerment of police. This study examines this relationship, focusing on police militarization. We first examine the direct effect of legitimacy on public willingness to allow police to become more militarized. Drawing from cognitive psychology and rational choice theories, we then consider indirect paths between legitimacy and empowerment, concentrating on two anticipated consequences of militarization—an increase in police effectiveness and possible harm to civil liberties. Using a national sample of over 700 American adults, and structural equation modeling, results indicate legitimacy has both direct and indirect effects on police empowerment, in part by shaping assessments of the possible consequences of empowerment. Implications for theory and policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Retail-based healthy food point-of-decision prompts (PDPs) increase healthy food choices in a rural, low-income, minority community.
- Author
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Gustafson, Christopher R., Kent, Rachel, and JrPrate, Michael R.
- Subjects
FOOD habits ,HEALTH promotion ,SUPERMARKETS ,LOW-income consumers ,MINORITIES - Abstract
This study examines the potential for point-of-decision prompts (PDPs) to promote healthier food choices among shoppers in a rural, low-income, minority community. We hypothesized that a narrowly defined PDP (focused on fresh produce) would be easier for shoppers to remember than a broadly defined PDP (focused on any healthy items), resulting in a higher proportion of healthy items purchased. PDPs were placed at the entrance to a supermarket in Mission, South Dakota, United States of America, on the Rosebud Sioux Reservation for alternating time periods, July 9–10, 2017. Sales records from 653 transactions were retrieved from the supermarket, comprising periods in which PDPs were in place and control periods. We examined the proportion of selected items and proportion of total expenditures that were a) any healthy foods and b) fresh fruits and vegetables. Data were analyzed in 2018. The narrowly defined prompt consistently resulted in a higher proportion of items and expenditures on healthy foods than either the broad prompt or the control condition. Shoppers in the narrow prompt condition purchased and spent significantly more on any healthy foods and fresh produce than shoppers in the control condition. While shoppers in the narrow prompt condition purchased more healthy foods and fresh produce than shoppers in the broad prompt condition, the differences were not statistically significant. Shoppers exposed to the narrow PDP consistently purchased more healthy foods than shoppers in a control group, while shoppers in the broad PDP did not, highlighting the importance of considering cognitive processes when designing health promotion messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Managing the 1920s’ Chilean educational crisis: A historical view combined with machine learning.
- Author
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Rengifo, Francisca, Ruz, Gonzalo A., and Mascareño, Aldo
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EDUCATION ,MACHINE learning ,SCHOOL crisis management ,EDUCATIONAL indicators ,ELEMENTARY education - Abstract
In the first decades of the 20
th century, political actors diagnosed the incubation of a crisis in the Chilean schooling process. Low rates of enrollment, literacy, and attendance, inefficiency in the use of resources, poverty, and a reduced number of schools were the main factors explaining the crisis. As a response, the Law on Compulsory Primary Education, considering mandatory for children between 6 and 14 years old to attend any school for at least four years, was passed in 1920. Using data from Censuses of the Republic of Chile from 1920 and 1930, reports of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Education, and the Statistical Yearbooks between 1895 and 1930, we apply machine learning techniques (clustering and decision trees) to assess the impact of this law on the Chilean schooling process between 1920 and 1930. We conclude that the law had a positive impact on the schooling indicators in this period. Even though it did not overcome the differences between urban and rural zones, it brought about a general improvement of the schooling process and a more efficient use of resources and infrastructure in both big urban centers and small-urban and rural zones, thereby managing the so-called crisis of the Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Forecasting new product diffusion using both patent citation and web search traffic.
