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Featured Application: The findings of this study shed light on the intricate relationship between the cooking techniques, volatile compound formation, and consumer acceptance of beef meat. By employing Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods to analyze volatile "marker" compounds, the study delineates significant disparities in flavor profiles arising from roasting versus stewing methods. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two distinct cooking techniques, namely roasting and stewing, on the formation of volatile compounds in various beef muscles (Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris, and Rectus femoris) and how this relates to consumer acceptance. The research employs the concept of volatile "marker" compounds to discern the influence of cooking techniques on the flavor profile of beef. Eighteen "marker compounds" were selected to represent a number of the mechanisms of formation and quantified in beef subjected to two different cooking methods. While no statistically significant differences were observed in consumer evaluations between the two cooking methods, notable disparities emerged in the consumer assessments of specific muscle cuts. Notably, the Rectus femoris muscle received the highest ratings (p < 0.05) among other evaluated muscles. The utilization of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods for the analysis of volatile "marker compounds" in beef proved effective in highlighting significant differences in flavor compound classes between cooking methods, and these differed between muscles. The main effect was of the cooking method with stewed beef aroma having approximately 39× more dimethyl trisulphide, 9× more dimethyl disulphide, 7× more pentanal, 3× more hexanal, and twice as much benzaldehyde and 2-methylthiophene. Dimethyldisulphide, dimethyltrisulphide, hexanal, and heptanal, therefore, emerged as characteristic volatile compounds associated with the stewing cooking technique, suggesting their potential as markers for lipid and other oxidation reactions. This work indicates that certain lipid oxidation compounds, Strecker aldehydes, and sulfur compounds can be markers for the undesirable and/or desirable flavors of cooked beef, but that this depends on the cooking method chosen. It shows that flavor differences may be understood through the analysis of volatile flavor compounds in association with palatability and other chemical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sous-vide (SV) is a method of cooking previously vacuum-packed raw materials under strictly controlled conditions of time and temperature. Over the past few years, scientific articles have explored the physical, biochemical, and microbiological properties of SV cooking. In this review, we provide a critical appraisal of SV as an alternative method of meat cooking, including the types of methods, types of SV meat products, and effects of SV parameters on the meat quality and the mechanisms of transformation taking place in meat during SV cooking. Based on the available data, it can be concluded that most research on the SV method refers to poultry. The yield of the process depends on the meat type and characteristics, and decreases with increasing temperature, while time duration does not have an impact. Appropriate temperatures in this method make it possible to control the changes in products and affect their sensory quality. Vacuum conditions are given a minor role, but they are important during storage. The limited number of studies on the approximate composition of SV meat products makes it challenging to draw summarizing conclusions on this subject. The SV method allows for a higher microbiological quality of stored meat than conventional methods. The literature suggests that the SV method of preparing beef, pork, and poultry has many advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of different cooking methods and meat cuts on the textural and sensory properties of pork and beef. Meat samples were prepared according to guidelines and relevant standards using pan frying and grilling. Three types of pork cuts were included (pork ham, loin and neck) and three types of beef steak (chuck steak, round steak and sirloin steak). Textural properties such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were analyzed. Sensory attributes that are the most common for assessing the palatability of cooked meat were used. In the comparison of cooking methods within textural parameters, grilled pork and beef samples were tougher than fried ones. The cooking methods of meat samples depending on types of cuts resulted in different sensory attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to examine the impact of cooking methods and doneness on volatile aroma compounds and non-volatile substances (fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids) in Pingliang red beef. The flavor substances' topographic fingerprints were established, and 45 compounds were traced to 71 distinct signal peaks. Pingliang red beef's fruity flavor was enhanced thanks to the increased concentration of hexanal, styrene, and 2-butanone that resulted from instant boiling. The levels of 3-methylbutanal, which contributes to the characteristic caramel–chocolate–cheese aroma, peaked at 90 min of boiling and 40 min of roasting. The FFA content was reduced by 28.34% and 27.42%, respectively, after the beef was roasted for 40 min and instantly boiled for 10 s (p > 0.05). The most distinctive feature after 30 min of boiling was the umami, as the highest levels of glutamate (Glu) (p < 0.05) and the highest equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values were obtained through this cooking method. Additionally, adenosine-5′-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP) decreased with increasing doneness compared to higher doneness, indicating that lower doneness was favorable in enhancing the umami of the beef. In summary, different cooking methods and doneness levels can affect the flavor and taste of Pingliang red beef, but it is not suitable for high-doneness cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraq Journal of