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Extra virgin olive oil, containing high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, has been shown to exert several protective effects on the liver, reducing hepatic steatosis, fibrogenesis and lipid peroxidation. Remarkably, oleic acid is known for its anti-cancer effects in different tumors through cell death induction [1] and autophagy modulation [2]. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of oleic acid on hepatocellular carcinoma. More in detail, we are investigating the effects of oleic acid treatment in two hepatocarcinoma cell lines, namely Huh7.5 and Hep3B, by evaluating lipid accumulation (through oil red staining), cell death index (through annexin and propidium iodide assay), expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress- and lipid synthesis- markers as well as analyzing autophagic flux (by Western blot assays). We found that the storage levels of neutral lipids in Huh7.5 are different than in Hep3B cell lines. This is true both under basal conditions and upon oleic acid treatment. Conversely, cell death index is increased in both cell lines upon high oleic acid concentration (300 mM). Unexpectedly, such increased cell death inversely correlates with the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker BIP, since it displays a mild reduction after high oleic acid treatment in both cell lines (300 mM). Interestingly, oleic acid treatment dose-dependently (50 to 150 mM) leads to a reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-g expression in both cell lines, thus suggesting a reduction of de novo lipid synthesis at low-dose oleic acid treatments. Furthermore, reduced autophagic flux upon high oleic acid treatment (300 mM) occurs in both cell lines, as demonstrated by LC3 lipidation in the presence of bafilomycin. We are currently investigating if autophagy modulation after oleic acid treatment in these cell lines depends on phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3 (P-GSK-3) and phospho AMP-activated protein kinase (P-AMPK). We therefore hypothesize that autophagy may have a crucial role in controlling cell death after high oleic acid treatment in the two investigated hepatocarcinoma cell lines, unrevealing new insights on the mechanisms underlying autophagy in hepatocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial/viral--derived components that trigger innate immune response and conflicting data implicate TLR agonists in cancer, either as protumor or antitumor agents. We previously demonstrated that TLR3 activation mediated by its agonist poly(I:C) induces antitumor signaling, leading to apoptosis of prostate cancer cells LNCaP and PC3 with much more efficiency in the former than in the second more aggressive line. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) regulates several cellular processes, including apoptosis, in response to hypoxia and to other stimuli also in normoxic conditions. Here we describe a novel protumormachinery triggered by TLR3 activation in PC3 cells consisting of increased expression of the specific I.3 isoform of HIF-1α and nuclear accumulation of HIF-1 complex in normoxia, resulting in reduced apoptosis and in secretion of functional vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, we report that, in the less aggressive LNCaP cells, TLR3 activation fails to induce nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α. However, the transfection of I.3 isoformof hif-1α in LNCaP cells allows poly(I:C)--induced HIF-1 activation, resulting in apoptosis protection and VEGF secretion. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that differences in the basal level of HIF-1α expression in different prostate cancer cell lines underlie their differential response to TLR3 activation, suggesting a correlation between different stages of malignancy, hypoxic gene expression, and beneficial responsiveness to TLR agonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]