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Nowadays, problems relating to the inadequacy of energy resources are emerging, due to fast population growth and inevitable urban sprawl. Renewable energy resources are of vital importance in order to overcome these problems that endanger countries in terms of economic, social, and environmental factors. The determination of suitable facility locations is a key matter to solve, in order to effectively exploit biomass energy potential. This paper proposes an approach to biomass facility location that integrates open-source geographic information systems (GIS), fuzzy logic, and a best worst method (BWM) solution, which is a newly developed multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method to address optimal facility location. Suitable locations take different criteria into consideration, including potential biomass amount (e.g., agricultural and animal wastes), slope, and distances to roads and water bodies. By utilizing MCDM, the most critical criterion can be determined. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that fuzzy logic allows intermediate values for suitability criteria and is preferable to Boolean logic. The proposed approach is illustrated using all cities of Turkey as an empirical case study. Four specific regions that greatly have highly suitable areas are presented. Sensitivity analysis shows that different agendas such as economic cost and social impact might change the suitability results, specifically in areas of the highly suitable class. These results are most strongly affected by potential biomass amount, population density, and distances to roads and settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the regions where Cynara cardunculus L. is cultivated in Turkey are revealed, with data obtained from several locations in Turkey. Furthermore, the installation of active biogas plants in these regions has been identified, and the utilization of Cynara cardunculus L. residues as a biomass source, particularly in Izmir biogas plants, has been investigated. To begin, the amount of Cynara cardunculus L. cultivated in the world and Turkey has been determined. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)'s recent data for 2019, approximately 1.6 million tons of Cynara cardunculus L. were produced globally, with Turkey accounting for nearly 2.5% of this quantity. The data from the Biomass Energy Potential Map for Turkey (BEPA) was reviewed, and it was calculated that approximately 40 thousand tons of Cynara cardunculus L. are produced in Turkey each year. Furthermore, the agricultural production of this crop in Turkey generates roughly 225 thousand tons of residues. In comparison to other regions, the Izmir region generates 32.5% of Turkey's Cynara cardunculus L. residues. However, no research on the evaluation of this residue potential and the utilization of Cynara cardunculus L. residues in biogas production has been conducted to date. As a result, it was aimed at the residual potential of Cynara cardunculus L. in various regions of Turkey, as well as its potential utilization as a biomass resource for biogas plants in these areas. It has been calculated that 1.65% of the Izmir population could supply its energy demands by utilizing the energy equivalent of the Izmir region's wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012–2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding new energy sources is presently on the increase. Researchers are focusing on discovering new economic and renewable energy sources, and they are proving that new kinds of renewable energy resources are becoming more widespread day by day. One of these energy resources is agricultural residue. It includes the biodegradable fraction of products, waste, and residues from agriculture, forestry, and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. The main biomass sources in use for energy production range from forest residues, agricultural residues, pulp and paper operation residues, animal waste, and landfill gas to energy crops. The biomass energy in these residues can be converted to various useful kinds of energy such as solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels via many different biomass energy conversion systems. These fuels can then be used to provide heat, electricity, and fuels to power vehicles; using burners, boilers, generators, internal combustion engines, turbines, or fuel cells. Agricultural and forest residues are among Turkey's major potential energy resources. Estimates based on available statistical data and the results of the experimental studies suggest that the annual dry agricultural residue potential is about 360 Tg, which is equivalent to 260 Tg of crude-like fuels. The available agricultural residues can provide 467-623 petajoules/year. This is equal to 22-27% of energy consumption in Turkey. In conclusion, use of this agricultural residue potential can significantly reduce Turkey's need to import oil and other fossil fuels and at the same time increase a secure energy supply. In addition to these, it will improve the local environment; planting energy crops on land not required for food production can generate jobs, improve rural economies, and help maintain agriculture and forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy is the most renewable energy resource in the world. Biomass energy is derived from plant and animal material, such as wood from forests, residues from agricultural and forestry processes, and industrial, human or animal wastes. The production of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel has the potential to replace significant quantities of fossil fuels in many transport applications, electricity, generate heat and steam, etc. In this study, Turkish sugar sector and sugar capacity, residue quantitiy and its possibility