- Author
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Lee, Won Sang, Choi, Hyo Shin, and Sohn, So Young
- Subjects
HYBRID electric cars ,CONSUMER goods ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,PATENTS ,INDUSTRIAL robots - Abstract
Accurate demand forecasting for new technology products is a key factor in the success of a business. We propose a way to forecasting a new product’s diffusion through technology diffusion and interest diffusion. Technology diffusion and interest diffusion are measured by the volume of patent citations and web search traffic, respectively. We apply the proposed method to forecast the sales of hybrid cars and industrial robots in the US market. The results show that that technology diffusion, as represented by patent citations, can explain long-term sales for hybrid cars and industrial robots. On the other hand, interest diffusion, as represented by web search traffic, can help to improve the predictability of market sales of hybrid cars in the short-term. However, interest diffusion is difficult to explain the sales of industrial robots due to the different market characteristics. Finding indicates our proposed model can relatively well explain the diffusion of consumer goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Tobacco industry attempts to frame smoking as a 'disability' under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act.
- Author
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van der Eijk, Yvette and Glantz, Stanton A.
- Subjects
TOBACCO industry ,AMERICANS with Disabilities Act of 1990 ,SMOKING laws ,PUBLIC health laws ,LABOR laws - Abstract
Using the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents Library and Congressional records, we examined the tobacco industry’s involvement with the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). During legislative drafting of the ADA (1989–1990), the Tobacco Institute, the tobacco industry’s lobbying and public relations arm at the time, worked with industry lawyers and civil rights groups to include smoking in the ADA’s definition of “disability.” Focus was on smoking as a perceived rather than actual disability so that tobacco companies could maintain that smoking is not addictive. Language that would have explicitly excluded smoking from ADA coverage was weakened or omitted. Tobacco Institute lawyers did not think the argument that smokers are “disabled” would convince the courts, so in the two years after the ADA was signed into law, the Tobacco Institute paid a lawyer to conduct media tours, seminars, and write articles to convince employers that hiring only non-smokers would violate the ADA. The ultimate goal of these activities was to deter employers from promoting a healthy, tobacco-free workforce and, more broadly, to promote the social acceptability of smoking. Employers and policy makers need to be aware that tobacco use is not protected by the ADA and should not be misled by tobacco industry efforts to insinuate otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The October 2014 United States Treasury bond flash crash and the contributory effect of mini flash crashes.
- Author
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Levine, Zachary S., Hale, Scott A., and Floridi, Luciano
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT securities ,BOND market ,STOCK exchanges ,FINANCIAL stress - Abstract
We investigate the causal uncertainty surrounding the flash crash in the U.S. Treasury bond market on October 15, 2014, and the unresolved concern that no clear link has been identified between the start of the flash crash at 9:33 and the opening of the U.S. equity market at 9:30. We consider the contributory effect of mini flash crashes in equity markets, and find that the number of equity mini flash crashes in the three-minute window between market open and the Treasury Flash Crash was 2.6 times larger than the number experienced in any other three-minute window in the prior ten weekdays. We argue that (a) this statistically significant finding suggests that mini flash crashes in equity markets both predicted and contributed to the October 2014 U.S. Treasury Bond Flash Crash, and (b) mini-flash crashes are important phenomena with negative externalities that deserve much greater scholarly attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Is the public sector of your country a diffusion borrower? Empirical evidence from Brazil.
- Author
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Rocha, Leno S., Rocha, Frederico S. A., and Souza, Thársis T. P.
- Subjects
PUBLIC sector ,DIFFUSION processes ,ECONOMIC development ,PUBLIC finance ,COGNITIVE psychology - Abstract
We propose a diffusion process to describe the global dynamic evolution of credit operations at a national level given observed operations at a subnational level in a sovereign country. Empirical analysis with a unique dataset from Brazilian federate constituents supports the conclusions. Despite the heterogeneity observed in credit operations at a subnational level, the aggregated dynamics at a national level were accurately described by the proposed model. Results may guide management of public finances, particularly debt manager authorities in charge of reaching surplus targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Historical Institutionalism and New Dimensions of Agency: Bankers, Institutions and the 2008 Financial Crisis.
