572 results on '"INFORMAL sector"'
Search Results
2. Tax Revenue and the informal sector in developing countries: the case of Côte d’Ivoire
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Paul Vivien OYIBO, Yaya KEHO, and Friedrich SCHNEIDER
- Subjects
informal sector ,côte d’ivoire ,tax revenues ,cointegration ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
The informal sector is characterized by limited relations with the tax authorities, which reduces the tax base. As a result, governments are forced to resort to other sources of financing, including public debt policy. This study provides an opportunity to analyze the relationship between the development of informal activities, changes in the general price level, and tax revenues in the case of Côte d’Ivoire. To this end, we empirically address this issue with the help of a linear econometric time series model over the period 1987-2020, using cointegration techniques. On the basis of the prediction of the linear model, the empirical results reveal that the Ivorian state would be rational if the policy of financing the economy were based on increasing the general price level to the detriment of taxes because of the extent of the development of informal activities. In addition, the Ganger causality test shows two significant unidirectional causalities. One from the informal sector to tax revenues and the other from price increases to tax revenues.
- Published
- 2023
3. Informal Sector Development in Nigeria: how impactful is the government financial interventions?
- Author
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Lawal Bakare
- Subjects
development ,finance ,reforms ,informal sector ,dependency ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
In light of recent price swings in oil and the need to reduce the country's dependency on the commodity, the government of Nigeria has implemented a number of reforms and initiatives to stimulate the non-oil sector of the economy, most notably the informal sector. Government financial support as interventions would have otherwise been a relief in changing the narrative of ugly financial accessibility of participants in the informal sector. The level of financial accessibility and its relationship to the economic performance of participants in the informal sector have been largely understudied. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess the shortcomings of current government interventions in the informal sector and to provide a viable financial intervention structure to address these issues. This research included both primary and secondary sources of information. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from respondents. A total of 700 informal sector participant who are mainly SMEs operators, 300 registered and 400 unregistered, were chosen using a purposeful selection technique from the six states of Southwest Nigeria. Data was examined in two ways using SPSS: descriptive and inferential. Thus, the study showed the flaws of the past interventions, such as a faulty programme design, bias in the distribution of financing facilities, a lack of knowledge about the facilities, and convoluted procedures for gaining government funding support.
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- 2023
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4. Taxing informal sector through modified taxation: Implementation challenges and overcoming strategies
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Paul Hammond, Paul Adjei Kwakwa, Daniel Berko, and Edmond Amissah
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modified taxation ,informal sector ,best-worst method ,challenge ,strategy ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Management. Industrial management ,HD28-70 - Abstract
AbstractThe informal sector often poses a measurable challenge to effective domestic revenue mobilization due to its peculiar characteristics. Modified taxation, which is a form of presumptive taxation, has been identified as an innovative way of taxing the informal sector. The study examines some of the possible implementation challenges of tax reform as well as identifying mitigating strategies to overcome the challenges. The best-worst method (BWM) of multi-criteria decision-making was employed in this study. Twenty potential challenges and 12 strategies were identified from the literature. Eight experts were contacted to rank the challenges and strategies for the implementation of the modified taxation. They were made to complete an online questionnaire by rating their preferred criteria over others. A linear BWM solver was used to determine the optimal weights of each category. The perception of tax administration emerged as the best-ranked potential obstacle to the practicability of the tax policy. On the strategy side, building trust in the taxpayers is the key to successful implementation.
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- 2023
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5. Determinants of informal enterprise closure by gender: a microeconometric study applied in Senegal
- Author
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Ayoub Saadi, Assane Beye, and Mariem Liouaeddine
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COVID-19 ,business closures ,propensity score matching ,informal sector ,gender disparities ,logistic regression ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This article aims to investigate the factors influencing the closure of informal businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on the differences between businesses led by women and men. The research employed a logistic regression approach and utilized the matching method to evaluate the pandemic’s impact. The study relied on a database created by the Development Policy Analysis Laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, which encompassed 923 informal businesses operating in diverse sectors in Dakar. The findings demonstrate that businesses managed by women experienced a more severe impact from the pandemic, leading to a higher likelihood of temporary closure. These results underscore the disproportionate effect of the crisis on women entrepreneurs within the informal sector and emphasize the necessity for tailored measures to support this vulnerable population during and after the pandemic. Such measures should address the unique challenges faced by women-led informal businesses and help foster their recovery and long-term sustainability
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- 2023
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6. A sectoral analysis of output elasticity of employment in South Africa
- Author
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Marvellous Ngundu and Harold Ngalawa
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agriculture ,okun’s law ,employment ,jobless growth ,informal sector ,south africa. ,Management. Industrial management ,HD28-70 ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
Background: Despite considerable efforts by the South African government, such as the Youth Employment Service (YES) programme, unemployment remains an enigma. Aim: The study seeks to explore the responsiveness of sectoral employment to changes in the sectoral output in South Africa. Setting: We focus on the agriculture and informal sectors, with the understanding that a large portion (93%) of South Africa’s unemployed population does not have tertiary education qualifications. Thus, the current South Africa’s unemployment phenomenon appears to necessitate the development of policies that will create inclusive skill-based jobs. The study’s hypothesis is theoretically underpinned by Okun’s law, according to which output growth is considered as a primary labour demand stimulus in the economy. When the labour demand function is co-integrated, Okun’s law is assumed to hold; otherwise, ‘jobless growth’ applies. Method: The findings from the Engle-Granger two-step testing procedure on the double-log linear labour demand function over the 1993–2018 period show evidence of jobless growth in the formal agricultural sector, while the informal agriculture and informal non-agriculture sectors demonstrated features of Okun’s law. Results: Notably, the authors found a fairly elastic (1.35%) employment intensity in output growth in the non-agriculture informal sector, with an equilibrium adjustment rate of 86% within a year, ceteris paribus. Conclusion: The findings suggest that, while South Africa’s formal agriculture is no longer labour-intensive, due to agricultural mechanisation, economic policy consciousness in the informal sector, including agri-entrepreneurship, is necessary to create inclusive mass employment in South Africa. Contribution: This study delves into the informal sector, which has been frequently overlooked as a potential solution to South Africa’s unemployment crisis.
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- 2023
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7. The informal economy as a provider of assistive technology: lessons from Indonesia and Sierra Leone.
- Author
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Walker, Julian H and Tebbutt, Emma
- Subjects
- *
CAREGIVERS , *PRIVATE sector , *ASSISTIVE technology , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *COST analysis , *HEALTH , *BUSINESS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *DECISION making , *QUALITY assurance , *POVERTY , *NEEDS assessment , *MEDICAL research - Abstract
Promoting the use of assistive technology (AT) is crucial for the health and well-being of users, but there is a huge global problem of unmet need for AT. In this context informal (unregulated) providers of AT play a significant role of meeting AT user need, particularly in less-resourced settings. This study draws on research into formal and informal AT provision in low-income urban communities in Indonesia and Sierra Leone to explore the potential of informal providers in addressing unmet need. Specifically, it looks at the different performance of formal and informal providers regarding the availability and the adequacy of AT that they provide. The study concludes by proposing further research into the scope for coproduction of AT between formal and informal providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Introduction: Transnational Street Business: Migrants in the Informal Urban Economy.
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Ravnbøl, Camilla Ida, Korsby, Trine Mygind, and Simonsen, Anja
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INFORMAL sector ,IMMIGRANTS ,URBAN poor ,TRANSNATIONALISM - Abstract
This special issue sheds light on transnational migrants' engagement with informal urban economies worldwide. Building on anthropological literature on migration and economy, it proposes "transnational street business" as a new concept for grasping transnational dynamics in the informal urban economy. Through ethnographic case studies from different regions, the special issue illuminates how the concept of "transnational street business" serves to analytically capture the urban street's multitude of economically entangled and interdependent transnational social alliances, hierarchies, friendships, and networks. The concept encompasses the materiality of the street and the goods that are exchanged and transacted in trade relations. It also highlights the skills for competition that are needed for orientation in legal and political landscapes that cut across the formal and informal divides that migrants are faced with when setting out to create a livelihood abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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9. How large is the size of Côte d’Ivoire’s informal sector? A MIMIC approach
- Author
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Paul Vivien OYIBO and Friedrich SCHNEIDER
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informal sector ,mimic method ,côte d’ivoire ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
The informal sector occupies an important place in developing economies. This paper attempts both to estimate the size of the informal sector in Côte d’Ivoire over the period 1987-2020 and to determine its trend. The results obtained using the MIMIC method reveal that the size of the informal sector is equal to 42.35% of GDP in 2020, and also reveal that there is a growth and a positive trend of the informal sector in Côte d’Ivoire. Moreover, tax pressure, inflation and corruption play a determining role in the development of informal activities in Côte d’Ivoire.
