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Over more than three decades New Zealand (NZ) has abolished its racially-biased immigration policy and changed to select immigrants based on personal merits, since 1997 new Chinese immigrants from China have become the second-largest immigrant group in NZ. Reflecting the rapid changes in Mainland Chinese society, different waves of Chinese immigrants have arrived in NZ during the past three decades, each carrying distinctive characteristics. Despite the magnitude of this immigrant population both globally and in NZ, the subethnicities of these immigrants have never been conceptualised theoretically. Based on the digitally- enhanced research techniques together with ethnographically-based study, the paper aims to remedy this research gap in Chinese diaspora studies. Two theoretical concepts are used in this research. The first is the concept of sub-ethnicity which refers to finer boundaries drawn within an ethnic group by nationality, language, region of origin, class, or other distinctions. The second is the concept of ethnoburb – a model of ethnic settlement where the suburban ethnic communities and clusters of associated residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan cities are highly concentrated. This research considers these two concepts are correlated to each other since certain ethnoburb has particular attraction to certain sub-ethnic group; and vice versa, certain subethnic group intends to gather in same ethnoburb unintentionally or unconsciously. Applying these concepts, the research considers Albany as an example of a distinctive Chinese ethnoburb for the China-born new immigrants, especially for the most recent arrivals. The paper makes theoretical contribution to understand the complementarity between these two concepts and their methodological implementation towards studying new Chinese migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite heightened scholarly attention paid to transnational immigrant families since the 1990s, a systematic analysis framework explaining the formation of these family experiences has been absent. Building on a 3‐year qualitative research project (2017–2020) investigating the multigenerational dynamics of new Chinese immigrant families from the People's Republic of China living in New Zealand, through exploring the formation of the seasonal parents/grandparents phenomenon within those families, this paper introduces an analysis framework to systematically interrogate the factors shaping diverse transnational family experiences. The proposed analysis framework builds upon an inclusive paradigm, which allows the future investigation of transnational family experience to trace multilevel impact factors behind its formation (i.e., microlevel family dynamics, mesolevel living environment and macrolevel institutional foundations). Additionally, it also highlights the interactivity of those diverse impact factors within and across different levels, as well as the spatial and temporal dimensions of transnational family lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the nineteenth-century gold rush era, Chinese gold miners arrived spontaneously in California and, later, were invited in to work the Otago goldfields in New Zealand. This article considers how the initial arrival of Chinese in those areas was represented in two major newspapers of the time, the Daily Alta California and the Otago Witness. Both newspapers initially favored Chinese immigration, due to the economic benefits that accrued and the generally tolerant outlook of the newspapers' editors. The structure of the papers' coverage differed, however, reflecting the differing historical circumstances of California and Otago. Both papers gave little space to reporting Chinese in their own voices. The newspapers editors played the crucial role in shaping each newspaper's coverage over time. The editor of the Witness remained at the helm of his newspaper throughout the survey period and his newspaper consequently did not waver in its support of the Chinese. The editor of the Alta, by contrast, died toward the end of the survey period and his newspaper subsequently descended into racist, anti-Chinese rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1.5 generation migrants are often presented by scholars as the vanguard of new cosmopolitan possibilities. Their hybrid identities and intercultural competencies are viewed as evidence for new ways of approaching difference in diverse societies. This paper examines these claims in relation to Chinese 1.5 generation migrants in New Zealand, focusing on their experiences of negotiating the family and early life, and possibilities for becoming cosmopolitan. By drawing insights from ‘everyday cosmopolitanism’, we examine how hybrid identities both facilitate and undermine capacities to overcome difference and alter the power dynamics within social worlds. This demonstrates that everyday cosmopolitanism is not easily achieved but rather oscillates around strategies for fitting in that sometimes reinforce uneven social positions. We argue for caution in accounts of the 1.5 generation and recognition of the ways that cosmopolitanism is socially situated, subject to the multiple pressures, and enacted within the uneven power relations of society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Overseas is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevance of personal and organisational factors contributing to workplace stress among Chinese migrants in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on surveys of 88 participants using the theoretical model of person-environment fit. Findings – The results reveal that perceived fit of organisational factors has a significant impact on workplace stress outcomes including emotional well-being, work-related health, job performance and intention to quit. Further analysis also shows that personal factors, some as a result of acculturation, play a moderating effect on the perceived relationship between the organisation and workplace stress. Education, advanced language skills and building networks in the new community are all important factors to minimise stress. Originality/value – From an organisational perspective, the study highlights the importance of understanding the factors that cause workplace