- Author
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Bell, Stephen
- Subjects
HISTORICAL institutionalism (Sociology) ,GLOBAL Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ,AGENCY theory ,INSTITUTIONAL economics ,BANKERS ,COGNITIVE psychology ,FINANCIAL institutions ,BEHAVIOR modification ,EMPLOYEES ,ECONOMICS ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article argues that historical institutionalism has bifurcated into two competing accounts: one focused on institutional stasis and the other on change. A more encompassing theory that accounts for both processes is constructed using a more detailed account of agency - one that utilises key inputs from cognitive and social psychology. This can better account for the conditions under which institutional constraint or change occurs and is used to explain the variable behaviour of bankers in the run-up to the 2008 financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Information about the US racial demographic shift triggers concerns about anti-White discrimination among the prospective White “minority”.
- Author
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Craig, Maureen A. and Richeson, Jennifer A.
- Subjects
DEMOGRAPHIC change ,RACE discrimination ,COGNITIVE psychology ,SOCIAL history ,WHITE people ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The United States is undergoing a demographic shift in which White Americans are predicted to comprise less than 50% of the US population by mid-century. The present research examines how exposure to information about this racial shift affects perceptions of the extent to which different racial groups face discrimination. In four experiments, making the growing national racial diversity salient led White Americans to predict that Whites will face increasing discrimination in the future, compared with control information. Conversely, regardless of experimental condition, Whites estimated that discrimination against various racial minority groups will decline. Explorations of several psychological mechanisms potentially underlying the effect of the racial shift information on perceived anti-White discrimination suggested a mediating role of concerns about American culture fundamentally changing. Taken together, these findings suggest that reports about the changing national demographics enhance concerns among Whites that they will be the victims of racial discrimination in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Awareness and trust of the FDA and CDC: Results from a national sample of US adults and adolescents.
- Author
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Kowitt, Sarah D., Schmidt, Allison M., Hannan, Anika, and Goldstein, Adam O.
- Subjects
PUBLIC health ,DISEASES in teenagers ,MEDICAL care for teenagers ,ADOLESCENT health - Abstract
Trust in government agencies plays a key role in advancing these organizations' agendas, influencing behaviors, and effectively implementing policies. However, few studies have examined the extent to which individuals are aware of and trust the leading United States agencies devoted to protecting the public’s health. Using two national samples of adolescents (N = 1,125) and adults (N = 5,014), we examined demographic factors, with a focus on vulnerable groups, as correlates of awareness of and trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the federal government. From nine different weighted and adjusted logistic regression models, we found high levels of awareness of the existence of the FDA and CDC (ranging from 55.7% for adolescents’ awareness of the CDC to 94.3% for adults’ awareness of the FDA) and moderate levels of trust (ranging from a low of 41.8% for adults’ trust in the federal government and a high of 78.8% for adolescents’ trust of the FDA). In the adolescent and adult samples, awareness was higher among non-Hispanic Blacks and respondents with low numeracy. With respect to trust, few consistent demographic differences emerged. Our findings provide novel insights regarding awareness and trust in the federal government and specific United States public health agencies. Our findings suggest groups to whom these agencies may want to selectively communicate to enhance trust and thus facilitate their communication and regulatory agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Preferences for care towards the end of life when decision-making capacity may be impaired: A large scale cross-sectional survey of public attitudes in Great Britain and the United States.