Market Research & Consumer Protection / Al-Mağallaẗ al-ʿIrāqiyyaẗ li-Buḥūṯ al-Sūq wa-Ḥimāyaẗ al-Mustahlik is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the dried peach leaves powders with different methods on pH and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, cooking, textural and sensory properties of beef patties. Samples were divided into six treatment groups; control (without peach leaf powder/Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT)), patties with BHT (0.01%), patties containing peach leaf powders (PLP) dried in air (AP) (%1) and in microwave oven (MwP) in three different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%). Sample were stored at +4 °C for 7 days. The pH of raw beef patties containing various levels of PLPs decreased slightly (P<0.01). The MwP addition significantly decreased (P <0.01) the TBARS value compared to the without peach leaf powder. At the end of the storage period, the TBARS value of the control group was 4.14 mg MDA/kg, while the TBARS value of MwP3 was 0.67 mg MDA/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texture of meat is a critical factor in oral processing and bolus formation, especially for people suffering from dysphagia. The present study evaluated and compared the texture changes of beef semitendinosus muscles upon cooking, using sensory panelists and instrumental texture profile analysis. Cooking losses were also estimated. The correlation between instrumental and sensory parameters were established. Training with sensory texture profile enabled panelists to clearly identify and describe meat textural attributes except cohesiveness and springiness. Increased cooking temperature (65–85°C) and time (30–60 min) significantly (p <.05) increased hardness, chewiness, and cook loss of beef whereas adhesiveness and juiciness decreased significantly. The correlation data showed significant positive correlations between instrumental and sensory hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness and poor correlations between cohesiveness and springiness. Results show that the texture profile analyzer has a possibility to replace sensory analysis for hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness; however, future work is needed to address cohesiveness and springiness of meat. Increased cooking temperature (65–85°C) and time (30–60 min) significantly (p <.05) increased hardness, chewiness, and cook loss of beef semitendinosus muscles, whereas adhesiveness and juiciness decreased significantly.The correlation data show significant correlations between instrumental and sensory hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness and poor correlations between cohesiveness and springiness.The texture profile analyzer has a possibility to replace sensory analysis for hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness in product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the sous-vide cooking and ficin treatment effects on the tenderness of beef steak and optimize it for the elderly using response surface methodology (RSM). The M. semitendinosus (ST) from Chikso cattle was shaped into 5 × 5 × 2.54 cm pieces. Ficin solution was injected into the ST steak at 10% of the meat weight, and sous-vide cooked in a water bath at 65 °C for 6 or 12 h. As ficin concentration increased, L* - and a* -value, shear force, and hardness decreased, while soluble peptides increased (P < 0.05). As cooking time increased, cooking loss and collagen solubility of the steak increased (P < 0.05). An interaction effect between ficin and sous-vide cooking was found in L* - and a* -value, shear force, hardness, and soluble peptides (P < 0.05). A model to optimize the hardness for elderly people was established (R2 = 0.7991). Optimization conditions by RSM were 0.86 U/L with 8.87 h (23 N/cm3) for tooth intake (grade 1), 16.31 U/L with 13.24 h (3 N/cm3) for gums intake (grade 2), according to KS H 4897 and Universal Design Foods concept for the elderly. These optimized conditions enable the production of customized products tailored to the oral conditions of elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of cooking conditions on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of dry- and wet-aged beef strip loins. Methods: Dry- and wet-aged beef aged for 28 days were cooked using different cooking methods (grilling or oven roasting)×cooking temperatures (150°C or 230°C), and their pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile compounds, and color were measured. Results: Cooking conditions did not affect pH; however, grilling resulted in lower TBARS but higher cooking doneness at the dry-aged beef surface compared to oven roasting (p< 0.05). In descriptive sensory analysis, the roasted flavor of dry-aged beef was significantly stronger when grill-cooked compared to oven roasting. Dry-aged beef grill-cooked at 150°C presented a higher intensity of cheesy flavor, and that grilled at 230°C showed a greater intensity of roasted flavor compared to wet-aged beef at the same condition, respectively. Conclusion: Grilling may be effective for enhancing the unique flavor in dry-aged beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of vacuum cooking conditions (temperature and time) on the color, textural, microstructural and sensory quality of beef samples was investigated. In order to determine the optimum cooking temperature (60-90°C) and time (80-120 min) for beef, an optimization study was carried out following Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The optimum vacuum cooking condition was selected as 85.6°C of cooking temperature and 106.6 min of cooking time targeting maximum chewiness (textural quality), minimum shear force (textural quality) and maximum sensory overall acceptance attributes. Considering the color values of crust and inner parts of beef samples, an insignificant difference was observed among cooking temperatures and times. However, Warner Bratzler shear force values decreased with an increase in cooking temperature. Moreover, higher cooking temperature and longer cooking time resulted in superior sensorial properties in terms of overall acceptance scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that