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- 2022
10. Managing the Canada-China Political Relationship in an Indo-Pacific Era.
- Author
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Hanlon, Robert J. and Che-Hui Lien
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SOCIAL constructivism ,NATIONAL interest ,INFORMAL sector - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Political Science Review is the property of Canadian Political Science Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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11. Rural urban migration with heterogeneous firms, heterogonous laborer and the effect of wage subsidy
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Sravaitri CHAUDHURI, Ranajoy BHATTACHARYYA, and Sukanta BHATTACHARYA
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rural urban migration ,heterogeneous firms ,informal sector ,heterogeneous laborer ,unemployment ,rural wage subsidy ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
Rural urban migration is an important aspect towards the process of urbanization and development and therefore has been a topic of interest and debate for many economists for several decades. As a result, there exists a vast and diverse literature empirical and theoretical on the causes, consequences and therefore policy considerations and implications of rural urban migration. In this paper a few of the empirical observations are incorporated in a general equilibrium model based on Harris Todaro (1970) and Melitz (2003) to make it more realistically relevant. Later the effect a usual policy of rural wage subsidy is observed in the new model.
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- 2021
12. Knowledge and learning in the horticultural innovation system: A case of Kashmir valley of India
- Author
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Sheeraz Ahmad Alaie
- Subjects
Agricultural innovations system ,Informal sector ,Innovation ,Knowledge ,Horticulture ,India ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
The system of innovation (SI) in the agriculture sector, termed as Agricultural Innovation System (AIS), is one of the most recent trends in innovation research, especially in the developing economies. This approach considers several factors such as actors, complex networks and learning, socio-cultural and political factors that affect the innovation process within a dynamic system. Using the AIS approach, the present paper explores the knowledge and learning interactions in the horticultural sector of Kashmir Valley of India, which offers a mix of both formal and informal activities. The research methodology is qualitative in nature based on both primary and secondary data. For primary data collection, apple growers, private and government sector actors were interviewed and secondary data is based on various reports and published materials related to the apple production in Kashmir. The analysis explores the interactions of knowledge production by formal and informal means in the horticultural sector specifically focusing on the informal ways. In the study, taking the case of canker disease treatment in apple trees by informal ways depicts the productive use of informal knowledge in the horticultural system. It was observed that many factors (social networks, life-long experiences, learning, coordination and group interactions) affect the informal knowledge generation process and the connectivity between formal and informal actors is lagging in the horticulture sector.
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- 2020
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13. Assessing impacts of climate change on small businesses in the Madang Lagoon area.
- Author
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Sumb, Allan
- Subjects
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CLIMATE change , *SMALL business , *INFORMAL sector , *LAGOONS ,SNOWBALL sampling - Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of climate change's impact on small businesses in the Madang Lagoon area. The study used quantitative methodology. The quantitative data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The study used non-probability sampling which combined convenience and snowball sampling that are popular sampling techniques. The completed questionnaires were retrieved and coded on an ordinal scale of 1 to 5 manually on the questionnaire and entered the codes into a specially designed excel spreadsheet and raw data were transferred to the Scientific Package for Social Science (SPSS) software and generated the reports. The study found that majority of the small businesses were affected by climate change and some businesses have had to close operations and others diversify into other small businesses. About 78% of businesses were owned and operated by women who support their family to meet the daily needs. All the small businesses were classified as being in the informal sector. The study also found that the environmental impact of climate change is evident in the study areas but little or nothing is done to prevent further damage caused by coastal erosion. As per responses from respondents, there is a plan, but nothing has been done so far to mitigate and adapt to climate change challenges. The study provides a better understanding of climate change impacts on the natural environment and small businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
14. An analysis of poverty among the informal workers of India
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Rajyasri ROY and Amit KUNDU
- Subjects
informal sector ,labour market ,poverty ,india ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This paper using 68th round National Sample Survey of India data on Employment and Unemployment for 2011-2012 wants to investigate the incidence of poverty, acuteness of poverty and their determinants among the informal workers of India. It is shown that percentage of poverty has been lowest among the self-employed workers and highest among the informal workers in the formal sector in the rural area, while in the urban area the result is just the opposite. Although percentage of poverty-stricken workers has been higher in the rural area compared to that of the urban, acuteness of poverty has been the other way round. The determining factors of incidence of poverty and acuteness of poverty among the informal workers are general educational qualification, social groups, and sectors. These determining factors can be considered as important policy variables to reduce the incidence and acuteness of poverty among the informal workers of India.
- Published
- 2020
15. The Role of Gender and Personal Traits in Determining Business Performance of Ghana’s Informal Slum Businesses
- Author
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Luther King Junior Zogli, Bongani Innocent Dlamini, Albert Tchey Agbenyegah, Nyane Ezekiel Macdonald Mofokeng, and Martin Mulunda Kabange
- Subjects
Gender ,Informal sector ,locus of control ,Personal traits ,Slums ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
Purpose: It has been established that most informal businesses in Ghana are performing well and earn incomes higher than the poverty line threshold. The current study, therefore, aims at ascertaining how one’s gender and personal traits (locus of control) affect business performance. Design/methodology/approach: To this effect, cross sectional quantitative data was obtained from 344 participants in two informal settlements in Ghana using a structured interview. The independent sample T-test was used to analyse the data. Findings: It was found out that there was no significant difference between the performances of male or female owned businesses. Furthermore, it was also discovered that there was a significant difference in the business performance of operators based on locus of control.
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- 2021
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16. Assessing the challenges faced by informal street traders operating in Durban, South Africa
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Luther King Junior Zogli, Nonduduzo Dladla, and Bongani Dlamini
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Business Space ,Challenges ,Funding ,Informal Sector ,Municipal Harassment ,Poor Hygiene ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
Purpose: The informal sector consists of all unregistered businesses operating as street vendors and home-based businesses. Although these businesses employ about 6 out of every 10 workers worldwide, they encounter numerous challenges in carrying out their daily operations. Therefore, in this chapter, the challenges faced by informal traders located in the Durban central district of South Africa’s Kwa-Zulu Natal province are investigated. Design/methodology/approach: This study employs the qualitative research approach utilising structured interviews to obtain data. The Snowball sampling method assisted the researchers to obtain the required data and was analysed using Content Analysis. Findings: The results shows that, lack of business space for trading and storage, lack of funding to expand business, poor hygiene and the lack of ablution facilities for traders as well as municipal harassment were the major constraints of the informal operators.
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- 2021
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17. Datasets of social capital and business performance in the Nigerian informal sector
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Olamide Oluwabusola Akintimehin, Anthony Abiodun Eniola, Damilola Felix Eluyela, and Rose Ogbechie
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Business ,Business performance ,Informal sector ,Social capital ,Nigeria ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
This research aimed to present data on the effect of social capital on business performance in the Nigerian informal economy. Primary data collection was carried out through a cross-sectional survey of 600 informal business owners within Ikeja Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos State, Nigeria. A simple sampling technique was further adopted in selecting the sample size of the study, and a close-ended questionnaire was adopted for the data collection process. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. This data has the potential to be reused for full empirical research relating to social capital and business performance in emerging economies.