- Author
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Clarke, Gemma, Fistein, Elizabeth, Barclay, Matthew, Theimann, Pia, Barclay, Stephen, and Holland, Anthony
- Subjects
NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,DECISION making ,CHOICE (Psychology) - Abstract
Background: There is continuing public debate about treatment preferences at the end of life, and the acceptability and legal status of treatments that sustain or end life. However, most surveys use binary yes/no measures, and little is known about preferences in neurological disease when decision-making capacity is lost, as most studies focus on cancer. This study investigates changes in public preferences for care towards the end of life, with a focus on measures to sustain or end life. Methods: Large-scale international public opinion surveys using a six-stage patient vignette, respondents chose a level of intervention for each stage as health and decision-making capacity deteriorated. Cross-sectional representative samples of the general public in Great Britain and the USA (N = 2016). Primary outcome measure: changes in respondents’ preferences for care, measured on a four-point scale designed before data collection. The scale ranged from: maintaining life at all costs; to intervention with agreement; to no intervention; to measures for ending life. Results: There were no significant differences between GB and USA. Preference for measures to sustain life at all costs peaked at short-term memory loss (30.2%, n = 610). Respondents selecting ‘measures to help me die peacefully’ increased from 3.9% to 37.0% as the condition deteriorated, with the largest increase occurring when decision-making capacity was lost (10.3% to 23.0%). Predictors of choosing ‘measures to help me die peacefully’ at any stage were: previous personal experience (OR = 1.34, p<0.010), and older age (OR = 1.09 per decade, p<0.010). Negative predictors: living with children (OR = 0.72, p<0.010) and being of “black” race/ethnicity (OR = 0.45, p<0.001). Conclusions: Public opinion was uniform between GB and USA, but markedly heterogeneous. Despite contemporaneous capacitous consent providing an essential legal safeguard in most jurisdictions, there was a high prevalence of preference for “measures to end my life peacefully” when decision-making capacity was compromised, which increased as dementia progressed. In contrast, a significant number chose preservation of life at all costs, even in end stage dementia. It is challenging to respect the longstanding values of people with dementia concerning either the inviolability of life or personal autonomy, whilst protecting those without decision-making capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Physician Associate and General Practitioner Consultations: A Comparative Observational Video Study.
- Author
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de Lusignan, Simon, McGovern, Andrew P., Tahir, Mohammad Aumran, Hassan, Simon, Jones, Simon, Halter, Mary, Joly, Louise, and Drennan, Vari M.
- Subjects
GENERAL practitioners ,MEDICAL consultation ,PRIMARY care ,MEDICAL appointments - Abstract
Background: Physician associates, known internationally as physician assistants, are a mid-level practitioner, well established in the United States of America but new to the United Kingdom. A small number work in primary care under the supervision of general practitioners, where they most commonly see patients requesting same day appointments for new problems. As an adjunct to larger study, we investigated the quality of the patient consultation of physician associates in comparison to that of general practitioners. Method: We conducted a comparative observational study using video recordings of consultations by volunteer physician associates and general practitioners with consenting patients in single surgery sessions. Recordings were assessed by experienced general practitioners, blinded to the type of the consulting practitioner, using the Leicester Assessment Package. Assessors were asked to comment on the safety of the recorded consultations and to attempt to identify the type of practitioner. Ratings were compared across practitioner type, alongside the number of presenting complaints discussed in each consultation and the number of these which were acute, minor, or regarding a chronic condition. Results: We assessed 62 consultations (41 general practitioner and 21 physician associates) from five general practitioners and four physician associates. All consultations were assessed as safe; but general practitioners were rated higher than PAs in all elements of consultation. The general practitioners were more likely than physician associates to see people with multiple presenting complaints (p<0.0001) and with chronic disease related complaints (p = 0.008). Assessors correctly identified general practitioner consultations but not physician associates. The Leicester Assessment Package had limited inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. Conclusions: The physician associate consultations were with a less complex patient group. They were judged as competent and safe, although general practitioner consultations, unsurprisingly, were rated as more competent. Physician associates offer a complementary addition to the medical workforce in general practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Does Reactance against Cigarette Warning Labels Matter? Warning Label Responses and Downstream Smoking Cessation amongst Adult Smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States.