meat products have digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) >100 and that various processing methods will increase standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and DIAAS. Nine ileal-cannulated gilts were randomly allotted to a 9 × 8 Youden square design with nine diets and eight 7-d periods. Values for SID of AA and DIAAS for two reference patterns were calculated for salami, bologna, beef jerky, raw ground beef, cooked ground beef and ribeye roast heated to 56, 64 or 72°C. The SID of most AA was not different among salami, bologna, beef jerky and cooked ground beef, but was less (P < 0·05) than the values for raw ground beef. The SID of AA for 56°C ribeye roast was not different from the values for raw ground beef and 72°C ribeye roast, but greater (P < 0·05) than those for 64°C ribeye roast. For older children, adolescents and adults, the DIAAS for all proteins, except cooked ground beef, were >100 and bologna and 64°C ribeye roast had the greatest (P < 0·05) DIAAS. The limiting AA for this age group were sulphur AA (beef jerky), leucine (bologna, raw ground beef and cooked ground beef) and valine (salami and the three ribeye roasts). In conclusion, meat products generally provide high-quality protein with DIAAS >100 regardless of processing. However, overcooking meat may reduce AA digestibility and DIAAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat is an important food for human consumption. Its consumption is associated with economic development, so that the more meat consumed, the higher the level of quality of life or index of wealth attributed to a population. This consideration has led, during the second half of the 20th century, to a greater consumption of meat. To prepare different dishes requires an adequate knowledge of cutting meat, so ignoring this aspect would be contradictory with gastronomy. In Ecuador, and particularly in the Patate canton, there is a lack of knowledge about the types of cuts that can be made with meat, in order to obtain favorable, appealing results and, in turn, make culinary art an art of excellence and quality. The objective of this work is to analyze the real situation of the knowledge of cutting meat, for a gastronomy of excellence and quality. To validate the results of the analysis that is carried out, the Iadov technique is used, and in particular the Neutrosophical Iadov is used, a technique that when using Neutrosophy provides accurate results and contributes to a greater interpretability of qualitative information, and in particular of linguistic terms, useful for decision-making support. Conclusions are presented that indicate how knowledge of cutting meat behaves, in the Patate canton of Ecuador and where emphasis should be placed to obtain a gastronomy of excellence and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study explored effects of different cooking methods, pork fat addition and food additives on physicochemical and nutritional attributes of beef meatballs fortified, or not, with 3% sugarcane fibre. TPA hardness of meatballs with fibre, cooked in boiling water, was lower compared to oven‐baked and pan‐fried (47.11, 56.24 and 59.22 N, respectively). Hardness also decreased with increasing fat content (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% fat; 62.07, 56.96, 54.02 and 45.51 N, respectively). Tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate provided similar results for all parameters except ash content where cooked meatballs with the latter were higher (1.98% and 2.22%, respectively). Cooking loss of 20% fat meatballs with fibre was lower (17.14%) compared to without fibre (20.28%). Loss of nutrients after cooking was lower for oven‐baked compared to boiling. Using different ingredients to manipulate quality traits of meatballs is an alternative to manufacture suitable products for different market requirements, for example for elderly consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine safe cooking times for mechanically tenderized beef steaks prepared from the round, loin, rib, and chuck. The subprimals were needle tenderized and fabricated to prepare a total of 180 steak cuts with varying weights and thicknesses. Steaks were then vacuum packaged and stored at refrigerated temperature until cooked. The dimensions and weight of the steaks were measured pre- and post-cooking. Samples were cooked on a flat-top grill until they reached an internal temperature of 71.1 °C. During cooking, a thermocouple recording device recorded the steak center temperature every 10 s. It was observed that the time required for the steak to reach 71.1 °C significantly influenced by the thickness and type of subprimals of steak. The average cooking yield of steak was 75.66%, while the safe cooking time ranged from 2.22 to 36.66 min. This study could provide valuable information about the effects of weight, thickness and muscle type on the cooking time required for mechanically tenderized beef steaks to reach a minimum safe cooking temperature, without a resting period. • Safe cooking times determined for mechanically tenderized beef steak cuts. • Safe cooking time varied with subprimals and thickness of cuts. • Cooking yield was unaffected by mechanical tenderization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Post-processing feasibility studies the integrity of the designed internal and external structures of 3D printed products. This study examined the effect of infill density (50%, 75%, 100%) and fat content (0, 1, 2, 3 fat layers within a structure) on the post-processing physical changes and texture of lean meat-lard composite layer 3D printed meat products cooked sous-vide. Data from raw and cooked samples were collected to determine cooking loss, shrinkage, moisture retention, fat retention, hardness, chewiness, and cohesiveness. 3D printed objects were successfully cooked, maintaining the internal and external structures. Infill density contributed proportionally (P <.05) to moisture retention, hardness and chewiness, and inversely (P <.05) to shrinkage and cohesiveness, with no effect on fat retention. Whereas, the fat content influenced proportionally (P <.05) to cooking loss, shrinkage, and cohesiveness, and inversely (P <.05) to fat and moisture retention, hardness, and chewiness. The interaction of both independent variables showed a significant effect (P <.05) on all the responses, except for fat retention. Highlights • Multi-constituents composite meat products are 3D printed using beef paste and lard. • The 3D printed meat products are suitable for sous-vide post-processing. • Fat content and infill density contribute to physical changes during cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the efforts to produce cultured meat as of March 2019. The August 2013 launch of a hamburger made of bovine muscle cells that were grown in vitro is discussed as well as the challenges facing companies and scientists in mass producing cultured meats. These challenges include the lack of an affordable scalable growth medium and the ability to create tissue that is found in meat.