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- 2021
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18. Money Growth Rules in an Emerging Small Open Economy with an informal sector
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Maryam Mirfatah, Zahra Nasrollahi, Paul Levine, and Vasco Gabriel
- Subjects
saddle-path stability ,money growth rule ,limited asset market participations ,informal sector ,imperfect exchange rate pass-through ,financial autarky ,dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (dsge) ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
This paper is concerned with the saddle-path stability of monetary growth rules in a two-country two-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Alongside standard features of emerging economies, such as a combination of producer and local currency pricing for exports, fiscal dominance and oil exports, this model also incorporates informal labour and production sectors and examines how these features matter in the context of monetary policy in emerging economies.We estimate the model on Iran and US data for home and foreign block respectively using Bayesian estimation techniques. Under a benchmark instruments of monetary policy, we show that a Taylor-type money growth rule rather than interest rate, even up to a four period ahead forward-looking has complete stability and determinacy properties in the economy which is also hold regardless of the level of asset market participation, therefore the inverted Taylor principles does not apply in our economy.Our findings confirm the important propagation channels which are active in the emerging economies and taking into account these features is essential for any policy-related study, such as the stabilizer effect of terms of trade between formal and informal sector, buffer behaviour of informal sector which is dampened in the model of higher informal frictions, disturbance effects of credit constrained household on the business cycle fluctuations and finally, monetary policy shock which is less effective in an environment of high share of informal sector, low informal frictions, high share of limited asset market participations and a trade autarky economy.
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- 2019
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19. Governance quality and tax morale and compliance in Zimbabwe’s informal sector
- Author
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Favourate Y. Sebele-Mpofu
- Subjects
governance quality ,informal sector ,tax morale ,tax compliance ,zimra ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Management. Industrial management ,HD28-70 - Abstract
Tax morale was found in literature to shape tax compliance behaviour and to be significantly correlated with strategies of tax effort across countries. In addition views regarding the quality of institutions, the cost-benefit analysis on the use of tax revenues and the quality of governance influence tax morale thus in turn affecting tax compliance. Governance and tax morale are often the most misunderstood and overlooked dimensions of tax compliance yet these are very crucial in the success of tax policy and tax administration. Better tax administration enforcement must be combined with tax reforms that improve transparency and accountability in the use of tax revenues in order to boost tax morale and heighten tax compliance in developing countries, sub-Saharan African countries and Zimbabwe in particular. In these economies corruption in tax administration and government is widespread. The study makes a theoretical contribution to literature on the tax morale, governance quality and tax compliance debate in the informal sector. Three important gaps motivate this study, the lacuna in research that explores the governance-taxation (tax morale and compliance) linkage in developing countries and in Zimbabwe, revenue mobilisation still remains weak in developing countries with fragile capacity to enforce tax compliance thus suggesting an urgent need for research on measures to boost voluntary compliance and lastly taxes are the blood life of any government thus tax compliance is an aspect of major concern.
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- 2020
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20. French Industry Slumped More Than Expected in Early 2024.
- Author
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Horobin, William
- Subjects
EUROZONE ,POLICY discourse ,INFORMAL sector - Abstract
French industrial production has declined more than expected at the beginning of 2024, indicating that the country's economy is struggling to regain momentum after the energy crisis. In January, output fell by 1.1% compared to the previous month, while economists had predicted a contraction of only 0.1%. The manufacturing sector was particularly weak, with a 1.6% contraction in January, the sharpest drop since October 2022. The French government has revised down its growth forecast for this year to 1% from 1.4% due to geopolitical tensions, a slowdown in China, and a recession in Germany. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire has called for Europe to address its underlying growth difficulties and has urged the European Central Bank to ease its restrictive policy. However, most ECB Governing Council members want to see more progress on combating inflation before adjusting their stance. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
21. INFORMALITY IN KOSOVO.
- Author
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Lecaj, Veli and Syla, Bekim
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,ECONOMIC activity ,ECONOMIC development ,TAX evasion - Abstract
In many developed countries and especially in developing countries the phenomenon of Informality is widely spreaded, which despite the global reach and despite the negative effects it has, this phenomenon has nothing to do with current activation and the definition of this placement of measurements and its classification. Through this study, informality is defined as a phenomenon that encompasses all economic activities but also judicial activities that businesses undertake to hide from the state, activities that are undertaken to bypass and neglect compliance with other business and legal policies. Therefore, as such, this phenomenon entails the concepts of tax evasion, informal employment and under-declaration of employees' wages as well as the financial turnover of businesses. In general, informality causes economic costs when the state fails to establish stability of the business and socio-legal market operation and tax collection, which hinders economic growth, weakening the ability of the government to offer social goods for the citizens, as well as creating unsustainable operating environment. Thus, by offering motivation for small firms to remain as such and continue to embrace the option of evasion (in taxes or labor), losing this opportunity to create more opportunities to work in the formal economy, also, generating inequality between evasionists and non-evasionist, that creates the motivation for greater evasion involvement. So, informality leads to unfair competition, and puts more burdens on formal businesses. In this paper, you will find identified a few of the several aspects that have affected the non-formal sector, considering labor laws, aimed to present the links between certain policies, laws, and regulations in one side and unofficial employment and tax evasion on the other side, gaining understanding of new conclusions, leading towards choosing new strategies facing the damage caused by informal economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
22. PROFILE OF PLASTIC WATER BOTTLES WASTES PROCESSING BUSINESS UNIT FOR WASTE PICKERS
- Author
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Herijanto P., Fiernaningsih N., and Widjanarko
- Subjects
Informal sector ,plastic waste ,processing ,business ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Used plastic water bottles waste pickers can be categorized as one of the informal sector’s component. They work for themselves by picking up used water bottles and selling them to the waste collectors. The problem to be solved in this research is How the Most Appropriate Used Plastic Water Bottles Business Model for Waste Pickers Is that enables them to be categorized as formal sector. From the result of the interview with 120 waste pickers, 96 results were qualified to be analyzed. The interview was located in several waste collectors, which were visited by waste pickers at certain hours. The data were analyzed descriptively based on six business aspects. Specifically for production facilities, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Value Engineering (VE) analysis were performed. The results of the analysis indicate that the business is practicable for waste pickers and has the potential to enable them run a formal business sector.
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- 2017
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23. The impact of informal sector on income distribution: Could concentration of income be explained by the size of informal sector?
- Author
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Mahieddine Adnan Ghecham
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income distribution ,informal sector ,concentration of income. ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This paper uses a cross-sectional data to explore the impact that informal sector has on income variation across different income categories. Instead of using GINI coefficient, the paper considers income shares of decile groups of population. The results reflect a dual role of informal sector in economy. On one hand, informal sector could reduce the gap between income earners at the bottom level of income categories. On the other hand, the size of informal sector could exacerbate the gap between top income earners and other categories indicating further concentration of income. Some implications are discussed.
- Published
- 2017
24. THE GENERATING AND COMPLEMENTARY EFFECTS OF THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY PHENOMENON
- Author
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Corneliu Sorin BAICU, Cristian Valentin HAPENCIUC, and Iuliana Claudia MIHALACHE
- Subjects
underground economy ,tax evasion ,illegal work ,money laundering ,informal sector ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
For a comprehensive understanding of the informal sector, an analysis addressing the relationships and links between the morphology and etiology of the underground economy, on the one hand, and its effects on the economic, social or legal, on the other hand is required. The double identity, that of cause phenomenon and effect phenomenon, that the underground economy has, gives it a special status in explaining certain phenomena which vitiates the economic and social life. The generating and complementary effects of the underground area covered in this study are analyzed in terms of the following vectors of analysis: tax evasion, illegal work and money laundering. Tax evasion represents the central core of the underground economy and faithfully expresses the fiscal monetary policies ,the fiscal mortality and the degree of compliance of the taxpayer. Undeclared work is an indicator of the labor market in the informal economy and is a good barometer for analyzing the demand and supply of labor in the visible economy. Money laundering defines the level of economic and financial crime and reflects the level of illegal use of capital on the black market. Tax evasion, money laundering and illegal work can only develop on a framework provided by illicit markets for goods, services and labor. Beyond the, unidirectional or bidirectional relationships between phenomena, the paper consists in a plea for an interdependent, multi-causal analysis of the phenomena and operating mechanisms of the relationships within and outside the underground economy.