stress, especially with a culturally diverse working population. This cross-sectional study could be furthered through the use of alternative cultural samples, and through the development of a longitudinal design. In short, this study of the work stress of Chinese migrants in New Zealand contributes to the field of knowledge providing exploratory insights for work stress research in human resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing does not reduce people's need to connect with family members, friends, and acquaintances, and neither does migration. For those older migrants living in a foreign land, connectedness with others plays a particularly important role in achieving a sense of belonging and sustaining their health and well‐being. This paper explores the issues of social isolation and loneliness among older Asian migrants in New Zealand. Data were collected from in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with Chinese‐ or Korean‐speaking migrants aged between 75 and 84 years (n = 10: all females), and from three focus groups consisting of Chinese‐ and Korean‐speaking migrants (n = 10: 7 females, 3 males) and Chinese professionals (n = 5: 3 females, 2 males) between June 2016 and December 2016. The qualitative data obtained were analysed applying a thematic analysis approach using NVivo software for group analysis by a multidisciplinary research team. The findings from the study show that older Asian migrants experienced high levels of isolation and loneliness at least at some points in their migrant lives. Most participants in this study were living alone or with only their spouse, and this living arrangement was likely to provide fertile ground for isolation and loneliness to grow in the context of later‐life migration. It was also observed that their lonely ageing ironically resulted from their efforts to preserve family relationships through avoiding being a burden, while allowing them a sort of space to maintain now barely connected lives. The participants revealed multiple ways of coping with lonely and isolated experiences in their limited social network, and these individual strategies allow us to make suggestions about how best to reduce older migrants' social isolation and loneliness in the New Zealand context and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to analyse attitudes, understanding of gambling and gambling related harm among Asians in New Zealand using secondary data from the New Zealand 2006/07 Gaming and Betting Attitudes Survey (GBAS). Design/methodology/approach -- This survey interviewed 1,973 nationwide randomly selected youths and adults ($18 years) using structured questionnaire. Chinese (N = 113) and Indian (N = 122) data were analysed separately to compare between them and with NZ Europeans (N = 792). Descriptive analysis was carried out and was subsequently tested for significant correlations by weighted (p < 0.01) and un-weighted (p < 0.05) variables. Findings -- A higher proportion of Chinese males (66.8 percent) represented in the survey compared to Indian (43.0 percent) and NZ European (48.9 percent) where Chinese consisted of more youthful age structure. Chinese respondents were more likely to be in the lowest income bracket (NZ$10,000) compared to others. Among the ten gambling activities "casino table gambling" and "casino electronic machines" (slot-style machine) were most popular among the Chinese where Indians preferred "gambling/casino evening". A significant proportion of Chinese were unwilling to refer family or friends to gambling help services despite believing that gambling does more harm than good. Pre-committed gambling sum was the most common harm minimising strategy suggested by participants. They believed education and consultation could deter youths from harmful gambling. Research limitations/implications -- This survey highlighted gambling behaviours and thoughts of the ethnic minority population in New Zealand. Study outcomes would be valuable in formulating ethnic specific preventative programme and may have policy implication. Originality/value -- There has been limited research on gambling behaviour of ethnic minorities in New Zealand. This paper fills some of the gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the dilemmas facing tourism and hospitality development internationally is the requirement for a greater understanding of each other's culture, and how this background of difference affects business between various parties. Many texts and theorists have identified factors aligned to family values that affect the social behavior of individuals when conducting business between Eastern and Western managers. This paper and case study draws upon the relationship and experiences of a segment of Chinese businessmen within the New Zealand hotel, tourism and business sectors. The businessmen were two international "hoteliers" who currently own properties in New Zealand, and also a Chinese investment adviser, who has visited New Zealand representing foreign investors. The feedback to date indicates that research into Chinese management practices within the hospitality industry in New Zealand is very limited, with little access to past research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:The current study aimed to explore if the impact of various risk factors for chronic disease differed for people of Chinese, Indian and New Zealand European and Other (NZEO) ethnicities. Design:Data analysed for this paper was extracted from the 2003–04 and the 2006–07 NZ Health surveys for adults aged 25–70 which used a cross-sectional survey design. Data from both the survey waves were combined and all statistical analysis was done using SAS version 9.2 or 9.3. Ethnicity of participants was coded using a priority-based classification system as (1) Indian, (2) Chinese, (3) Other Asian, (4) NZEO, (5) Maori and (6) Pacific. Only data for Indians, Chinese and NZEO were used for the current study. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals for chronic disease and the associated risk factors were generated to describe the sample. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether the difference in the change in risk of chronic disease with different exposures was different according to ethnicity. Results:Higher deprivation resulted in increased risk of chronic disease in Indian and Chinese males but not in NZEO males (p= .03). There was a weak evidence for a differing effect of physical activity (p = .10) on chronic disease with the protective effect not seen in Indian or Chinese participants. Conclusion:The results of the current study indicate that some factors such as socio-economic deprivation and physical activity may impact differently on the prevalence of chronic disease according to ethnicity. The authors recommend further investigation of these factors using improved and innovative methodology and high-quality ethnicity data to better understand the factors underpinning ethnic disparities in disease prevalence among Asian sub-groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-021-09429-9 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Overseas is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Existing literature suggests that successful ageing is linked to a sense of community (SOC) that is developed through shared daily practices. For migrant groups, SOC can extend across home and receiving countries. In order to understand the issue of successful ageing in place and multiple SOCs among older Chinese migrants, this paper investigated 32 older Chinese migrants' narratives of developing a SOC in their local and home communities. Findings suggest that a SOC can be viewed as constructed through practices such as neighbouring and supportive interactions within local contexts as well as engagement with the home country via new media. The findings provide insights into everyday practices central to the cultivation of a SOC among the participants whose engagements span the cultural spaces of China and New Zealand. For example, the use of media contributes to the participants' SOCs both in China and New Zealand. As a result, they live in a transnational community that can be understood as an 'imagined' community where the participants engage with significant, although absent, Chinese others. Living between China and New Zealand, between homes and between languages, the participants create identity 'inbetweenness' that is constructed at the intersection of interdependent, compatible and mutually reinforcing communities and spaces. The findings therefore extend conventional understandings of ageing migrant experiences that assume successful ageing and community participation occur in one locale to an understanding of multiple SOCs within the context of transnationalism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the use of material culture evidence to uncover the economic and social environments of Chinese market gardeners in Australia and New Zealand. In particular it explores the multiple meanings that artefacts associated with Chinese market gardeners can embody and how they mediate between cultures. Four items of material culture are examined to discover how they can shed light on the daily lives of Chinese market gardeners and their social interactions. Two come from archaeological contexts; one is in a museum collection and one is in private ownership. They range in date from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s or 1930s. The first two are utilitarian items of technology: a garden rake and a Clutterbuck oil engine. The second two are more luxury items: an ornate silver fob watch and chain and a collection of fine bone china ceramics imported from Europe. What they have in common is that their owners and users were all Chinese market gardeners. Illustrating how material culture evidence can complement evidence from more traditional sources, the paper draws on documentary sources and oral histories to provide a context in time and place for each of these items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-born cohort among New Zealand's ethnic Chinese constitutes 35% of the total of over 100,000 ethnic Chinese in the most recent census of 2001. It is the single largest group, out-stripping the local born and totally overshadowing the immigrant Chinese groups born in other diasporic centers. In recent years, immigrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) have shown a strong tendency of return migration and transnationalism. This paper will explore the circulatory movements of this group, highlighting various social indicators as a pointer to their relative attachment to their sending country and host country respectively. The paper uses the China-born specific data of the latest New Zealand census as background. Primary research data is derived from a two-part field study, first in New Zealand (the settlement country) and then in China (the country of origin). One hundred respondents, drawn from the snowballing sampling method, were interviewed in Auckland. It was found that while the immigrants maintained close links with China, few of them remitted money back. While community links are reasonably strong, few relied on fellow Chinese for their first job. Two rounds of in-depth qualitative interviews were carried out in China on ten respondents who returned from New Zealand. Questions were asked to ascertain their motivation for returning, their experience of re-entry, and what their future intentions might be. This article will look particularly at the returnees' sense of identity and affinity with both their countries of origin and adoption, and to find out about their self-perceived roles in an increasingly globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1881 and 1952, Chinese in New Zealand were subject to a range of discriminatory laws. Foremost of these was the poll-tax, a tax on all Chinese migrants to New Zealand. Initially set at 10 in 1881, it was raised to 100 in 1896. For poll-tax payers and their descendants, the tax came to symbolise an era of severe discrimination. It was not until the 1990s, however, when a rapid increase in Asian migrants fuelled a revival of anti-Asian sentiment, that Chinese community leaders began calling for a Government apology for the poll-tax — a lesson from the past for the future. The apology came in February 2002, and with it an invitation to the descendants of poll-tax payers to suggest an ‘appropriate gesture of reconciliation’. The Government's Office of Ethnic Affairs was tasked with organising the consultation and liaising with the community. This paper covers the Government process and its outcome. It also describes the effect of the