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate whether innovative sous vide treatment has a significant influence on the beef semitendinosus muscle as compared to common sous vide treatment and traditional cooking. Methods: The innovative sous vide treatments were cooked at 45°C and 65°C for 6 h (SV45- 65), common sous vide treatment at 45°C and 65°C for 3 h (SV45 and SV65) and traditional cooking at 75°C for 30 min (CON75). Water loss and cooking loss, as well as the physical properties (color and shear force) and chemical properties (protein and collagen solubility) of the treated meat, were investigated. Results: The results obtained indicated that the innovative sous vide with double thermal treatment (SV45-65) and cooked with air presence (CON75) resulted to lower a* and higher b* values, respectively. The water loss and cooking loss increased when temperature increased from 45°C to 65°C, and lower water loss was recorded in SV45 and CON75. These samples presented higher water content and revealed strong correlation to protein solubility. Warner- Bratzler shear force (SF) analysis showed the marked interaction between cooking temperature and time. Sample cooked at a high temperature (CON75) and a long period (SV45-65) showed a significantly lower value of SF than sample SV65 (p<0.05). Interestingly, there was no difference in SF values between SV45-65 and CON75. Conclusion: The innovative sous vide treatment with double thermal effect appears an attractive cooking method as compared to common sous vide and traditional cooking method, as it has a potential for improving tenderness values of cooked beef semitendinosus muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, frying, oven-roasting and grilling) on certain properties of beef longissimus dorsi were studied. Cooking loss, moisture content, color, TBARS and the composition of fatty acids were determined. The highest cooking loss was observed with regards to boiling (P < 0.05). TBARS increased with boiling and oven-roasting (P < 0.05), whereas frying and grilling had no significant effect on TBARS (P > 0.05). Color indices were significantly changed through cooking (P < 0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content increased in all cooking methods, while saturated fatty acids (SFA) content decreased in all treatments. The trans fatty acid (TFA) content increased after frying and oven-roasting, whereas boiling and grilling decreased the trans fatty acid content (P < 0.05). Grilling provided minimum cooking loss (P < 0.05) as well as the lowest TBARS value (P < 0.05), probably due to the structure of fire brick barbeque inhibiting the intense heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of three USDA quality grades and cooking on the water-soluble flavor precursors of beef Longissimus lumborum. Raw and cooked steaks from beef strip loins of USDA Prime (PR; n = 8), Low-Choice (LC; n = 8), and Standard (ST; n = 8) were analyzed for extractable free amino acids, reducing sugars, and other nitrogenous organic compounds (NOCs). Overall, two-way quality grade × cooking interactions were found for the contents of most water-soluble precursors (P quality grade × cooking < 0.05), which were greater in raw LC and ST and were changed more in ST and LC steaks by cooking. The magnitude of those changes suggested that cystine, a dimer of cysteine, glucose, and glucose 6-phosphate might play more important roles in beef flavor development than previously thought. Highlights • Most water-soluble precursors of beef flavor occur more and are changed more by cooking in leaner beef. • Cystine, glucose, and glucose 6-phosphate appeared to be more important for beef flavor than originally thought. • Most non-amino acid nitrogenous organic compounds were decreased more by cooking in leaner beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated a microwave (Mw) cooking method for determining beef toughness using the Warner–Bratzler slice shear force (WBsSF) protocol. Longissimus thoracis muscles were aged for 1, 10, 19, and 28 days at 4C. They were then either cooked on a clam‐shell grill until reaching an internal temperature of 72C, in a Mw for 100 s at maximum power (Mw100) or for 140 s at 60% of maximum power (Mw60). Cooking loss and shear force (SF) values were higher in Mw samples than in grilled ones. SF assessment by grill and Mw100 were able to discriminate tenderness by aging times in the same way as the sensory panel. The SF measured in a grilled sample had higher repeatability (R = .74) and correlation with sensory scores (r = −.79) than Mw100 (R = .61; r = −.62) and Mw60 (R = .51; r = −.53). Mw100 can be considered as an appropriate alternative for the WBsSF protocol. Practical applications: Tenderness is the most important attribute for consumers. Many studies have evaluated tenderness in meat and different protocols for cooking. This work was intended to optimize and evaluate the use of the microwave as a cooking method for shear force determination, against a standard protocol and establish the correlation to sensory tenderness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study models the losses of water-soluble vitamins B3 and B6 from beef meat during cooking by convection, radiation and/or contact with a hot surface. The model takes into account both expulsion of vitamins