- Published
- 2016
25. Pemberdayaan Sektor Informal di Kabupaten Ponorogo
- Author
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Asis Riat Winanto and Khusnatul Zulva Wafirotin
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empowerment ,informal sector ,ponorogo district ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
The informal sector in Ponorogo is a controversial daily phenomenon. On the one hand, the district authorities often are not friendly to them. But, on the other hand they are used as a source of revenue for local governments through the collection of the levy and to solve the problems of employment in urban areas. However, the issue of the informal sector can not be left alone, because the day their numbers grew in number and will result in public space disruption. Based on research that has been conducted shows that the informal sector players want their empowerment so that its business can be more advanced and keep it running. Several alternative development activities expected by informal sector operators are: the procurement of wagons for businesses, entrepreneurship training, the establishment of an informal group of business operators and the ease of obtaining credit. While the research conducted related to the empowerment of the informal sector seen their empowerment by forming a group / community. The formation of a group/community is based on the desire to maintain their existence in the informal sectors. Besides, the existence of this community are expected as a forum to resolve the problems related to the informal sector. Another reason, the establishment of the community is expected to be the bridge between informal sector players and government.
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- 2016
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26. Social capital and its effect on business performance in the Nigeria informal sector
- Author
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Olamide Oluwabusola Akintimehin, Anthony Abiodun Eniola, Oluwatobi Joseph Alabi, Damilola Felix Eluyela, Wisdom Okere, and Emmanuel Ozordi
- Subjects
Business ,Informal sector ,Business performance ,Social capital ,Nigeria ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of internal and external social capital on the financial and non-financial performance of businesses in the Nigerian informal sector. The study further investigated the controlling role of firm age. A cross-sectional survey of 650 informal business owners in the Ikeja region of Lagos state, Nigeria was carried out. The analysis was carried out using the partial least square method of the structural equation model (SEM). Findings revealed that without the controlling variable of firm age, social capital had a significant effect on business performance, internal social capital had a significant effect on non-financial performance, it, however, had no significant effect on financial performance, while external social capital had no significant effect on financial and non-financial performance. With the controlling variable of firm age, social capital had a significant effect on business performance, internal social capital had a significant effect on financial and non-financial performance, while external social capital had no significant effect on financial and non-performance. The study, therefore, recommended that informal entrepreneurs take advantage of their internal social capital resources and also try to build their external social capital as they may become vital for their business success.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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27. Informality, Infrastructure Investments, and New Firms’ Creation
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João J. Ferreira, João Ricardo Faria, and Mauricio Prado
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Entrepreneurship ,Government ,Location choices ,Informal sector ,Location strategy ,Shadow price ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Yield (finance) ,05 social sciences ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,Firms’ creation ,Government expenditures ,ComputerSystemsOrganization_MISCELLANEOUS ,0502 economics and business ,Business ,050207 economics ,Function (engineering) ,Productivity ,Welfare ,050203 business & management ,Industrial organization ,media_common - Abstract
This paper examines how government investments in infrastructure affect new firms’ creation and location. We analyze two scenarios. With an optimizing government, optimal location is a function of government expenditures in infrastructure. With a passive government, optimal location is independent of government expenditures in infrastructure. Productivity effects in the formal sector, as contrasted with informal sector, yield a greater impact on the formation of capital stock, and shadow price of location. The impact of fees on informal firms and taxes of formal firms affect output and welfare. With an optimizing government, entrepreneurs in the formal sector will have higher output and welfare; with a passive government, it is likely that the welfare of informal entrepreneurs is smaller than the one of formal entrepreneurs.
- Published
- 2022
28. Dynamic Tourism in ASEAN Countries: Do Institutional Indicators Matter?
- Author
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Malik Cahyadin and Vita Kartika Sari
- Subjects
Informal sector ,business.industry ,Corruption ,media_common.quotation_subject ,International economics ,dynamic panel ,HB1-3840 ,Exchange rate ,Currency ,Manufacturing ,Accountability ,Per capita ,tourism ,Economic theory. Demography ,institutions ,business ,Tourism ,media_common - Abstract
Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries. Tourism is able to move the economy forward at the micro-level such as encouraging the informal sector and local potential while at the macro level it can increase currency transactions. In various countries, the tourism sector is able to increase domestic and foreign demands as well as to encourage transportation, hospitality, and manufacturing industries. This study examines the effect of institutional indicators on tourism in ASEAN countries during 2000-2018 under dynamic panel estimation. The number of observations was about 180, namely: time series from 2000-2018 and cross-section of 10 countries. ASEAN as one of the destinations in the world requires an increase in institutional quality to be able to compete and provide world-class tourism services. The six institutional indicators were employed such as voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Moreover, the dynamic panel estimation was expressed by Pooled OLS and REM estimations. Interestingly, the findings show that political stability compromises the number of tourist arrivals while government effectiveness can stimulate tourist arrivals. Similarly, GDP per capita can hinder the number of tourist arrivals, while the exchange rate leads increasing of tourism arrivals. Thus, the governments in ASEAN countries can promote and cooperate together to develop tourism in the regional level. The GDP per capita of ASEAN countries should be increased, and the level of exchange rate can be maintained at a stable range. Besides, the governments should also improve the quality of institutions.
- Published
- 2021
29. Constraints to growth in informal sector activities and formalisation: A case study of Ghanaian slums
- Author
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Darma Mahadea and Luther-King Junior Zogli
- Subjects
Informal sector ,slums ,formalisation ,income ,constraints ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
Background: Globally, people often migrate from rural to urban areas in search of employment. Lack of adequate employment opportunities in cities forced individuals to engage in slum informal economic activities out of necessity. Aim: The informal sector presently employed about 86% of labour in Ghana, contributing 42% to its gross domestic product (GDP). Various constraints held back the development of slum informal activities. Formalising the informal sector is advocated as a step to generate employment. This article investigated the dynamics of informal sector activities and formalisation among slum operators in Ghana, based on a survey in two major cities there. Setting: This article investigated the constraints that hinder the development of slum activities in Accra and Kumasi, two cities in Ghana, and examined the informal operators’ subjective well-being and their willingness to graduate to the formal sector, should the constraints be addressed. Methods: Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, administered to a random sample of 342 informal slum operators. Enterprise constraints are examined by using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the likelihood of the informal operators’ graduating to the formal sector by using logistic regression. Results: The PCA identified six clusters as limitations, explaining about 77% of the variation in constraints. These related to a lack of business knowledge, credit access, tools and materials, security and social networking. The logistic regression results reflect that, of all the constraints, it is only when access to capital is addressed, that slum operators will move into formal activities. Conclusion: When people are happy in what they are doing, they are reluctant to move to the formal sector, despite incentives or interventions that address their enterprise constraints. Hence, slum operators and informal activities are unlikely to disappear. Nevertheless, policy-makers have to devise appropriate financing strategies for slum operators to help in their formalisation and growth pathways.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Risk of COVID-19 Transmission and Livelihood Challenges of Stranded Migrant Labourers during Lockdown in India
- Author
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Juel Rana, Pradip Chouhan, Kailash Chandra Das, Avijit Roy, and Margubur Rahaman
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Informal sector ,business.industry ,Humanitarian crisis ,Distribution (economics) ,COVID-19 ,India ,Sample (statistics) ,Livelihood ,Migrant labourers ,Social security ,Livelihood challenges ,Research Note ,Snowball sampling ,Reliefs ,Pandemic ,Lockdown ,Business ,Socioeconomics - Abstract
The lockdown during the first phase of COVID-19 pandemic in India triggered an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. Labourers in the informal sector lost their jobs overnight and were stuck at their work places. The present study examines the risk of COVID-19 transmission among stranded migrant labourers and their livelihood challenges during the lockdown. A telephonic survey was conducted during the lockdown of first wave of COVID-19 pandemic to collect information from the stranded migrant labourers. The non-probability snowball sampling technique and structured questionnaire were used to draw the sample. Simple frequency distribution and standard statistical methods were used to accomplish the study objectives. The factors of COVID-19 transmission such as poor housing, co-morbidities, poor practice of WASH and COVID-19 precautions were significantly high among the migrant labourers. The lockdown created livelihood crisis among them. For instance, ration shortage (86%), financial distress (82%), reduction of wages (13%), job loss (86%) and anxiety for COVID-19 infection (81%) were often seen. Many of the labourers did not receive any ration kits (30%) and financial assistance (86%) during lockdown. The governmental assistance to overcome the stranded migrant labourers' challenges during lockdown was less than desirable. India needs to frame a sustainable and effective policy for social security for labourers, particularly in emergency situations.