apology on the community, the wide range of reactions, and impact the apology and consultation process had on the community's identity and sense of empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a multicultural country, such as New Zealand, multicultural education has become the subject of early childhood polices and research. Increased national and international attention towards minority rights has resulted in the development and implementation of multicultural practice for realizing quality early childhood education for children and families of diverse cultural backgrounds. The study addressed in this paper set out to examine the multicultural education of early childhood settings in New Zealand from the experiences and perspectives of Chinese immigrant young children, their teachers and parents. It analyses data in the conceptualization of children as active agents, with the emphasis on the influence of their homes and the early childhood centres, giving rise to a tension between the children's needs to fit in the centres and the children's and their parents' right to inclusion and be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers colonial New Zealand's poll tax on Chinese immigrants. Poll taxes were recognised as a badge of slavery and therefore could be used to discriminate and stigmatise. This could only happen if the Chinese had first been labelled, stereotyped and separated from 'normal' society, and deprived of their status as full human beings. Anti-Chinese attitudes amongst politicians, lobby groups, the media and society in general paved the way for discriminatory legislation which imposed the poll tax. Since the Chinese were regarded as less than fully human, their liability to discrimination in the form of a poll tax was considered to be justified. Applying Goffman's theory of stigma, as developed by Link and Phelan, this article analyses why the poll tax was discriminatory by referring to social discourse and to attitudes amongst the politicians and media. The poll tax illustrates how the practice of taxation contributed to discrimination and dehumanisation by referring to a specific form of taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Work–family conflict (WFC) research has focused almost exclusively on nonimmigrant populations. To expand the understanding of WFC among immigrants, this longitudinal study (six‐month time lag) aimed to investigate the mechanisms linking acculturation, strain‐based WFC, and subjective well‐being. In order to do this, two theory‐based mediation models were developed and tested on a sample of 264 Chinese immigrants working in New Zealand using structural equation modeling. Results show that subjective well‐being mediated the effect of acculturation on strain‐based WFC, and acculturation did not directly influence strain‐based WFC. Furthermore, evidence was found for reciprocal relationships between strain‐based WFC and subjective well‐being, as well as for the same‐domain perspective. Strain‐based work interfering with family and strain‐based family interfering with work (two directions of strain‐based WFC) have significant effects on work‐related and family‐related well‐being, respectively, and vice versa. Overall, the present study provides an appropriate platform for future work–family research on immigrant populations and offers practical prescriptions for human resource managers to operate successfully within a diverse workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated differences between general New Zealand consumers and ethnic Chinese consumers living in New Zealand regarding the importance of lamb attributes at the point of purchase and opinions of New Zealand lamb. A central location test survey was undertaken with 156 New Zealand consumers living in Dunedin, New Zealand, and 159 Chinese consumers living in Auckland, New Zealand. In terms of importance at the point of purchase, Chinese consumers rated a number of attributes as more important than New Zealand consumers by a difference of >1.0 on a 9-point Likert scale for importance: animal origin, feeding, age, presence of hormones/residues, traceability, food safety, place of purchase, brand/quality label, and label information (p < 0.05). New Zealand consumers rated the price of other meats and animal welfare as more important than Chinese consumers (p < 0.05); however, the differences in scores were <1.0. In terms of opinions, Chinese consumers also considered New Zealand lamb to be better value for money, more additive-free, and more likely to make people feel good (p < 0.05), by scores >1.0 on a 7-point Likert scale for agreement. New Zealand consumers considered New Zealand lamb more traditional and boring (p < 0.05); however, the differences in scores were <1.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present findings on individual level variation in individualism-collectivism (IC) among four ethnic groups (New Zealand European-NZE, Māori, Pacific Islanders-PI and Chinese) within the New Zealand context, using the Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal Assessment Inventory (ICIAI) developed by Matsumoto, Preston, Brown and Kuppersbusch (1997). The investigation tested the reliability of the ICIAI instrument with different ethnic groups in a unique national context as well as prevalent value orientations and behavioural implications for those ethnic groups, measured across three social contexts (family, friends and strangers). There were a total of 400 participants (36% NZE, 20.8% Māori, 18.5% Chinese and 14.3% PI). The scale has proven to be cross-culturally valid and reliable in the New Zealand context, contributing to the development of cross-culturally equivalent measures for individual variations. In accordance with our predictions, family proved to be the most important social context for all ethnic groups and NZE indicated the least collective preferences in all domains. Interestingly, Pacific Islanders showed the most collective preferences and distinguished the least between family, friends and strangers. The differences between NZE and Māori were smaller, and the similarities between Māori and Chinese were closer than expected. The findings, their interpretation and implications for inter-group relations add to the available body of international and intranational multi-ethnic data on