in the juice, and their possible thermal denaturation. Heat and mass transfers are predicted based on a previous study, and thermal denaturation is calculated by a first order equation. Unknown model parameters values were determined using a first set of experiments in which meat cubes were heated in water-bath. Model predictions were then compared with vitamin losses measured on different meat cuts steam-cooked in an oven. The model predictions agree with the measured losses in the oven. The model can be extended to meat of farming animals other than beef, other muscles than those used in this study, and other water-soluble vitamins than B3 and B6, if the rate constants used to predict juice expulsion and vitamins denaturation are changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease causing severe symptoms in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. On average, worldwide, around 30% of people are seropositive. The oral transmission route is of great significance and food, particularly meat, is an important transmission vehicle for T. gondii. However, the role of different food matrices is debated.Objectives: The aim of this review was to assess the risk of humans developing acute T. gondii infection via the foodborne route.Study Eligibility Criteria: Case-control studies including acute cases of T. gondii infection were included after literature searches, without time limits, in several databases. All studies estimating the risk of acquiring T. gondii infection after consumption of specific food categories were included.Results: Three risk factors proved to be significantly associated with acute T. gondii infection in humans: consumption of raw/undercooked meat, Odds Ratio (OR) 3.44 (1.29-9.16), consumption of raw/undercooked beef, OR 2.22 (1.57-3.12), and consumption of raw/undercooked sheep meat, OR 3.85 (1.85-8.00). Consumption of raw/undercooked pork, raw eggs, and unpasteurized milk proved to be non-significant risk factors.Limitations: Limitations in the present review and meta-analysis are due to the low number of case-control studies available for analysis and the lack of a search strategy targeting gray literature.Conclusion: Consumption of raw/undercooked beef and sheep meat are important risk factors for T. gondii infection. Their consumption should be avoided in order to prevent toxoplasmosis, particularly by those in at-risk categories, including pregnant women. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO database (CRD42016043295). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cooking processes affect the physical, chemical, and structural properties of meat proteins. Cooking may also affect the protein quality of meat, as indicated by the true ileal digestibility of individual amino acids, the content of each truly digestible amino acid, and the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS).Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of the cooking process (raw, not cooked; boiled; grilled; pan-fried; roasted) of beef on true (standardized) ileal amino acid digestibility, true ileal digestible amino acid content, and DIAAS.Methods: Beef topside steak was subjected to one of the following conditions: raw, boiled, grilled, pan-fried, or roasted, followed by mincing. The growing pig was used as an animal model for the adult human. Diets containing the raw or cooked meats (10% crude protein content) were fed to growing pigs (n = 6 per diet; mean ± SEM bodyweight, 23.6 ± 0.48 kg) and samples of terminal ileal digesta were collected under anesthesia. True ileal amino acid digestibility of the beef was determined and DIAAS values were calculated.Results: There were only minor differences in true ileal amino acid digestibility across cooking conditions with all amino acids having true ileal amino acid digestibility in the range of 90-100%. In general, boiled meat had the highest true ileal digestible amino acid content (total of 724 g/kg dry matter), and roasted meat the lowest (total of 641 g/kg dry matter; P < 0.001). The DIAAS was greater (P < 0.001) for the raw, boiled, and pan-fried meat treatments (97-99%) than for roasted meat (91%) or grilled meat (80%). The high DIAAS (range 80-99%) across cooking conditions confirms that bovine meat is a high-quality protein source.Conclusion: Cooking conditions affect the true ileal digestible amino acid content and DIAAS of beef, as determined with the use of the pig model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of ohmic cooking alone and a consecutive application of ohmic and infrared cooking on lipid oxidation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in beef was investigated. In consecutive cooking, samples were first cooked ohmically at 40, 55 and 70 Volt for 7 minutes, then infrared cooking was applied to each side of ohmically cooked beef samples at 3 different temperatures (325, 375 and 425 °F) for 3 minutes. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels of the samples were found between 0.31 and 1.74 mg MDA/kg. Increasing the voltage level in ohmic cooking caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the TBARS value. In the consecutive application of ohmic and infrared cooking, infrared cooking temperature caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the TBARS value at the same voltage levels. In this study, working with 40 and 55 Volts for ohmic cooking alone and 40 V-325 °F, 40V-375 °F settings for ohmic-infrared cooking gave a generally acceptable threshold level for TBARS value (1 mg/kg). About 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in the cooked beef by ultra-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector (UPLC-FD). Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), which is the most common PAH, was detected at between 1.2514 and 1.4392 μg/kg and 4 PAH (sum of Benzo(a)pyrene, Chrysene, Benz(a)anthracene, Benz(b)fluoranthene) levels were detected at between 1.2514- 3.7844 μg/kg. The results of PAHs were reasonably below the European Commission regulation limits, which are very important and indicate that the cooking processes applied in this study are safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Semitendinosus (ST) muscle steaks were grouped according to three locations (proximal, middle, and distal end), grilled to endpoint temperature of 71C or cooked for 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 s in a microwave oven (Mw). The location did not affect (p > .05) the cooking loss (CL) or shear force (SF) values. The CL increased (p < .05) with longer microwave cooking times, but only the Mw40 samples did not differ (p > .05) from the grill samples. None of the microwaves' SF values were different (p > .05) from the grill values, with treatments Mw30 to Mw50 showing moderate repeatability (R = 0.51–0.60) and Mw30 and Mw60 showing higher correlations (r > .71) with grill values. Cooking beef strips with a microwave is a potential method for tenderness evaluation, but requires additional study to evaluate and optimize this application in different muscles and for comparison to sensorial data. Practical applications: The work was intended to evaluate the possibility of using a microwave oven for cooking meat to be used in objective measurement protocols for meat tenderness and to optimize the conditions for this purpose. The use of a standardized microwave procedure allows a dramatic reduction in analysis time and may reduce error variance due to nonuniform cooking procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grilling ground beef meat was conducted in two locations at Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan. The experiments were designed such that only particles from beef meat were isolated. A similar experimental protocol was applied at both locations. The average particle number and mass emission rates for grilling pure meat itself (excluding particles from pan and burner) were found to be 9.4 × 10 12 (SD = 7.2 × 10 12 particle min −1 and 7.6 × 10 (SD = 6.3 × 10) mg.min −1 , respectively. The PM emissions (number and mass) from the burner were found to be negligible compared to the pan and meat emissions. Ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations from the heated pan itself were comparable to those of grilled meat. However, the particle mass concentrations from the pan itself were negligible. Approximately an hour of continuous heating resulted in zero emissions from the pan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate animal performance, carcase characteristics and meat quality of young bulls and steers (CharolaisHolstein-Friesian), fattened until 15 and 18 months of age. One half of 40 young bulls were castrated at 2 or 3 weeks of age. Starting at 7 months of age, they received grass silage supplemented with concentrates. At the end of the fattening period, the animals were slaughtered, and carcase quality and the quality of meat from Musculus longissimus thoracis (MLT) were evaluated. Bulls had a higher carcase dressing percentage, and their carcases had higher lean meat content than steers. MLT from steers had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) content (by 0.89%); it was less tough, more tender and palatable. IMF from bulls had higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio than IMF extracted from steer meat. Older animals had higher carcase quality than those slaughtered at 15 months of age, and slaughtering at a later age had no negative influence on meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 172 bull carcases were studied in order to determine a relation between m. longissimus dorsi (LD) quality and EUROP grades. The carcases were of four conformation grades and three fatness grades. The quality assessment of the m. LD was performed and based on a pH measurement, colour measured with a Minolta CR-400 and marbling estimation. Based on the available research a thesis might be forwarded that both types of carcase classification: conformation and fatness are not related with the meat quality of studied carcase grades. Only share of redness and yellowness values were lower in meat of P carcase grade as well as the lowest marbling was in meat of U carcase grade. It was also stated that bull's hot carcase weight was higher as the better conformation class and as the higher fatness class. Similar relation in the rib-eye area of LD muscle of different conformation grades was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the simultaneous formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) in gas-grilled beef satay at different temperatures (150, 200, 250, 300, and 350°C). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample clean-up. Fifteen PAHs were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and nine HCAs were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with a gradient programme. The lowest significantly concentrations of PAHs and HCAs were generated at 150°C; the formation of PAHs and HCAs simultaneously increased with temperatures. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected in all samples and increased markedly at 300 and 350°C. The sums of 4 PAHs (PAH4) in marinated beef satay at 300 and 350°C exceeded the maximum level in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1125. Significant reductions of polar and non-polar HCAs (except PhIP) were found in marinated beef satay across all temperatures. Overall, PAHs and HCAs showed opposite trends of formation in beef satay with marination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This probabilistic analysis estimated daily dietary exposures of the US population to heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from meat and some varieties of bread. Mean concentrations for these foods grouped by cooking method and food form were combined with consumption data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). Mean exposure to HCA2 (PhIP + MeIQx), was 565.3 ng/day (95% CrI: 403.73, 726.88), and to PAH8 (sum of BaP, ChY, BaA, BkF, BbF, DahA, IP, and BghiP), was 634.8 ng/day (568.38, 701.15). HCA2 exposures were not significantly different between meat types, but multiple differences were found between cooking types. Exposures to PAH8 in the mean consumers differed significantly between cooking methods, and were higher for beef than poultry (mean difference: 983 ng, 95%CrI: −77.0, 4076.0) and pork (990 ng, 95%CrI: 23.7, 4061.8), but not for