- Author
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Cho, Yoo Jin, Thrasher, James F., Swayampakala, Kamala, Yong, Hua-Hie, McKeever, Robert, Hammond, David, Anshari, Dien, Cummings, K. Michael, and Borland, Ron
- Subjects
SMOKING cessation ,PSYCHOLOGICAL reactance ,WARNING label policy ,GENERALIZED estimating equations - Abstract
Objective: Some researchers have raised concerns that pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) on cigarette packages may lead to message rejection and reduced effectiveness of HWL messages. This study aimed to determine how state reactance (i.e., negative affect due to perceived manipulation) in response to both pictorial and text-only HWLs is associated with other types of HWL responses and with subsequent cessation attempts. Methods: Survey data were collected every 4 months between September 2013 and 2014 from online panels of adult smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the US were analyzed. Participants with at least one wave of follow-up were included in the analysis (n = 4,072 smokers; 7,459 observations). Surveys assessed psychological and behavioral responses to HWLs (i.e., attention to HWLs, cognitive elaboration of risks due to HWLs, avoiding HWLs, and forgoing cigarettes because of HWLs) and cessation attempts. Participants then viewed specific HWLs from their countries and were queried about affective state reactance. Logistic and linear Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models regressed each of the psychological and behavioral HWL responses on reactance, while controlling for socio-demographic and smoking-related variables. Logistic GEE models also regressed having attempted to quit by the subsequent survey on reactance, each of the psychological and behavioral HWL responses (analyzed separately), adjustment variables. Data from all countries were initially pooled, with interactions between country and reactance assessed; when interactions were statistically significant, country-stratified models were estimated. Results: Interactions between country and reactance were found in all models that regressed psychological and behavioral HWL responses on study variables. In the US, stronger reactance was associated with more frequent reading of HWLs and thinking about health risks. Smokers from all four countries with stronger reactance reported greater likelihood of avoiding warnings and forgoing cigarettes due to warnings, although the association appeared stronger in the US. Both stronger HWLs responses and reactance were positively associated with subsequent cessation attempts, with no significant interaction between country and reactance. Conclusions: Reactance towards HWLs does not appear to interfere with quitting, which is consistent with its being an indicator of concern, not a systematic effort to avoid HWL message engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Preface.
- Author
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Pezdek, Kathy
- Subjects
MEMORY ,COGNITION ,SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 ,COGNITIVE psychology ,TERRORISM ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Talks about the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the memory and cognition of an individual in the U.S. Role played by the September 11 attacks on the research on cognitive psychology; Experiences in the wake of the attacks; Efforts in preparing the 2003 issue of "Applied Cognitive Psychology," which deals with the September 11 disaster.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. UNSPRINGING THE WITNESS MEMORY AND DEMEANOR TRAP: WHAT EVERY JUDGE AND JUROR NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND WITNESS CREDIBILITY.
- Author
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BENNETT, MARK W.
- Subjects
WITNESS credibility ,COGNITIVE psychology ,DEMEANOR evidence ,JUDGES ,JURORS ,WITNESSES ,MEMORY ,FACT finding (Law) - Abstract
The soul of America's civil and criminal justice systems is the ability of jurors and judges to accurately determine the facts of a dispute. This invariably implicates the credibility of witnesses. In making credibility determinations, jurors and judges necessarily decide the accuracy of witnesses' memories and the effect of the witnesses ' demeanor on their credibility. Almost all jurisdictions' pattern jury instructions about witness credibility explain nothing about how a witness's memories for events and conversations work-and how startlingly fallible memories actually are. They simply instruct the jurors to consider the witness's "memory" with no additional guidance. Similarly, the same pattern jury instructions on demeanor seldom do more than ask jurors to speculate about a witness's demeanor by instructing them to merely observe "the manner of the witness" while testifying. Yet, thousands of cognitive psychological studies have provided major insights into witness memory and demeanor. The resulting cognitive psychological principles that are now widely accepted as the gold standard about witness memory and demeanor are often contrary to what jurors intuitively, but wrongly, believe. Most jurors believe that memory works