IC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education and knowledge have always been prized life quests for Chinese. The question however, is whether Western-style mental health education is acceptable to Chinese mental health consumers and whether it is useful in improving their knowledge and understanding of mental health and the process of recovery. Whilst there has been a plethora of psychoeducational material published, most offer passive learning or require little educator/learner interaction, let alone active participation. The aim of this paper is to present a pilot research on the acceptability, the applicability and the effectiveness of the Western concept of mental health recovery including the Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP) programme in improving the effectiveness of recovery among the members of Bo Ai She (BAS), a Chinese mental health consumers' self-help organisation in New Zealand. Qualitative research methods were used to undertake this research. Eight members of BAS and three professional mental health workers were interviewed, and proceedings from discussions in two focus groups comprising consumers and their family members have been included to form the data base. Key findings from this research affirmed that the WRAP programme has played a signifi- cant role in recovery for Chinese consumers in BAS. The results also suggested areas which needed to be modified in order to become a cultural-appropriate programme in Chinese mental health consumers' recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent cause célèbre in the reporting of diversity in New Zealand was ?Asian Angst', an article published by leading magazine North & South. Following the influx of Chinese immigrants into New Zealand over recent years, ?Asian Angst' painted a picture of consequent rampant Chinese crime in the country. The article caused an uproar and the Press Council later ruled the piece was inaccurate and discriminatory. This article reveals how the article conformed to the traditional Western stereotype of Asians as the Yellow Peril, and concludes that the magazine adopted this stereotype because it was apparently determined to portray Chinese immigrants in a poor light and was unable to interpret the relevant crime statistics correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working holiday schemes have become a popular way among Chinese youth to support their travel by undertaking temporary employment in host countries. Nowadays, young Chinese can participate in the scheme in two countries: New Zealand and Australia. Under this circumstance, this research sets out to address the gap in knowledge by exploring the adaptation of young Chinese to New Zealand work culture through the narratives and story-telling of Chinese working holidaymakers (WHMs) in New Zealand. Drawing on semistructured interviewing, this research interviewed 34 young Chinese who were undertaking or had completed working holidays in the South Island of New Zealand. Three main themes have been developed from analyzing the interview transcriptions, which are: work–life balance, leadership, and equality. The findings of the current research disclose that the adaptation of young Chinese as WHMs to New Zealand work culture was navigated and articulated through the sharp contrast with their previous working experiences, work culture, and working environment in China. These findings also facilitate the understanding of Chinese WHMs who are from a particular social and cultural context. More importantly, this research challenges the prevalence of Western-centric stances within the tourism discourse by incorporating the particular social and cultural context, which extends the research scope towards an underresearched community of Chinese WHMs. This research also offers both theoretical importance and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored middle-aged Chinese female table tennis players' experiences of pain and injuries in the context of life in a foreign country (New Zealand). Data were collected in two table tennis clubs via a year-long participant observation study and through life-story interviews. The Confucian concept of ren, which has similarities to new-materialist theorising, was drawn upon to frame our interpretations of the participants' experiences of pain and injury. The concept encourages individuals who have been raised in Chinese communities to value social connections, have sympathy for others and strive for harmony. Our study correspondingly examined how aspects of age, gender, culture, immigrant identity and Confucian philosophy interlink to shape experiences of table tennis pain and injury. Results illustrated that our participants were willing to tolerate moderate pain during participation as they were motivated to enhance community solidarity. In contrast to studies that have examined ageing athletes from western countries, our participants did not tolerate pain with the desire to prove one's individual capability. This study contributes to a non-Western cultural reading of sports pain and injury to illustrate how broader cultural dynamics shape such experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central concern of this paper has to do with a description and explanation of the strategies used by the New Zealand Chinese to articulate their autonomy and survive in a context which would at times deny this possibility. The framework for the description and explanation draws mainly on the analytical contributions of Crissman (1967) and Wickberg (1979) and thus focusses on the unique organisational structures that are ubiquitious in the overseas Chinese context. These organisational structures provide not only a map to the internal and external relations of the Chinese community but also a key to understanding the process of change as it occurs in that community. It is the segmentary system, including all organisational structures in the Chinese community through time, which provides a range of idioms through which the community may combine its resources to articulate its external and internal needs as well as confronting exploitation and discrimination. The context which underlies these needs, areas of confrontation and the changing configuration of the segmentary system, is shown, not only to be the result of influences external to the