of utilization is examined. #Contributed by the Organizing Committee for the First International Exergy, Energy and Environment Symposium (IEEES-1). Paper presented at IEEES-1, Izmir, Turkey, 13–17 July 2003. Manuscript received by IJGE on 2004-01-07; final revision received on 2004-03-27. Corresponding guest editors: I. Dincer and A. Hepbasli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy crop cultivation is considered the main factor in the rapid increase in the share of biomass energy in the future global energy supply. However, the most critical issue for the cultivation of energy crops will be establishing sustainable energy cropping systems and protecting agricultural areas devoted to food and feed crops. Therefore, the present study aims to identify key criteria for energy crop cultivation areas and to develop a Geographic information systems (GISs)- and multi-criteria evaluation model (MCE)-based methodology. This study employs a GIS-based MCE technique, including fuzzy standardization, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and weighted overlay for analyzing land suitability to switchgrass cultivation for the case study in İzmir-Turkey. The criteria identified in this study include climatic parameters, soil characteristics, topography, and land restrictions for land-use compatibility. Climate data were employed by TerrSet's Crop Climate Suitability Model to determine the climatic suitability of switchgrass in the city. Subsequently, an assessment model of land suitability for switchgrass cultivation was developed by integrating AHP in the ArcGIS environment. Here, the highest specific weight was attained for climatic suitability (0.22), and the lowest was found for elevation (0.094). Significantly, 69.4% (40,725 ha) of the potential cultivation area was moderately suitable and higher, and 30.5% (17,896 ha) was low suitable for switchgrass cultivation. Therefore, it was concluded that the applied methodology could be a practical approach for sustainable biofuels production and environmental protection and can be employed for different energy crops and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed analysis of the literature showed that information about the role of biomass and coal in Turkey's Vision 2023 energy targets is scarce in the published literature. Also, there is no detailed information about the potential applications of co-firing and co-gasification of biomass with coal in Turkey. Consequently, this paper was written with a global to local perspective to provide these important information. According to Turkey's Vision 2023 energy agenda installed capacity of coal power plants will increase from 15.0 to 30.0 GW, and installed capacity of biomass power plants will rise from nil to 2000 MW in 2023. In this study, it was estimated that Turkey should spent between 26.3 and 28.5 billion US$ to the capital investments of new coal power plants depending on the supply ratio from lignite or hard coal to fulfil the Vision 2023 coal target. Recently, the author estimated that Turkey should spend between 3.8 and 13.6 billion US$ to fulfil the Vision 2023 biomass energy target of 2000 MW. Thus, totalling the required coal and biomass investments to fulfil Vision 2023 targets between 30.1 and 42.1 billion US$. If everything goes according to plan and these massive investments can be financed, coal and biomass will support 25.0% and 1.7% of Turkey's electricity demand in 2023, respectively. Increased consumption of coal, mostly indigenous lignite, and biomass will decrease Turkey's foreign trade deficit based on imported energy sources. However, their increased consumption will also rise Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. In that context, synergistic solution of co-firing and co-gasification of biomass with coal could help Turkey tackle its dependency on foreign energy sources and reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Conditional that research and development in this field is supported both by the Turkish government and private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy is one of the fundamental renewable energy sources. It decreases fossil fuel combustion and consequently net greenhouse gas emissions since no new carbons aren't released to the atmosphere. Generally, agricultural, forest, animal and urban wastes are considered as potential sources for biomass energy. Among these sources, agricultural wastes are the most suitable type to generate biomass energy in Turkey. Aegean Region has a great potential with respect to its lands and its diversity of agricultural products. In this paper, the most appropriate location for a biomass power plant has been investigated among the eight alternative locations in Aegean Region by examining both quantitative and qualitative criteria. It is the first time, an integrated model including fuzzy sets, analytic hierarchy process, opinion aggregation method, and information axiom method has been proposed to obtain a solution for such a problem. According to the results, Aydin is determined as the most appropriate location for a biomass power plant at Aegean Region. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to present the reliability of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novelty multi-criteria framework is proposed for bioenergy facility location. • This paper expands the scarce literature about bioenergy production in Turkey. • Analysis of bioenergy production and regulations is key to the bioenergy growth. • The bioenergy can contribute to complement the energy matrix of Turkey. Biofuels are rapidly taking their place amongst the renewable energy sources which are gaining importance day by day. Turkey procures a large portion of its energy needs with imported fossil fuels. This brings forward problems related to energy security and it also caused an increase in the greenhouse gas emissions of the country in the last decade. However, there are no satisfactory studies or investments related to biofuel potential and the evaluation of this potential. The research of the biomass energy potential in Turkey is of particular importance in terms of strengthening the energy policy. In this study, a multi-stage approach is presented for the first time in the appropriate site selecting for production facility to be established in a country. This is the most basic fact that distinguishes the study from other literature studies and makes it unique. Initially, the plant species and production amounts to be used in bioenergy production at the country scale were determined and theoretical biodiesel and bioethanol potentials were calculated. Then, the most suitable product-based site for the bioenergy production facility was determined with a hybrid method using the entropy-based multiple-attribute utility theory. Thus, contrary to the literature studies on potential determination only, the most suitable location for the bioenergy production facility was also selected by using determined potentials. The results show that Turkey has a biodiesel and bioethanol potential 1.666.176 tons, 13.546.751 tons, respectively. The products with the highest potential were determined for biodiesel and bioethanol production as sunflower (774.741 tons) and wheat (7.051.602 tons). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The paper proposes a hybrid model to prioritize RE sources for Turkey. [•] The hybrid model based on BOCR and ANP is proposed under linguistic values. [•] Strategic criteria are economy, security, wellbeing, technology and global effects. [•] Nineteen criteria are used to evaluate hydro, geothermal, solar, wind and biomass. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria can grow in various water and wastewater types, and both can grow biomass by taking nutrients and converting atmospheric CO2 into useful products. Biofuels obtained by processing this landless grown biomass are defined as "third-generation biofuels". In this study, the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-assisted NaOH pretreatment on methane production from cyanobacteria were investigated. Cyanobacterial biomass was isolated from thermal springs located in the southwest of Turkey (Denizli-Turkey) and identified as Desertifilum tharense. Desertifilum tharense biomass was grown on a laboratory scale, and along with its compositional characteristics, culture-specific parameters were determined. HC-assisted NaOH pretreatment was applied to evaluate optimum process conditions for enhancing methane production from D. tharense. In the experimental design, process parameters of cavitation number (Cv: 0.3-0.7), NaOH concentration (0–4%), solid content (1.5%), reaction time (4h), and reaction temperature (30°C) were combined to reveal the parameter-specific impact of HC pretreatment. The effect of the HC-assisted NaOH pretreatment was further investigated with molecular-bond and surface structure characterization. Along with the energy equivalent of obtained biofuel, energy requirements for cultivation, harvesting, pretreatment, and anaerobic digestion (AD) were calculated to determine the process's overall energy efficiency. Kinetic parameters of raw and pretreated D. tharense were determined by first-order, cone, modified Gompertz, and reaction curve models. The results revealed that by the application of pretreatment, a 2-35.3% soluble COD increase was achieved, whereas methane production was increased from 241.5 to 290.6 mLCH4 gVS−1. Application of HC with a low Cv of 0.3 boosted methane production up to 20.3% compared to the raw D. tharense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Turkey is a rich country from the point of variety and potential of renewable energy resources. Hydros, winds, biomass, solar and geothermal are important renewable and environmentally friendly sources for energy in Turkey. Turkey produces large amount of hydropower with a total gross hydropower potential of 433TWh/yr, which is equal to 13.8% of the total hydropower potential of Europe. Technically useable potential is 216TWh/yr and economic potential is 140TWh/yr. The main aim of the present study is to investigate hydropower potential of Turkey and small hydropower plants in Eastern Black Sea Region for sustainable energy development in Turkey. The geography of Turkey especially, Eastern Black Sea Region supports and suitable the development of the small hydro plants to increase the energy generation and utilization of available water sources in Turkey. Besides, the paper deals with hydropower policies to meet ever increasing energy demand for sustainable development of Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The most important renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind. Turkey''s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. In recently, electricity has demand increased significantly; it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix. In the world, particularly in the developing countries renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey''s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. This paper deals with policies to meet increasing energy and electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433GWh/year, but only 125GWh/year of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Increases in oil prices induce various economic and political impacts, such as greater attention being given to renewable substitute alternatives. From this perspective, this study provides some descriptive statistics and univariate estimations for one of the countries that cannot meet its demand for petroleum. Biofuel, one of the examples of renewable natural resources, may have a great potential as an oil