- Published
- 2021
31. TAX REGIME AND CHALLENGES OF SCALING UP TAX COLLECTION IN NIGERIAN INFORMAL ECONOMY
- Author
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Oluwakayode M. Akinboboye, Toyin L. Ogunbiyi, and Gbeminiyi K. Ogunbela
- Subjects
Macroeconomics ,tax policy ,Informal sector ,Social Sciences ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,K1-7720 ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,informal economy ,Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,HG1-9999 ,Business ,Scaling ,Law ,Finance - Abstract
The vast and rapid dynamism in economic policies towards improved and speedy policy implementation aided by unrelenting technology capabilities have also transitioned into the tax administration economy. E-taxation is steadily taking the place of manual taxation. Electronic tax system expresses fast, convenient, cost efficient, organized and transparent taxation rather than tasking, time consuming and tax officials-tax payers’ corruption ridden operations of manual taxation. This article, engaging exploratory-qualitative research technique, examines multinational peculiarities of automated taxation to draw lessons from issues emanating from implementation, adoption and compliance. It further shed light on challenges of migrating e-tax collection to informal economies in Nigeria. From the extant review of cross-cultural literatures, it was revealed that developed and developing countries are gradually embracing and making constant efforts towards transitioning into a more established e-tax system. Countries like USA, China, Canada, Japan, Russia, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Kenya already joined in adopting etaxation. The paper argued that inadequate database of taxable individuals; expensive internet infrastructure, cyberspace crime and limited awareness among tax payers are drawing back implementation of e-taxation in the Nigerian informal economies, and subsequently suggests practicable policy options.
- Published
- 2021
32. Informal Sector Taxation and Enforcement in African Countries: How plausible and achievable are the motives behind? A Critical Literature Review
- Author
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Favourate Y Sebele Mpofu
- Subjects
Government ,Equity (economics) ,Public economics ,Informal sector ,050204 development studies ,Corporate governance ,growth ,05 social sciences ,Economic Justice ,equity ,Economics as a science ,governance ,revenue ,0502 economics and business ,Accountability ,Revenue ,Business ,050207 economics ,informal sector taxation ,Enforcement ,HB71-74 ,tax morale - Abstract
Taxation is a fundamental tool for revenue generation, economy building and sustainability, reducing market externalities, regulating trade, stimulating representation and achieving tax justice as well as building state accountability and responsiveness. The informal sector in developing countries has been considered a hindrance to effective domestic revenue mobilisation, hence the rejuvenated focus to bring the sector into the tax baskets. Through a critical literature review, this study sought to identify the varying motivations tabled by the various stakeholders (policymakers, scholars and tax administrators) in literature on the need to administer tax on this sector and to strengthen enforcement and to evaluate the plausibility of these motives critically. Literature search was done through Google scholar and this was also aided by snowballing. The motives were aggregated into five major groups: the magnitude of the sector and revenue implications, growth motive, the governance gains, equity considerations and the boosting of tax morale and compliance in the formal sector. This study, therefore, conducted a profound evaluative analysis of literature on these motivations, pinpointing any voids that future research could address and accordingly sought to contribute to the guidance offered to policymakers on how to improve IS taxation. In order to balance the mobilisation of revenue needs and the sector’s contribution to other government objectives such as those outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Goals 1, 8 and 10 on poverty, decent work and economic growth, and reduced inequalities, governments and policymakers need to make an informed analysis.
- Published
- 2021
33. HOW TO MAKE POOR COUNTRIES RICH Hernando de Soto is pushing a new idea: Legalize the underground economy. Entrepreneurs now working off the books could then make the Third World strong.
- Author
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Main, Jeremy and Smith, Sarah
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,HISTORY - Published
- 1989
34. Playing Tax Games.
- Author
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Greenwald, John, Ohgden, Christopher, and von Voorst, Bruce
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,TAX evasion ,GIFT taxes - Abstract
The article reports on the growing of U.S. underground economy and tax evasion. Roscoe Egger Jr., commissioner of the Internal Revenue Services (IRS), remarks on the noncompliance among corporate and individual taxpayers, in which he states that it is getting worse. Moreover, Republican senators Robert Dole and Charles Grassley introduced a bill to stiffen reporting requirements, while estate and gift taxes also contribute to tax loss.
- Published
- 1982
35. Breastfeeding and employed mothers in Ethiopia: legal protection, arrangement, and support
- Author
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Ermiyas Mulu Kebede and Benyam Seifu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Economic growth ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Psychological intervention ,Breastfeeding ,Mothers ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,Workplace ,Enforcement ,Empowerment ,media_common ,Government ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Informal sector ,business.industry ,Employed mothers ,Infant ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Child mortality ,Intervention (law) ,Breast Feeding ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Income ,Commentary ,Female ,Ethiopia ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,business ,Law - Abstract
Background Breastfeeding is the single, most cost-effective intervention to reduce worldwide child mortality. Women empowerment interventions have positive impacts on child and maternal nutritional, and health status. Women’s employment and economic participation in Ethiopia have shown progress over the past three decades. However, consistent evidence indicated that maternal employment is often negatively associated with optimal breastfeeding in Ethiopia. The existence and enforcement of breastfeeding law, arrangement, and support in the workplace have vital roles in protecting employed mothers’ ability and right to breastfeed upon return to work from maternity leave. This commentary compared the breastfeeding laws, policies, and arrangements in Ethiopia with international standards, recommendations, and evidence-based practices. Workplace breastfeeding policies in Ethiopia Public legislations of Ethiopia poorly protect the breastfeeding right of most new mothers. Ethiopian revised Labor Proclamation (No.1156/2019) incorporates most of the International Labour Organization maternity protection recommendations. However, it poorly safeguards breastfeeding rights and abilities of employed women. The provided maternity leave period is also shorter than the recommended exclusive breastfeeding duration. The revised Federal Civil Servant Proclamation of Ethiopia (NO.1064/2017) mandates the establishment of a nursery in government institutions where female civil servants could breastfeed and take care of their babies in a private room. Though, it protects only a small proportion of working mothers in Ethiopia, as majority women employed in the agriculture and informal economy sectors. So far, there are no notable workplace breastfeeding arrangements and support for employed mothers by employers and other initiatives. The ILO recommendation and experience of other middle income and low-income countries can be legal and practical grounds for establishment of breastfeeding-friendly workplace in Ethiopia. Conclusions The lack of workplace breastfeeding laws, arrangements, and supports in Ethiopia limits mothers’ right to practice optimal breastfeeding. Policymakers, the government, and all concerned bodies should give due attention to enacting and enforcing sound laws and arrangements that will enable employed mothers to practice optimal breastfeeding upon return to work.
- Published
- 2021
36. The financing need of equitable provision of paid maternal leave in the informal sector in Indonesia: a comparison of estimation methods
- Author
-
Roger Mathisen, Adiatma Y. M. Siregar, Pipit Pitriyan, Donny Hardiawan, and Paul Zambrano
- Subjects
Breastfeeding ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Exchange rate ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Minimum wage ,Unit cost ,Health policy ,Maternal leave ,Finance ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Informal sector ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Research ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health services research ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Parental Leave ,Indonesia ,Female ,business ,Strengths and weaknesses - Abstract
Background Providing an enabling environment for breastfeeding is hampered by the inequitable implementation of paid maternity leave, primarily due to perceived or actual financial costs. To estimate the real cost of paid maternity leave requires using reliable methods. We compared methods utilized in two recent studies in Indonesia. Study A estimated the financial need of providing paid maternity leave in the formal sector with a 10-year forecast at 21% coverage of eligible mothers, while study B estimated similar costs for the informal sector at 100% coverage annually. Results are critical for guiding future application of either method to inform paid maternity leave policies. Methods We compared number of covered mothers working informally, total annual cost, and cost per mother. We modified some parameters used in study A (method A) to be similar to study B (method B) for comparison, namely the period of estimate (annual), coverage (100%), estimate of women potentially breastfeeding, exchange rate, female labor force participation rate, the percentage of women working in the informal sector, and adding administration cost. Results The methods differ in determining the number of mothers working in the informal sector who gave birth, the minimum wage as unit cost, and administrative cost. Both studies estimated the cost at various lengths of leave period. Method A requires more macro (e.g. national/regional) level data, while method B involves (e.g. individual) micro level data. We compared the results of method A with method B, respectively: 1) number of covered mothers working informally were 1,425,589 vs. 1,147,204; 2) total annual costs including administrative costs were US$650,230,167 vs. US$633,942,726, and; 3) cost/mother was US$456 vs US$553. Conclusion Certain flexibilities can be applied to both methods, namely using parameters specific to respective regions (e.g. provincial level parameters), flexible period of analysis, and the use of administrative cost. In a setting where micro data is scarce and not easily accessible, method A provides a feasible approach, while method B will be most appropriate if suitable micro data is available. Future comparison studies in other settings are needed to provide further evidence on the strengths and weaknesses of both methods.