any other food comparisons. Tradeoffs between exposures associated with a typical portion size of potential food replacements were also examined. Differences in HCA2 and PAH8 exposure are primarily driven by the preparation method rather than the type of meat. These findings should be considered in future studies linking PAH and HCA compounds with human health impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sectioned and formed turkey breast and roast beef were manufactured with four salt concentrations (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%, meat block basis). After cooking, chilling, and slicing, samples were evaluated throughout 18 weeks of storage for various quality parameters, and microbial community changes. Microbial community changes were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the V4 region. Bacterial richness decreased over storage time ( P = .040) and as salt concentration increased ( P  = .021). Microbial communities were dominated by bacteria from family Pseudomonadaceae, regardless of treatment or storage time. Salt reduction had greater negative effects on cooking yield ( P  < .001), hardness ( P  = .006), cohesiveness ( P  = .031), and chewiness ( P  = .007) in beef samples compared to turkey. Results from this study indicate that Pseudomonas are dominant spoilage organisms found in cooked meat microbial communities during storage. Furthermore, quality aspects were more negatively affected by salt reduction in sliced roast beef compared to sliced turkey breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, beef meatballs were produced by using different percentages of quinoa flour as functional ingredient. The effects of quinoa flour levels on physicochemical, textural, sensorial properties of meatballs were examined. Quinoa level had significant effect on fat and moisture contents (p<0.0001). The protein content was improved by adding quinoa flour. Cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, redness(a*), yellowness(b*) values were significantly affected by addition of quinoa flour. According to sensorial analysis, meatball samples had high acceptability and favorable scores. Consequently, quinoa flour has high potential as gluten-free ingredient for use in meatball production in addition to nutritional value and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lack of easy-to-use hardware providing clear indications regarding both current temperature and temperature history during thermal processing. The objective of this study was to use the Maillard reaction to develop a novel time-temperature integrator/indicator (TTI) that would be able to perform these tasks during the cooking process. To this end, we comprehensively tested the Maillard reaction using various conditions to determine those under which the reaction illustrated obvious color change when temperature was held at 75 °C for 1 min, which is the recommendation of the Japanese government regarding safe meat product cooking. After adjusting various parameters related to the reaction, we managed to deduce a reaction system of d-ribose (7.0 mol/kg) and l-lysine (3.0 mol/kg) with dibasic potassium phosphate (0.5 mol/kg) satisfying the color-change criterion. The developed Maillard reaction-based TTI consisted of two transparent plastic poaches connected through a loose half-seal. Breaking the half-seal by pushing with fingers results in the mixing of the solutions and the initiation of the Maillard reaction. The TTI was tested in hamburger cooking and its color clearly changed from colorless to brown in hamburger during the 1-min hold at 75 °C, and also successfully eliminated viable 10 CFU/g Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells. The developed TTI will enable to help ensure microbiological safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the quality variation and thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in non-intact beef and veal. Coarse ground beef and veal patties (2.1 cm thick, 12.4 cm diameter, 180 g) inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, aerobically stored before double pan-broiling for 0-360 s without rest or to 55, 62.5, 71.1, and 76 °C (internal temperature) with 0.5- or 3.5-min rest. Microbial population and qualities including color, cooking losses, pH, water activity, fat, and moisture content, were tested. After cooking the beef and veal patties, the weight losses were 17.83-29%, the pH increased from 5.53-5.60 to 5.74-6.09, the moisture content decreased from 70.53-76.02% to 62.60-67.07%, and the fat content increased (p < 0.05) from 2.19-6.46% to 2.92-9.45%. Cooking beef and veal samples with increasing internal temperatures decreased a* and b* values and increased the L* value. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was more sensitive to heat in veal compared to beef with shorter D-value and "shoulder"time. Cooking to 71.1 and 76 °C reduced E. coli O157:H7 by >6 log CFU/g regardless of rest time. Cooking to 55 °C and 62.5 °C with a 3.5-min rest achieved an additional 1-3 log CFU/g reduction compared to the 0.5-min rest. Results should be useful for developing risk assessment of non-intact beef and veal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Pressure Processing (HPP), a non-thermal microbial inactivation technology, can be potentially used as hurdle during processing while enhancing the taste and nutrition of muscle foods. In this study, the effect of HPP treatment on safety and quality of beef steak intended for sous vide cooking was determined. Beef steaks were inoculated with E. coli 0157:H7 via pin pad and then seared, vacuum packaged, and subjected to HPP. HPP treatment at 450 MPa for 15 min resulted in reductions of 4.74 log CFU/g in E. coli . At 600 MPa, E. coli levels saw reductions of 6.13 log CFU/g, after 10 min. HPP can achieve microbial reductions of E. coli exceeding the 5-log definition of pasteurization, allowing the potential for the creation of convenience products with reduced potential risk in home sous vides cooking. HPP treatment at 450 MPa and 600 MPa did not significantly change the properties of most seared beef steaks in term of pH, water activity, moisture content, expressible