substitute. The major problem behind this potential is to find some relationships between the oil substitutes and any other related variables. The results of both comovements and the univariate GARCH analysis of some factors related with biofuel acreage may shed light on the future policy planning of the potential of renewable natural resources in the case of an oil dependent country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Decentralized wind, hydropower, biogas and biomass, geothermal, solar thermal and solar electricity energy systems are the most commonly found renewable energy technologies promoted for rural energy supply within sustainable developments programs. They are, therefore, seen to have a central place in the practice of sustainable development and in allowing less development countries to bypass the environmentally damaging fossil fuel intensive paths made by industrialized countries. On the political front, many less development countries are critical of pressure on them to adopt environmental energy technologies. Turkey is situated the meeting point of three continents (Asia, Europe and Africa) and stands as a bridge between Asia and Europe. The country is located in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia. As Turkey’s economy has expanded in recent years, the consumption of primary energy has increased. Presently in order to increase the energy production from domestic energy resources, decrease the use of fossil fuels as well as reduce of green house gas emissions different renewable energy sources are used for energy production in Turkey. The share of energy production from renewable energy sources has increased during the last 10 years. Turkey must import most of the energy to meet her needs. Turkey also has a large potential for renewable energies. The lack of knowledge about renewable energy technologies by most policy-makers, potential consumers, and energy firm managers has played against renewable energy developments. The paper presents renewable energy used in Turkey and Europe Union and evaluation of the market conditions and barriers of renewable energy use in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry is the property of Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indoor air pollution caused by the use of biomass energy in heating and cooking adversely affects the health status of household members. In Turkey, with the rapid economic growth of the last decade, biomass has been among the most consumed types of household energy for heating and cooking due to inadequate infrastructure, dependence on foreign energy, and high energy prices. This study aims to add empirical evidence to the literature on health status and indoor air pollution in Turkey caused by households' energy choices. This study analyzed these effects with random effects panel discrete ordered models using the Income Living Conditions Micro Longitudinal Data Set for the period 2014–2017. As a result of the analysis, we found that the factors of age, being female, having dependent children, and indoor air pollution have adverse effects on health status. However, education level and income level affect health status positively. The most important observation obtained from this study is that even high-income households are adversely affected by indoor air pollution due to the lack of access to clean energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University / Gazi Osman Pasa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Gaziosmanpasa University, Agricultural Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was carried out because of the importance of energy of biomass, which is one of the renewable energy sources, for such country as Turkey having a production potential of biomass energy raw materials. Biomass energy has become a subject emphasized in Turkey as well as in the world after the 2000s and investigated in economic, environmental and social dimensions. With this study assessing the effects brought about by biomass production and consumption in the context of local development, Turkey's theoretical potential of plant origin was found as 5.527 TOE and its economic potential was found as 4.421 TOE, and the biomass energy achieved the energy value of 949.308 TOE that can be produced economically based on animal sources. At the same time, Turkey is a country that has not completed its development. In the case of the production of this amount of biomass energy that has been calculated potentially, its contributions to the local development and its positive and negative sides have been examined. Some of these are the series of contributions such as rural employment, an increase in the income level, technological development, reduction of migration and healthy living conditions. The effect of biomass energy production on food supply, the fact that biomass sources are inputs for some sectors such as construction sector, and the less energy content in comparison with fossil fuels can be considered as negative effects on local development. In this study, the economic potential for biomass energy production in Turkey, which is not sufficiently studied in the literature, was calculated, and the potential of biomass of plant and animal origin for Turkey was calculated for the first time. The effects of this potential on Turkey's development were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study with an international perspective, investigated the state of knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes among young students toward bioenergy in Finland, Slovakia, Taiwan, and Turkey. A total of 1,903 students with an average age of 15 years from 19 rural and urban schools participated in this study. The study found statistically significant differences in students' bioenergy knowledge with respect to the countries. Only a small