community but also to derive from the unintended and intended consequences of reorganisation to cope with the former. In brief cooperation that ensues because of one set of influences can at the same time provide the basis for conflict and fragmentation within the community structure. The result of this case study reveals an organisational structure in the New Zealand Chinese community which is forced through cycles of cooperation, fragmentation and conflict but because of the capacity to undergo change has also become, it is argued, the basis of its survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China Tourism Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study employed a large-scale cross-sectional survey (n=443) to identify the structural relations among regulatory styles (motivations), identity changes and second language (L2) possible selves of Chinese students undertaking tertiary study in New Zealand. Three specific models were tested. Specifically, ideal L2 model revealed that integrated regulation had a substantial (positive) effect on ideal L2 self and had a small but significant indirect effect on ideal L2 self through additive identity change; ought-to L2 model showed that introjected regulation had a positive and substantial contribution to both split identity change and ought-to L2 self; and dreaded L2 self model demonstrated that external regulation had a positive and large contribution to dreaded L2 self. The models delineate the dynamic and interactive process of L2 learning development, which helps L2 learners to develop their identity and self so that they may develop an adaptive identity and a positive L2 self in their future L2 study. As a result of this study, it is suggested that the literature on L2 motivational possible selves should include Markus, H. & P. Nurius. 1986. Possible selves. American Psychologist 41. 954–969. 'dreaded L2 self' alongside Dörnyei, Z. 2005. The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. L2 Motivational Self System, because L2 learners' motivations and self-identities seem to be multifaceted and complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China Tourism Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the increasing growth of immigrant Chinese families living in New Zealand, there is a rise in the number of young children who are learning two or more languages at the same time, namely their home language and the language of instruction in early childhood education settings, typically English. When the family serves the central role of supporting children's heritage language maintenance (Wong-Fillmore, 1991), it is pertinent to study the parents' perspectives on their child's dual language development and the language practices that are evident in home settings. As part of a larger Master's research with New Zealand Tertiary College that explores the support that four Chinese immigrant families provide for their children's dual language development, this article presents a case study of one Chinese mother and how she constructs and implements their Family Language Policy (FLP) to support her children's dual language development focusing on their heritage language maintenance. Data was collected through two interviews, and the qualitative data was themed and key findings identified. These findings suggest that this immigrant family's FLP is focused on their heritage language maintenance, with consideration of the children's individual interests and learning needs. Moreover, it is suggested that both mother and the children learn from each other when helping to support the children's bilingual development. Also discussed as part of the findings is the mother's understanding on multiculturalism and multilingualism, which shows her reflections on being a global citizen with strong cultural dispositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the antecedents of work–family conflict (WFC) and the mediation effects of WFC on well‐being consequences among Chinese immigrants to New Zealand, along with the moderating role of acculturation. Four types of WFC were explored: time‐based and strain‐based work interference with family, and time‐based and strain‐based family interference with work. Data were collected from 577 Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, who had full‐time or part‐time work and lived with family members in New Zealand. The four types of WFC were differentially related to the antecedents and well‐being consequences, providing some evidence that both Chinese and New Zealand cultures may exert influences on Chinese immigrants' experiences of WFC. Both directions of WFC (work interference with family, and family interference with work) were related to job satisfaction and family satisfaction, and strain‐based WFC influenced their well‐being more than time‐based WFC. Most importantly, we found immigrants who were proficient in English perceived greater WFC and psychological strain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions matter, particularly in experiences of migration. This article explores how emotions are involved in everyday intercultural encounters and the role of emotions in generating cosmopolitan sociability in the context of migration. The article is based upon qualitative research with 80 Chinese 1st and 1.5 generation migrants in New Zealand. We focus on ‘contact zones’ as social spaces where migrants have uneven opportunities to encounter cultural others and where ‘emotional dissonance’ can emerge through unsuccessful intercultural exchanges. In order to generate a sense of comfort and familiarity in such conflicted spaces, migrants need to invest in ‘emotional labour’ to engage in more cosmopolitan sociability as an attempt to transform ‘contact zone’ to ‘comfort zone’. Through this article we argue that emotions can both promote and encourage, but also undermine and limit the capacity to perform cosmopolitan sociability and build intercultural relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article investigates how the Chinese-language Cyberspace influences the identity construction of migrant netizens. Two dimensions of the Chinese-language Cyberspace are identified – homeland media and ethnic media. While ethnic media has been researched extensively, online homeland media is largely overlooked in academic research. Using