- Published
- 2021
37. STREET VENDING: MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD FOR THE URBAN POOR AND CHALLENGE FOR THE CITY ADMINISTRATION IN ETHIOPIA
- Author
-
Elias Berhanu
- Subjects
imigrants ,Social Sciences ,Urban poor ,K1-7720 ,Livelihood ,informal sector ,Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,street vending ,HG1-9999 ,urban poor ,Business ,Socioeconomics ,Administration (government) ,Law ,Finance - Abstract
Street vending in Ethiopia is a very important yet unbridled component of the informal sector. In the context of the current demographic dynamics and absence of sufficient job opportunities, street vending has become an important economic shelter for the urban poor. The key reasons for joining street vending include the small capital requirement, lack of access to credit facilities, and lack of suitable and commercially viable trading outlets. Street vendors use their personal savings, family transfers and informal credits as start-up capital. Street vendors generate by far better income than they used to get in their original villages. The social network is vital for joining the sector. The common narrative that operators in the informal sector are mainly with no formal education is frequently attacked as more people with formal education, including school dropouts, high-school completes and college graduates, are rapidly joining the sector. One of the major effects of street vending in Addis Ababa is the disruption in pedestrians’ free movement and vehicle traffic. Presence of large crowd of vendors in a given space is the function of the size (volume) of items carried by an individual vendor. Formal shop owners identify street vendors as unfair competitors. Many people in Addis are accustomed to “shopping” at the streets since vendors offer merchandise at relatively lower prices. Street vending has unregulated feature whereby the government loses tax income which could have been collected had the transactions taken place legally. Local governments are forced to allocate huge budgets to hire as many officers to control street businesses. However, given the recurrent rise in the crowd of immigrants and weakness of institutions, the task of regulating street business is becoming almost unfeasible. In Ethiopia, the economic and social significance of street vending is not yet well studied and articulated to guide state policy directions aimed at alleviating urban poverty.
- Published
- 2021
38. Incidence and characteristics of food-related criminal cases in Finland
- Author
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Tarja Koskela, Janne Lundén, Jasmin Joenperä, Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Food Control research group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Helsinki One Health (HOH)
- Subjects
Punishment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Control (management) ,Food crime ,Criminology ,01 natural sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Order (exchange) ,media_common ,Official control ,Praxis ,Informal sector ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,010401 analytical chemistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Unfair competition ,16. Peace & justice ,040401 food science ,0104 chemical sciences ,Food fraud ,ENFORCEMENT MEASURES ,416 Food Science ,Conviction ,Business ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Food fraud is an increasingly acknowledged problem that can cause unfair competition in the market, contribute to the grey economy, cause financial losses and threaten the health of consumers. Even so, little research exists on food-related criminal cases. The aim of this study was to characterize Finnish food-related criminal cases in order to improve understanding of the prevention of food-related crime. We investigated 127 cases resolved by the police, prosecutors, or district courts under the titles of food offence, health offence or marketing offence from 2008 to 2019. The analysis revealed that the incidence of cases was low and varied regionally, which may be due to varying abilities to detect cases and differences in reporting them to the police. The most common non compliances in the cases we analysed were unapproved or unregistered premises or activities (43.3%), false or misleading information provided on food products (39.4%), and insufficient or incorrect, false or misleading documents (31.5%). Safety hazards were associated with 45.7% of cases, while 2.4% involved verifiable instances of illness, which demonstrates that preventing food crime is important for consumer safety. The majority of cases (51.2%) were detected during food control inspections, highlighting the importance of performing inspections on-site. In addition, tip-offs to food control authorities about possible food-related crime (29.1% of cases) were an important mode of detection and could possibly be even more important if Finland were to have a centralized anonymous whistleblowing system. In total, 59.8% of cases led to a conviction or a sanction, and the most common type of punishment was a fine. Nevertheless, the fines tended to be rather low, and the proceeds of crime were recovered in only a few cases. More training for food control inspectors on the detection of food related crime, harmonized reporting practices, and increased legal praxis throughout the country could improve the detection and prevention of food crime in the future.
- Published
- 2022
39. Impact Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Informal Sector Business Tourism Economy in Zimbabwe
- Author
-
Logistic Makoni and Tembi Maloney Tichaawa
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Economic growth ,Business tourism ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Informal sector ,lcsh:TX901-946.5 ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Geography, Planning and Development ,coronavirus ,informal business tourism ,lcsh:Business ,socio-economic impact ,covid-19 ,Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management ,Pandemic ,Business ,lcsh:Hospitality industry. Hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. Food service ,lcsh:HF5001-6182 ,zimbabwe - Abstract
This study sought to conduct a socio-economic impact assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic on informal business tourism in Zimbabwe. The specific objective of this study was to identify the extent to which the informal business tourism economy in Zimbabwe has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and to prescribe guidelines and frameworks of workable actions to address the problems. As such, the study adopted a desktop research approach in which a thematic analysis of existing tourism development literature on business tourism in developing economies served as the basis for the arguments presented. Key issues highlighted in the paper include impacts on the supply of basic commodities and household income of the traders and business operations of the related businesses in the formal sector, traders’ survival strategies during the course of the national lockdown, and implications on the way forward. Furthermore, the study offers conclusions and implications drawn from the themes formulated from these key issues. The study also provides insights on the vulnerability of the informal business tourism sector to unforeseen occurrences, and how the affected stakeholder can recover from such a blow.
- Published
- 2021
40. Seismic signature of the COVID-19 lockdown at the city scale: a case study with low-cost seismometers in the city of Querétaro, Mexico
- Author
-
Xyoli Pérez-Campos, Juan Martín Gómez González, F. Ramón Zúñiga, Lucia Capra, Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez, Raphael S. M. De Plaen, and Victor H. Márquez-Ramírez
- Subjects
Seismometer ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Stratigraphy ,Soil Science ,Context (language use) ,Seismic noise ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Stratigraphy ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Pandemic ,Mobile technology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,lcsh:QE640-699 ,Informal sector ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Paleontology ,Geology ,lcsh:Geology ,Geophysics ,Geography ,The Internet ,business - Abstract
Seismometers have detected the social response to lockdown measures implemented following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in cities around the world. This long-lasting pandemic has been a particular challenge in countries such as Mexico, where the informal economy constitutes most of the working population. This context motivated the monitoring of the mobility of populations throughout the various phases of lockdown measures independently of people's access to the internet and mobile technology. Here we use the variation of anthropogenic seismic noise in the city of Querétaro (central Mexico) recorded by a network of low-cost Raspberry Shake seismic stations to study the spatial and temporal variation of human activity in the city throughout the pandemic and during sporting events. The results emphasize the importance of densifying urban seismic networks and of tracking human activities without the privacy concerns associated with mobile technology.
- Published
- 2021
41. Understanding labour market disruptions and job losses amidst COVID-19
- Author
-
Rajendra P. Mamgain
- Subjects
Labour economics ,050208 finance ,Informal sector ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Household income ,Wage ,Job losses ,Unemploment ,Social protection ,MGNREGA ,0502 economics and business ,Unemployment ,Surplus labour ,Business ,050207 economics ,Welfare ,media_common ,Social policy ,Research Paper - Abstract
This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown on labour market in India. By using the data of centre for monitoring Indian economy (CMIE)'s consumer pyramids household survey (CPHS), the paper analyses the magnitude and nature of job losses and consequent unprecedented rise in unemployment across gender, social group, occupations during April-June 2020. It finds widespread job losses in labour market with some sections of the society, including small traders, self-employed, migrant workers, daily wage labourers, youth and women being worst affected, who mostly work in the informal sector of the Indian economy. Agriculture sector acted as a sponge by absorbing surplus labour during the times of COVID-19, which was being gradually vacated earlier over the years due to several well-known reasons. The rate of recovery in labour market has been comparatively much slower in case of salaried jobs, youth employment, particularly in rural areas and with elementary education. The economic consequences such disruptions on employment front were even much more serious as a very low percentage of households reporting improvement in their incomes. The most worrying aspect is that though the return to normalcy may take some time, there has been general recessionary trends in employment in India, which have been visible much before the COVID-19 crisis. The policy measures need to be extraordinary in such difficult times, focusing on securing employment and welfare of affected workers through sound and effective social protection programmes along with a major drive for promoting labour-intensive economic activities such as micro- and small enterprises, extension of employment security to poor urban households and skilling/reskilling of labour force to work in post-COVID-changed situations.