like a video camera that can perfectly recall the details of past events. Rather, memory is more like a Wikipedia page where you can go in and change it, but so can everyone else. Memories are so malleable, numerous, diverse, and innocuous that post-event information alters them, at times in very dramatic ways. Memories can be distorted, contaminated, and even, with modest cues, falsely imagined. For example, an extremely small universe of people have highly superior autobiographical memory ( "HSAM "). They can recall past details (like the color of the shirt they were wearing on August 1, 1995) from memory almost as well as a video camera. HSAM individuals' memories are not infallible, however. In one study, HSAM participants falsely remembered seeing neivs film clips of United Right 93 crashing in a field in Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001. No such film exists. Thus, no group that is free from memory distortions has ever been discovered. In one interesting study, students on a college campus were asked to either perform or imagine certain normal and bizarre actions: (1) check the Pepsi machine for change; and (2) propose marriage to the Pepsi machine. Two weeks later, the students were tested and demonstrated substantial imagination inflation leading tofalse recognition of whether they performed or imagined the actions. Few legal principles are more deeply embedded in American jurisprudence than the importance of demeanor evidence in deciding witness credibility. Historically, demeanor evidence is one of the premises for the need for live testimony, the rule against hearsay, and the right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Yet, cognitive psychological studies have consistently established that the typical cultural cues that jurors rely on, including averting eye contact, a furrotued brow, a trembling hand, and stammering speech, for example, have little or nothing to do with a witness's truthfulness. Also, jurors all too often wrongly assume that there is a strong correlation between a witness's confidence and the accuracy of that witness's testimony. Studies have determined that jurors' perceptions of witness confidence are more important in determining credibility than the witness's consistency or inconsistency. Another series of studies indicate that, in reality, demeanor evidence predicts witness truthfulness about as accurately as a coin flip. Once the fact-finder makes credibility determinations, it is nearly impossible to overturn those decisions on post-trial motions or appeal. The secrecy with which credibility determinations are made promotes the legitimacy of factfinding, but it also shrouds its countless failings. Despite years of overwhelming consensus among cognitive psychology scholars and numerous warnings from thoughtful members of the legal academy, judges have done virtually nothing to identify or to begin trying to solve this serious problem. The one exception is eyewitness identification of suspects in criminal cases, where several state supreme courts have relied heavily on cognitive psychological research to craft better science-based specialized jury instructions. This Article examines and analyzes the often amazing and illuminating cognitive psychological research on memory and demeanor. It concludes with a Proposed Model Plain English Witness Credibility Instruction that synthesizes and incorporates much of this remarkable research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
42. Fear of Liftoff: Uncertainty, Rules, and Discretion in Monetary Policy Normalization.
- Author
-
Orphanides, Athanasios
- Subjects
MONETARY policy ,POLICY sciences ,FEDERAL Reserve monetary policy ,EMPLOYMENT ,PRICE regulation ,PUBLIC choice theory ,COGNITIVE psychology - Abstract
As the author describes it, the Federal Reserve's muddled mandate to attain simultaneously the incompatible goals of maximum employment and price stability invites short-term-oriented discretionary policymaking inconsistent with the systematic approach needed for monetary policy to contribute best to the economy over time. Fear of liftoff--the reluctance to start the process of policy normalization after the end of a recession--serves as an example. Drawing on public choice and cognitive psychology perspectives, the author discusses causes of this problem: The Federal Reserve could adopt a framework that relies on a simple policy rule subject to periodic reviews and adaptation. Replacing meeting by- meeting discretion with a simple policy rule would eschew discretion in favor of systematic policy. Periodic review of the rule would allow the Federal Reserve the flexibility to account for and occasionally adapt to the evolving understanding of the economy. Congressional legislation could guide the Federal Reserve in this direction. However, the Federal Reserve may be best placed to select the simple rule and could embrace this improvement on its own, within its current mandate, with the publication of a simple rule along the lines of its statement of longer-run goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Cultural Differences in Perceptual Reorganization in US and Pirahã Adults.