percentage of the students in each country were able to demonstrate a high level of bioenergy knowledge. In overall, the gender and rural-urban differences did not play a significant role in determining students' level of bioenergy knowledge. The students appeared to be very critical of bioenergy and especially of the issues related to bioenergy production from forests. They demonstrated positive attitudes in terms of their willingness to learn about bioenergy and its use in their daily life. The study found statistically significant effects of gender and locality on students' perceptions of bioenergy. Most knowledgeable students in bioenergy appeared to be most critical in their perceptions and attitudes toward bioenergy. The principal component analysis revealed three distinct dimensions of students' perceptions and attitudes toward bioenergy viz., 'motivation', 'critical', and 'practical'. A broader societal support is needed for the introduction of bioenergy in many countries and young generation's positive attitudes to this matter is certainly important for people who will create policies in this area. More efforts are needed to support young students so that they understand the multi-dimensional issues related to bioenergy by allowing them to have practical experiences with bioenergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is the major source of energy in rural Turkey. Biomass is used to meet a variety of energy needs including generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles and providing process heat for industrial facilities. Biomass potential includes wood, animal and plant wastes. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. The electrical production from usable biomass has a net impact of 4.4 billion USD in personal and corporate income and represents more than 160,000 jobs. There is a total 4 million ha of degraded coppice forests for energy forestry applications in Turkey. The improvement of degraded coppice forests is a very important activity, as important as forestation. Converting coppice forests into productive energy forests in order to meet continually-increasing fuel requirements in Turkey prevents the destruction of highly productive forests, thereby supplying more wood raw material for the forest industry, which at present operates with a low capacity. At the end of 2006, 623.247 ha of energy forest have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is the major source of energy in rural Turkey. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. The electrical production from usable biomass has a net impact of 4.4 billion USD in personal and corporate income and represents more than 160,000 jobs. The objective of the energy forestry policy in Turkey is to create circumstances that support both economic and employment policies, using economic and market mechanisms. These circumstances should ensure availability of energy, keep the price of energy competitive, and enable Turkey to meet international commitments with respect to emissions to the environment. From 1978 to 2006, energy forest activities with coppice regeneration were undertaken on 623,247 hectares. A further objective is to expetide development and commercialization of energy-saving technologies and those based on use of wood as a renewable energy source. A spesific goal is to increase use of wood for energy generation so as to make it an important fuel at district heating plants and at combined heat and power generation plants in locations where natural coppice forests are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “biomass” covers a wide range of products, by-products, and waste streams derived from forestry and agriculture, as well as from municipal and industrial waste streams. Biofuels are the only renewable energy sources that have the potential to directly replace fossil fuels. Over the past decade, bioenergy technologies achieved significant cost reductions in several important areas including: dedicated large- and small-scale combustion; co-firing with coal; combustion of municipal solid waste; biogas generation via anaerobic digestion; and in district and individual household heating. In certain geographical areas, cost reductions were also realized in liquid biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. Biomass fuels and residues can be converted to energy via thermal, biological, mechanical, or physical processes. One of the most significant barriers to accelerated penetration of all biomass conversion technologies is that of adequate resource supply. Feedstock costs vary widely depending on the type of biomass and the transport distance. The most economical approach is to use bioenergy on-site, i.e., where biomass residue is generated. Bioenergy is the largest contributor to renewable energy supply. In 2005, total bioenergy supply was 160 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) throughout the world. The present study reviews the production, consumption, and technologies for biofuels in some developed and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of the production of agricultural residues in Turkey and their conversion to electrical energy via gasification was realized. Agricultural residues were classified into two main categories. The residues in the category A were separated into two sub groups. The residues in the subgroup A1 generally consisted of straw, plant stems, and leaves while the subgroup A2 consisted of pruning residues of fruit trees. Nearly 43 mt/yr residues are produced in category A, or dry basis. As to the subcategories, 10.8 mt/yr residues are produced in the subcategory A1 on dry basis, since 28% of the residues in this category are not utilized; approximately 3.2 mt/yr residues are produced in the subcategory A2, since 80% of the pruning residues in this category are not utilized. The processed