- Published
- 2021
42. Informal Sector and International Capital Movement: New Evidence from Some Petroleum Countries
- Author
-
Mohamed Driouche Dahmani, Abdelatif Hamrit, and Ahmed Amine Zeddam
- Subjects
informal economy (ie) ,HF5001-6182 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Distribution (economics) ,Sample (statistics) ,o17 ,Monetary economics ,Foreign direct investment ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,f3 ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,f21 ,Business ,050207 economics ,HB71-74 ,media_common ,c22 ,050208 finance ,Informal sector ,business.industry ,e26 ,05 social sciences ,foreign direct investment (fdi) ,Natural resource ,Independence ,International capital ,Economics as a science ,chemistry ,international capital movement ,Petroleum ,business ,non-linear autoregressive distribution lag (nardl) - Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the informal economy (IE) on foreign direct investment (FDI) in a sample of petroleum producing countries (Algeria, Norway, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia and United States) based on data covering the period of 1991–2018 and using the Non-linear Autoregressive Distribution Lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL model was built separately for each country in the study sample. The main finding of this study is the impact of IE size on FDI inflows in all of the countries in the study sample, even if they are all producing and exporting countries. The empirical results lead to distinguish between two sub-groups. The first sub-group consists of countries whose FDI inflows have been positively affected by positive and negative shocks in the IE. These countries are characterised by a high share of natural resources in their GDP. The second sub-group consists of countries whose inward FDI has been positively affected by negative shocks in the IE and negatively affected by the positive ones. The most common feature of this subgroup is the relative independence of economics from natural resources.
- Published
- 2021
43. Assessment of the design and implementation challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria: a qualitative study among sub-national level actors, healthcare and insurance providers
- Author
-
Gbadegesin O Alawode and David Ayobami Adewole
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,National Health Programs ,media_common.quotation_subject ,030231 tropical medicine ,Insurance Carriers ,Nigeria ,Healthcare providers ,Healthcare financing ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Stakeholders ,Universal health coverage ,Health care ,medicine ,Humans ,Qualitative Research ,media_common ,Health maintenance Organisations ,Government ,Insurance, Health ,Informal sector ,Poverty ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Public relations ,Payment ,National Health Insurance Scheme ,Biostatistics ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Research Article ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Background Health insurance is an important mechanism to prevent financial hardship in the process of accessing health care. Since the launch of Nigeria’s National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2005, only 5% of Nigerians have health insurance and 70% still finance their healthcare through Out-Of-Pocket (OOP) expenditure. Understanding the contextualized perspectives of stakeholders involved in NHIS is critical to advancing and implementing necessary reforms for expanding health insurance coverage at national and sub-national levels in Nigeria. This study explored the perspectives of sub-national level actors/stakeholders on the design and implementation challenges of Nigeria’s NHIS. Methods A descriptive case study design was used in this research. Data were collected in Ibadan, Oyo State in 2016 from health insurance regulators, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Key informant interviews (KII) were conducted among purposively selected stakeholders to examine their perspectives on the design and implementation challenges of Nigeria’s National Health Insurance Scheme. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic approaches with the aid of NVIVO software package version 11. Results Implementation challenges identified include abject poverty, low level of awareness, low interest (in the scheme), superstitious beliefs, inefficient mode of payment, drug stock-out, weak administrative and supervisory capacity. The scheme is believed to have provided more coverage for the formal sector, its voluntary nature and lack of legal framework at the subnational levels were seen as the overarching policy challenge. Only NHIS staff currently make required financial co-contribution into the scheme, as all other federal employees are been paid for by the (federal) government. Conclusions Sub-national governments should create legal frameworks establishing compulsory health insurance schemes at the subnational levels. Effective and efficient platforms to get the informal sector enrolled in the scheme is desirable. CBHI schemes and the currently approved state supported health insurance programmes may provide a more acceptable platform than NHIS especially among the rural informal sector. These other two should be promoted. Awareness and education should also be raised to enlighten citizens. Stakeholders need to address these gaps as well as poverty.
- Published
- 2021
44. ‘I decided to go back to work so I can afford to buy her formula’: a longitudinal mixed-methods study to explore how women in informal work balance the competing demands of infant feeding and working to provide for their family
- Author
-
Silondile Luthuli, Christiane Horwood, Sphindile Mapumulo, Nigel Rollins, and Lyn Haskins
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Psychological intervention ,Breastfeeding ,Mothers ,Cohort Studies ,South Africa ,03 medical and health sciences ,Return to Work ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nursing ,Pregnancy ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Occupations ,Child ,Workplace ,Child health ,Working women ,Informal sector ,Poverty ,business.industry ,Childcare ,030503 health policy & services ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Infant, Newborn ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Infant ,Prenatal Care ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Infant Formula ,Job security ,Breast Feeding ,Work (electrical) ,Child support ,Africa ,Female ,Maternal health ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Women, Working ,Research Article - Abstract
BackgroundIn South Africa almost 2 million women work informally. Informal work is characterised by poor job security, low earnings, and unsafe working conditions, with high rates of poverty and food insecurity. The peripartum period is a vulnerable time for many working women. This study explored how mothers navigate the tension between the need to work and the need to take care of a newborn baby, and how this affects their feeding plans and practices.MethodsA mixed methods longitudinal cohort method was employed. Informal workers were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy during an antenatal visit at two clinics in Durban, South Africa. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and quantitative questionnaires at three time points: pre-delivery, post-delivery and after returning to work. Framework analysis was used to analyse qualitative data in NVIVO v12.4. Quantitative analysis used SPSSv26.ResultsTwenty-four participants were enrolled and followed-up for a period of up to 1 year. Informal occupations included domestic work, home-based work, informal trading, and hairdressing, and most women earned ConclusionsInterventions are needed within the social and work environment to support mothers with breastfeeding while they continue earning an income in the informal economy. The extension of the CSG to the antenatal period could assist mothers to stay at home longer post-delivery to breastfeed their babies.
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- 2020
45. Valuing Women Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy in Bangladesh
- Author
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Nusrat Jahan Nabila, Assim Ibrahim Abdel-Razzaq, Mohammad Mushfiqul Haque Mukit, and Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Subjects
Entrepreneurship ,Economic growth ,p52 ,o11 ,HF5001-6182 ,Developing country ,Life skills ,entrepreneurship ,Likert scale ,0504 sociology ,0502 economics and business ,f43 ,Business ,Financial inclusion ,Informal sector ,collaterals ,e26 ,05 social sciences ,050401 social sciences methods ,General Medicine ,financial inclusion ,informal economy ,Property rights ,rural ,Rural area ,c54 ,050203 business & management - Abstract
The study aims to address issues related to valuing women entrepreneurship in the informal economy in Bangladesh. To achieve the above objective, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. The author reviewed several articles, research reports, and included face to face in-depth interviews of fifteen entrepreneurs. Moreover, the applied five-point Likert scale questionnaire responded 100 random entrepreneurs from the rural areas of Bangladesh to recognize the barriers in accessing financial institutions and figure out how financial inclusions can contribute more in the informal economy. The results of this study suggest that complicated loans process, high-interest rates, absence of a life skills program, lack of financial freedom for women and property rights, entrepreneurial paradox, absence of collaterals, financial institutions negligence, mismanagement of loans, lack of interactions with local successful entrepreneur and imbalance of family and professional promise are the major barriers in accessing financial institutions in Bangladesh. In addition, financial inclusions are required to bring about changes in their lives. The results of the study will help Bangladesh and other developing countries break down the barriers for women entrepreneurs and develop the business opportunities created by women. In this regard, future research will anticipate both urban and rural areas, with a larger sample and quantitative studies will be conducted.