- Author
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Yoon, Jennifer M. D., Witthoft, Nathan, Winawer, Jonathan, Frank, Michael C., Everett, Daniel L., and Gibson, Edward
- Subjects
CROSS-cultural differences ,COGNITIVE psychology ,SENSORY perception ,NEUROSCIENCES ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,COGNITIVE science - Abstract
Visual illusions and other perceptual phenomena can be used as tools to uncover the otherwise hidden constructive processes that give rise to perception. Although many perceptual processes are assumed to be universal, variable susceptibility to certain illusions and perceptual effects across populations suggests a role for factors that vary culturally. One striking phenomenon is seen with two-tone images—photos reduced to two tones: black and white. Deficient recognition is observed in young children under conditions that trigger automatic recognition in adults. Here we show a similar lack of cue-triggered perceptual reorganization in the Pirahã, a hunter-gatherer tribe with limited exposure to modern visual media, suggesting such recognition is experience- and culture-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Cognitive Effects of Statin Medications.
- Author
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Kelley, Brendan and Glasser, Stephen
- Subjects
STATINS (Cardiovascular agents) ,COGNITIVE psychology ,REDUCTASE inhibitors ,CARDIOVASCULAR disease treatment ,BRAIN disease treatment ,CEREBROVASCULAR disease ,COENZYMES ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
The demonstrated benefits of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease are well established in the medical literature, and this class of medications is among those most commonly prescribed in the USA. In 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration issued updated recommendations regarding statin medications, and the panel's comments regarding memory impairment fostered clinical confusion (in part because of the lay media's amplification). Cognitive data from several large epidemiological studies have not reliably demonstrated a robust association between incident cognitive impairment and statin use, with some studies reporting a protective effect, some reporting an increased risk and others finding no association. Although several interventional studies have evaluated statins as a possible adjunctive treatment for Alzheimer's disease, none have clearly demonstrated a benefit. A small number of case series have reported infrequent memory difficulties associated with statin use. In these series, the patients' cognitive symptoms resolved after statin discontinuation. The existing medical literature does not suggest that cognitive considerations should play a major role in medical decision making to prescribe statins for the large majority of patients. As with any medication prescribed for older adults, careful clinical monitoring for side effects should be exercised. If a patient is suspected of having idiosyncratic memory impairment associated with use of a statin medication, the drug can be discontinued. The patient should then be followed with careful clinical observation for 1-3 months for resolution of the cognitive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Reaction Time and Mortality from the Major Causes of Death: The NHANES-III Study.
- Author
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Hagger-Johnson, Gareth, Deary, Ian J., Davies, Carolyn A., Weiss, Alexander, and Batty, G. David
- Subjects
REACTION time ,CAUSES of death ,INFORMATION processing ,NUTRITION surveys ,PUBLIC health ,ETHNICITY - Abstract
Objective: Studies examining the relation of information processing speed, as measured by reaction time, with mortality are scarce. We explored these associations in a representative sample of the US population. Methods: Participants were 5,134 adults (2,342 men) aged 20–59 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94). Results: Adjusted for age, sex, and ethnic minority status, a 1 SD slower reaction time was associated with a raised risk of mortality from all-causes (HR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.12, 1.39) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.17, 1.58). Having 1 SD more variable reaction time was also associated with greater risk of all-cause (HR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.19, 1.55) and CVD (HR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.33, 1.70) mortality. No associations were observed for cancer mortality. The magnitude of the relationships was comparable in size to established risk factors in this dataset, such as smoking. Interpretation: Alongside better-established risk factors, reaction time is associated with increased risk of premature death and cardiovascular disease. It is a candidate risk factor for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations.
- Author
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Nam, H. Hannah, Jost, John T., and Van Bavel, Jay J.