product residues in the category B were classified into three subcategories. The subcategory B1 comprises the residues in oil production (i.e., stone, shell), the subcategory B2 comprises the residues resulting from fruit processing (i.e., stalk, peel, stone), whereas the subcategory B3 consists of the residues such as peel, seed, and husk (in tomato and rice). The highest residue quantity in the subcategory B1 was in sunflower in the form of shell with 157.6 thousand tons, the highest residue quantity in B2 subcategory was in grape with 423.0 thousand tons (in the forms of stalk, peel, and stone); in subcategory B3, the highest residue quantity was in tomato (in the forms of peel and seed) with 134.0 thousand tons. Nearly 17% of the national electricity consumption can be met if all of the unused residues (15.3 mt/yr) are converted into energy. One may say that the regions Marmara, Mediterranean, Aegean, and Central South are the suitable regions for electricity, since these are the agricultural regions having the highest intensity of unusable agricultural residues (28.0-43.2 t/km2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to estimate, identify and evaluate the biomass production options, estimate the sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production in Turkey. Within the framework of sustainable development, Turkey today faces the challenge of balancing economic growth with environmental progress. Sustainable biomass production potential mainly depends on the productivity and surplus land available for biomass production. Based on the surplus land available for plantation, the plantation options and biomass productivity, the sustainable biomass potential for energy is estimated. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. The electrical production from usable biomass has a net impact of $4.4 billion in personal and corporate income and represented more than 160,000 jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify and evaluate the biomass utilization options and evaluate the sustainable biomass production for combined heat and power (CHP) in Turkey. The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. Among the biomass energy sources, fuel wood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%. The use of biofuels for CHP on a large scale is focused mainly on forest industry sites, where considerable quantities of biomass are available. Biomass available for energy can be converted to different types of final energy (e.g., electricity, heat), of these, the production of electricity appears to be particularly important. While CHP provides several environmental benefits by making use of waste heat and waste products, air pollution is a concern any time fossil fuels or biomass are burned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various agricultural residues such as grain dust, wheat straw and hazelnut shell are available in Turkey as the sources of biomass energy. Among the biomass energy sources, fuelwood seems to be one of the most interesting because its share of the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21% and the techniques for converting it to useful energy are not necessarily sophisticated. The total forest potential of Turkey is around 935 million m 3 with an annual growth of about 28 million m 3 . Turkey's annual biomass potential in 2001 was million tons of oil equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energies, including fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal wastes, charcoal, and other fuels derived from biological sources, are a promising option with a potentially large impact for developing countries, where the current levels of energy services are low. Biomass accounts for about one third of all energy in developing countries as a whole and nearly 90% in some of the least developed countries. In the case of Turkey, biomass has great potential to provide improved rural energy services based on forest and agricultural residues. The present study gives a review of the production, consumption, and economics of biomass energy for sustainable development in Turkey. In 1999, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country was 10%. In this study, the potential for important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of the country were determined. Considering total cereal products and fatty seed plants, approximately 50–60 million tons per year of biomass and 8–10 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 70% of total biomass is seen as possible for use for energy. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When talking about renewable energy sources today, the most important and economical energy sources for Turkey are hydropower and biomass. The present study gives a review of production, consumption, and economics of hydropower and biomass as renewable energy sources in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. On the other hand, biomass (wood and wastes) energy is the second most important renewable energy source for Turkey. However, the biomass energy sources of Turkey are limited. In 1998, the biomass share of the total energy consumption of the country is 10%. In this study, the potential of important biomass energy sources and animal solid wastes of the country were determined. The effects of hydropower and biomass usage on the environment were also discussed. Considering total cereal products and fatty seed plants, approximately 50-60 million tons per year of biomass and 8-10 million tons of solid matter animal waste are produced, and 70% of total biomass is seen as being usable for energy. Some useful suggestions and recommendations are also presented. The present study shows that there is an important potential for hydropower and biomass energy sources in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]