- Published
- 2020
46. Street Vendors Based on Tribal Groups in Kendari City, Indonesia
- Author
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Ashmarita
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Informal sector ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Ethnic group ,Social Sciences ,Stereotype ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,Work (electrical) ,Secondary sector of the economy ,Urbanization ,street vendors (pkls) ,ethnicity ,Business ,Marketing ,education ,strategy ,media_common ,stereotype - Abstract
The main impact of urbanization is to increase urban population density. Increased investment in the industrial sector has opened up job opportunities in various sectors, including the informal sector. Street vendors (PKLs) are one of the informal sector jobs that are often found in plural urban communities. The plurality of the population in society creates different perceptions in terms of the type of work they are engaged in. This study aims to (1). Identify the socio-economic characteristics of PKLs; (2). Identify the strategies used by street vendors in maintaining their existence. This research is a descriptive-qualitative study obtained from interviews and direct observations of PKLs in Kendari. The informants were determined purposively. The analysis data is performed by compiling the data then interpreted by referring to the relationship between various concepts and social realities. The results showed that the street vendors in Kendari were generally villagers. They moved to Kendari, because the village where they lived was considered no longer representative for their survival. PKLs are generally urban mobility actors who live on the edge of Kendari. To maintain their existence, they perform various ways, including by strengthening ties between ethnic groups, improving services, finding strategic locations and making cheaper 'counter' products.
- Published
- 2020
47. Evolution of theories of shadow economy formation
- Author
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Andrii Zolkover and Dmytro Kovalenko
- Subjects
HF5001-6182 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public policy ,Modernization theory ,bibliometric analysis ,State (polity) ,Phenomenon ,0502 economics and business ,050602 political science & public administration ,Economics ,T1-995 ,Business ,050207 economics ,Institutional theory ,Centralized government ,Technology (General) ,Shadow (psychology) ,media_common ,Informal sector ,05 social sciences ,theory of shadow economy emergence ,economic development ,0506 political science ,shadow economy ,Economy ,policy of unshadowing the economy - Abstract
The object of research is the theory of formation of the shadow sector of the economy.The paper presents an evolutionary analysis of theories of the shadow economy emergence. It deals with the study of the main theories of the emergence of the informal sector of the economy and determines their features, preconditions of origin, and drivers. Based on the systematization of literary research of scholars, the following groups of theories have been identified: modernization theory, neoliberal theory, institutional theory, the theory of political economy. The analysis of the economic content of the concept of the shadow economy emergence has been used to identify the most influential drivers of the transition of economic entities into the «underground». In particular, the most influential factors include the level of centralization of power, the economic development of the country, the quality of the institutional environment, etc. The analysis of approaches to understanding the definition of the «shadow economy» revealed ambiguous interpretations of the concept of the shadow economy and a significant number of synonyms used in the study of the shadow economy. The Google Trends toolkit was used to prove the multivariate approaches to understanding the essence of this phenomenon. The most common interpretations include the shadow economy, the informal economy, the underground economy, the black economy, and the non-observed economy. The bibliometric analysis of scientific publications in journals indexed in Scopus and WoS databases for 2014–2020 yielded three main clusters, which combine papers that deal with the study of the theory of shadow economy. They are as follows: the shadow economy emerges mainly due to low rates of economic development of the country; the shadow economy emerges due to high unemployment; the growing share of the shadow sector of the economy is a consequence of ineffective government policies. The study concluded that the key task in the implementation of state policy aimed at combating the shadow economy should be coordination the state prevention measures with the most influential drivers of growth in the share of the shadow sector of the economy.
- Published
- 2020
48. Case-study method in the studies of the Russian rural cooperation
- Author
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L. A. Ovchintseva
- Subjects
Semi-structured interview ,Informal sector ,Public economics ,business.industry ,semi-structured interview ,lcsh:HM401-1281 ,General Social Sciences ,mechanisms of economic interaction ,Small business ,consumer cooperatives ,rural cooperation ,Case method ,informal economy ,lcsh:Sociology (General) ,Work (electrical) ,Scale (social sciences) ,case-study ,Business ,Rural area ,qualitative methods of sociological research ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Qualitative methods are highly appreciated in both foreign and Russian sociological research focused on practical results and recommendations. Among numerous qualitative methods, case study seems to be the most relevant for the study of rural cooperation. Cooperatives are traditionally the most important means for supporting small producers in agriculture. Historical studies show that rural cooperation has always revived under social transformations. Today in Russia, transformations in rural areas are not complete and still determine serious social-economic consequences. The state support for cooperatives and small business is one of the priorities in rural development, but it has contradictory effects. Every year, many new cooperatives are registered, but their number is always smaller than the number of closed cooperatives. The study aims at understanding motives for creating cooperatives, and at identifying mechanisms of economic interaction of cooperative members and risks and conflicts that affect the life of the cooperative. The author shows the relevance of the case study method for studying the formation and functioning of cooperatives and for testing the hypothesis about combination of formal and informal mechanisms of economic interaction in cooperatives. The case study proved the dependence of formalization of economic relations in the cooperative on the scale of its activities, and revealed motives for cooperation of small agricultural producers. This work is a part of the research within the state assignment of the RANEPA Informal economy of rural households: Possibilities and limitations of economic practices in increasing the potential and general attractiveness of rural areas.
- Published
- 2020
49. Institutional Quality and Tax Revenue in Côte d’Ivoire: Evidence from ARDL Approach
- Author
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Siongofolo Seydou Soro
- Subjects
Distributed lag ,education.field_of_study ,Cointegration ,Informal sector ,business.industry ,lcsh:HB71-74 ,Population ,Distribution (economics) ,lcsh:Economics as a science ,Monetary economics ,lcsh:Business ,Tax revenue ,Openness to experience ,Per capita ,Economics ,business ,education ,lcsh:HF5001-6182 ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance - Abstract
In this paper, we examine the main determinants of tax revenues in Côte d’Ivoire, paying attention to institutional factors and the informal economy. To do this, we apply the autoregressive distributed lag model developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) on annual data covering the period 1984-2016. The results show that the low quality of institutions and the high share of the informal economy are among the factors explaining the low mobilization of tax revenues in Côte d’Ivoire. The results also reveal that GDP per capita, official development assistance, the share of services in GDP, the distribution of income within the population and the education level of the population positively affect tax revenues. On the other hand, trade openness negatively affects tax revenues. Based on these results, the paper provides several recommendations that can help improve tax revenues in Côte d’Ivoire.Keywords: Tax revenue, Institutional quality, Informal economy, Cointegration, Côte d´Ivoire.JEL Classifications: H2, O17DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10363
- Published
- 2020
50. Demographic and Socio-economic determinants of maternal health insurance coverage in Zambia
- Author
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James Mulenga, Yordanos Gebremeskel, and Bupe Bwalya Bwalya
- Subjects
lcsh:R5-920 ,Informal sector ,Higher education ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Logistic regression ,Public health ,health insurance ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Medicine ,Marital status ,Residence ,Rural area ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,business ,Socioeconomic status - Abstract
Background: The importance of health insurance to individual and society at large cannot be overemphasized. It plays a critical role through enabling access to health care services and cushions the individual from catastrophic treatment costs. This study assessed the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of maternal health insurance coverage in Zambia. Methods: The study analysed the data from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) using univariate, bivariate, binary logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic and maternal health insurance coverage in Zambia. Results: The findings indicate that a very low proportion of the women(3%) have health insurance coverage in Zambia. The study also found that being married, access to media, higher age category, higher education level, being employed have a positive influence on health insurance coverage while province of residence and type of place of residence are negatively associated with health insurance coverage among women in Zambia. Conclusions:The study concludes that health insurance among women in Zambia is associated with marital status, access to media, age, education level, employed status, province of residence and type of place of residence. Given these findings, the study recommends that health insurance providers should tailor their health insurance packages not only to the needs of the employed but the unemployed, the younger age groups, the informal sector and those in the rural areas
- Published
- 2022
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