- Subjects
IDEOLOGY ,COGNITIVE psychology ,POLITICAL psychology ,DEMOCRACY ,POLITICAL science ,PSYCHOLOGICAL experiments - Abstract
People often avoid information and situations that have the potential to contradict previously held beliefs and attitudes (i.e., situations that arouse cognitive dissonance). According to the motivated social cognition model of political ideology, conservatives tend to have stronger epistemic needs to attain certainty and closure than liberals. This implies that there may be differences in how liberals and conservatives respond to dissonance-arousing situations. In two experiments, we investigated the possibility that conservatives would be more strongly motivated to avoid dissonance-arousing tasks than liberals. Indeed, U.S. residents who preferred more conservative presidents (George W. Bush and Ronald Reagan) complied less than Americans who preferred more liberal presidents (Barack Obama and Bill Clinton) with the request to write a counter-attitudinal essay about who made a “better president.” This difference was not observed under circumstances of low perceived choice or when the topic of the counter-attitudinal essay was non-political (i.e., when it pertained to computer or beverage preferences). The results of these experiments provide initial evidence of ideological differences in dissonance avoidance. Future work would do well to determine whether such differences are specific to political issues or topics that are personally important. Implications for political behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Exploring the Borders of Cognitive and Discursive Psychology : A Methodological Reconceptualization of Cognition and Discourse.
- Author
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Lester, Jessica N.
- Subjects
DISCURSIVE psychology ,INTERBEHAVIORAL psychology ,COGNITIVE psychology ,COGNITION - Abstract
The article offers information on the methodological and theoretical methods used in discursive psychology (DP) to examine psychological constructs in the U.S. It presents an overview of the distinctive attributes of DP in relation to other types of discourse research traditions. Moreover, it also highlights the historical concept of cognition and how it is viewed through discursive lens.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Ten Legal Dissonances.
- Author
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Hoffman, Morris B.
- Subjects
COGNITIVE dissonance ,COGNITIVE psychology ,PROBABILITY theory - Abstract
The article presents an essay that discusses the wide-ranging and common legal dissonances in the U.S. It offers examples of probability and psychology and how it affects a person's common sense and cognitive powers. It presents the different categories of dissonances and its attributes. Moreover, it features ways on using dissonances in averting risks.
- Published
- 2011
49. Change in teacher candidates' metaphorical images about classroom management in a social constructivist learning environment.
- Author
-
Akar, Hanife and Yildirim, Ali
- Subjects
CLASSROOM management ,LEARNING ,QUALITATIVE research ,SCHOOL administration ,TEACHERS ,CONSTRUCTIVISM (Education) ,COGNITIVE psychology ,DEVELOPMENTAL psychology - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand the conceptual change teacher candidates went through in a constructivist learning environment in a classroom management course. Within a qualitative case study design, teacher candidates' metaphorical images about classroom management were obtained through document analysis before and after they were subjected to a constructivist learning environment. Prior to the implementation, the images depicted a 'controlling' or 'leading' type of classroom management approach indicating a disciplinary vision. After the implementation, although the metaphors were mainly retained by participants, the descriptions of the images depicted more a leading type of classroom management that entailed messages of cooperation and sensitivity toward individual differences. The results showed that a constructivist learning process may result in a change in teacher candidates' conceptions of classroom management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Concept development of respect and disrespect in American kindergarten and first- and second-grade children.
- Author
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Shwalb, Barbara J. and Shwalb, David W.
- Subjects
KINDERGARTEN ,EARLY childhood education ,CHILD rearing ,CHILD development ,SOCIOCULTURAL factors ,CONSTRUCTIVISM (Education) ,COGNITIVE psychology ,EDUCATIONAL ideologies - Abstract
The developmental origins of respect and disrespect among American children are seen in early childhood and in the transition to the school years. This chapter presents the first published research to focus on the development of both respect and disrespect as distinct concepts. The findings are examined in the context of both sociocultural and Piagetian theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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