Chinese migrants in New Zealand as a case study and combining the analyses of empirical data derived from interviews and online texts, this research argues that online homeland media is a potent factor in the construction of migrant identity and deserves more academic attention. It reinforces a sense of being ‘authentic Chinese’ among migrant netizens. Simultaneously yet in contrast, online ethnic media helps to reconstruct ‘being Chinese’ – as migrants and as an ethnic minority in the host country. The deterritorialised Chinese-language Cyberspace provides a virtual space where migrant identity is constantly negotiated between various factors of acquired Kiwiness and inherited and reconstructed Chineseness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article critically analyses the discourse of consumer choice embedded in health communication interactions between maternity-care providers and migrant ethnic Chinese mothers in New Zealand. Findings indicate that Chinese mothers, as the customers of the New Zealand maternity and health care services, are encouraged to “fit in” with the Western discourse of choice. However, the mothers’ cultural predispositions for childbirth and communication have a significant impact on the ways in which they respond to and resist this discourse. Drawing on theoretical insights from postcolonialism and Third World feminism, this article contributes to the study of intercultural health communication by examining cultural dilemmas in the discourse of choice that is often taken for granted in Western health contexts. In doing so, it builds a platform for an inclusive maternity care and health environment in multicultural societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International comparative testing, such as the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), has considerable impact on policymakers, the media and the general public. A central assumption underlying PISA is that global variation in students' academic performance is attributable to national educational structures and policies. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the problematic nature of this assumption. Rather than critiquing it from the outside, we turn the tools, data and presumptions of the current discourse of international comparisons upon themselves, showing that this assumption is refuted by analysis of immigrant student test scores. Data from the PISA 2009 tests show that Chinese immigrant students in New Zealand and Australia achieve math scores that are more similar to those of students in Shanghai than to their non-immigrant Australian and New Zealand peers. Thus, cultural background appears to be more consequential for the educational attainment of Chinese immigrant students than exposure to the educational systems of Australia or New Zealand. We discuss limitations of our analysis, using them as basis to discuss the shortcomings of PISA more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article calls for a specific form of comparative inquiry within historical archaeology as drawn from diaspora studies. Such a project encourages archaeologists to compare research from emigrant areas alongside work at overseas sites. This diasporic approach provides new potentials for engaging with the modern world by intersecting with both traditional and new aspects of archaeological practice. In order to showcase these aspects of a diasporic approach, the author explores three case studies from Montana, Peru, and New Zealand - connecting each to its related home area. The case studies explore how data drawn from a group's homeland can support established heritage practices, engage with modern social problems, and illuminate complexities arising within sites based on ethnolinguistic differences within populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research examined perceptions of Chinese immigrants held by New Zealanders of European and Maori descent. The study ( N = 318) adopted an intergroup perspective to test a predictive model of attitudes toward immigrants. It was based on a nation-wide survey with prospective respondents randomly selected from the New Zealand Electoral rolls. Findings revealed that Maori differed from their European counterparts in predictable ways, reporting more relative deprivation and greater perceived threat, and holding more negative outgroup attitudes. Less contact and greater perceived threat predicted more negative attitudes toward immigrants; in addition, when intergroup boundaries were permeable, the link between perceived threat and negative attitudes was stronger in Maori than New Zealand Europeans. While intergroup relations are traditionally analysed in a dual group formation involving a privileged 'dominant' ingroup and disadvantaged 'minority' immigrant outgroup, the current research suggests the need to advance beyond this dichotomy to a more inclusive approach and to consider the interface between the historical and political milieux in specific national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the perceptions of new Chinese migrants towards Maori and discover the possible influence of the local Chinese media on the formation of those views. A quantitative questionnaire survey was undertaken to investigate the perceptions of new Chinese migrants towards Maori. A content analysis of Maori-related reports in the local Chinese media was carried out simultaneously to investigate how Maori were portrayed. The survey found that most Chinese participants had negative perceptions of Maori and were wary about the indigenous rights of Maori. Most participants had limited personal contact with Maori and relied heavily on local Chinese media to get information. The content analysis revealed that Maori were often negatively portrayed by the local Chinese media and that the source of most Chinese media stories was the mainstream media. The problematic portrayal of Maori in Chinese media sources may contribute significantly to the formation of new Chinese migrants' negative perceptions towards Maori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of the study presented in this article was to consider how New Zealand Chinese with bipolar disorder manage their condition, regain and maintain wellness through the use of self-management techniques. Methods: Nine New Zealand Chinese with bipolar disorder type I or II who had reasonable performance in role functioning were interviewed. Data analysis was guided by the inductive approach. Findings: In contrast to Western psychosocial interventions, which emphasize the individual's independence, self-advocacy and self-identity, New Zealand Chinese are more likely to value themselves through relationships with others. Most participants emphasized the importance of harmony with self and others, and adopted passive and nature-oriented attitudes encouraged by Taoism to deal with life stress. Strategies of 'taking it easy' and 'looking at problems in others' shoes' were frequently used when dealing with interpersonal conflicts. Conclusions: The concepts of health and life as part of traditional Chinese culture were found to be the fundamental elements influencing the participants' coping patterns. There is a strong need for facilitating the connection between health professionals and clients. This study indicates that to do this, health professionals must be aware of the importance of cultural sensitivity when delivering health care in a multicultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is widely accepted that knowledge plays a key role in the economic activities and social life of knowledge societies, our understanding of what counts as knowledge is often incomplete. The explicit features of knowledge enable it to be codified and thus disseminated globally. This can lead to all knowledge simply being reduced to explicit knowledge. However, scholars draw our attention to the unarticulated, contextualised or tacit dimension of knowledge. This article seeks to explore the role of, and relationship between, the two forms of knowledge in the transnational mobility of migrant Chinese knowledge workers. It combines quantitative data on skilled Chinese immigrants who moved to New Zealand from Mainland China after 1990 along with a case study of interviews with 14 migrant Chinese knowledge workers, to provide evidence on the value of different forms of knowledge for migrants in accessing and carrying out their work and daily life. It argues that, through cultural values, social networks, institutional arrangements and interpersonal relationships in the process through which these skilled Chinese immigrants enter and adapt to New Zealand's knowledge society, tacit knowledge is not separate from, but interacts with, explicit knowledge. Therefore, the development of immigration policies should build on a complete concept of knowledge in order to effectively facilitate its cross-cultural application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Asian’ is increasingly used as an ethnic category in the health sector in New Zealand but does not have a ‘natural’, fixed, uncontested meaning. Two differing constructions of ‘Asian’ are commonly used in New Zealand. One is racially based and includes only East and Southeast Asian peoples. It is commonly employed in popular discourse and by the media. The other construction includes peoples from East, South and Southeast Asia, but excludes peoples from the Middle East and Central Asia. This construction is recent and unique to New Zealand and is being increasingly operationalised in the health sector. This use for planning and research is problematic. For the health sector, ‘Asian’ does not differentiate a group of people with shared characteristics in terms of health status or needs. The diversity of the ‘Asian’ category, with several axes of difference, will result in an averaging of health indicators. This may result in the high health needs of groups within this category being masked or the inappropriate targeting of services. Another major concern is the general lack of acknowledgement of the contestable nature of the ‘Asian’ category or justification for its use. However, the ‘Asian’ category provides a political platform to advocate for resources and enable research into the previously ignored health status of the diverse ‘Asian’ population. Despite its shortcomings, usage of the category is likely to continue in the New Zealand health sector. As such, the sector needs to be aware of the limitations of the category and show greater precision in its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sociopolitical process of identity formation in Chinese community in New Zealand. The article rejects assimilation theory and instead looks at the nature of European-Chinese contact in New Zealand in general and Wellington, New Zealand, in particular, from an alternative theoretical position, with a view to developing a theory of identity as integral to the process of adaptation. Minority groups demonstrate a wide range of responses to the host societies they settle in simply because the circumstances that minority groups find themselves vary from society to society. The European response to Chinese immigration and settlement has demographic and economic implications for the Chinese and their collective adaptation. Generally, a Chinese community in the city is divided into a number of sub-communities or segments. The authors contend that the process of adaptation best describes the direction of European-Chinese relations in New Zealand.

Do people feel that they are obliged to look after older parents and grandparents, support them financially, respect, obey, and maintain contact with them, as well as please them and make them happy? Two surveys of filial obligations were conducted in New Zealand involving 100 Chinese and 103 European families respectively. Across the 587 individuals from two generations, a widely shared obligation hierarchy emerged with social contact and respect on top of all others. Chinese were higher than Europeans on obedience and financial support as predicted, but also on most other obligations. Gender differences, contrary to prediction, were generally absent; but children were significantly higher than their parents on obedience. Obligations were moderately intercorrelated, and also correlated with corresponding expectations. K-means cluster analysis was used in a novel way to discover three European and four Chinese family obligation types. Further family-level analysis showed that parental income, grandparents' residence, and motivations in communicating with elders differentiated the family types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]