moisture. Additionally, while the degree of lipid oxidation (via TBARs) decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) in Post-HPP samples after sous vide cooking for 2 h, there was not significant difference among pressure treatment ( p > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of kinetic models is an evolving approach to describing quality changes in foods during processes, including storage. Previous studies indicate that the oxidation rate of myoglobin is accelerated under frozen storage conditions, a phenomenon termed reverse stability. The goal of this study was to develop a model for meat pigment oxidation to incorporate the phenomenon of reverse stability. In this investigation, the model system was an aqueous extract from beef which was stored under a range of temperatures, both unfrozen and frozen. The kinetic analysis showed that in unfrozen solutions, the temperature dependence of oxidation rate followed Arrhenius kinetics. However, under in frozen solutions the rate of oxidation increased with decreasing temperature until reaching a local maximum around −20 °C. The addition of NaCl to the model system increased oxidation rates at all temperatures, even above the initial freezing temperature. This observation suggests that this reaction is dependent on the ionic strength of the solution as well as temperature. The mechanism of this deviant kinetic behavior is not fully understood, but this study shows that the interplay of temperature and composition on the rate of oxidation of meat pigments is complicated and may involve multiple mechanisms. Practical Application A better understanding of the kinetics of quality loss in a meat system allows for a re-examination of the current recommendations for frozen storage. The deviant kinetic behavior observed in this study indicates that the relationship between quality loss and temperature in a frozen food is not as simple as once thought. Product-specific recommendations could be implemented in the future that would allow for a decrease in energy consumption without a significant loss of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freshness of meat products during storage has received unprecedented attention. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique to determine the freshness state of cooked beef during storage and identify the contaminated areas on the surface of spoiled samples. Hyperspectral images of cooked beef were acquired in the wavelength range of 400-1000 nm and the freshness state of all samples was divided into three classes (freshness, medium freshness, and spoilage) using the measured total viable count (TVC) of bacteria. Fifteen feature spectra variables were extracted by random frog (RF); based on this, six optimal wavelength variables were further selected by correlation analysis (CA). Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) classification models were established using different spectral variables. The results indicated that the performance of the RF-CA-LS-SVM classification model with a high overall classification accuracy of 97.14%, the results of sensitivity and specificity in the range of 0.92-1, and the κ coefficient of 0.9575 in the prediction set were obviously superior to other models. Spoiled samples were further obtained using a RF-CA-LS-SVM model, and then six feature images were extracted and further fused by principal component analysis (PCA). A PC3 image was used to segment successfully the contaminated areas from normal areas of cooked beef images using the Otsu threshold algorithm. The results demonstrated that HSI has great potential in classifying the freshness of cooked beef and identifying the contaminated areas. This current study provides a foundational basis for the classification and grading of meat production in further online detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some foodservice establishments, seeking to reduce cooking time and labor costs, have installed rapid-cook ovens. Food quality using these ovens, however, is still questionable compared to conventional preparation methods. This research compared precooked hamburger patties heated in a rapid-cook oven against raw hamburger patties prepared on a conventional grill. Secondarily, thawed precooked patties were compared to frozen precooked patties, both in the rapid-cook oven. Sensory panels were employed for both phases. The results indicate (a) preparing precooked hamburgers in a rapid-cook oven has no significantly different consumer acceptance ratings compared to raw hamburgers on a conventional grill, and (b) thawed hamburgers are more likely to be accepted than frozen in the rapid-cook oven. These findings may help foodservice practitioners prepare more acceptable products more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project investigated the use of integrating mushrooms into beef taco filling as a means to reduce overall sodium for food service applications. Initial product development used physical characterization analysis (moisture, yield, color, and texture) to determine initial threshold of mushroom inclusion with minimal differences against an all-meat control. Increasing mushroom inclusion increased moisture and yield before draining but decreased yield after draining, lightness, redness, and texture. Results showed that inclusion under 50% by weight minimized physical attribute deviation from an all-meat control. Additional physical analysis investigated a variety of other factors (mushroom type, blanching, and particle size) to determine if other attributing mushroom characteristics would yield statistical similarity to the all-meat control. Results showed that a formulation containing up to 45% mushrooms can be integrated into beef fillings using un-blanched, white button mushrooms with small grind (1 to 5 mm), which maximized mushroom usage while minimizing differences from the all-meat control. Additional sodium analysis showed that varying salt level in formulations did not affect physical characteristics and mushroom inclusion could not significantly reduce overall sodium level. Optimized mushroom samples were then fielded in a hedonic sensory study to untrained consumers to evaluate product liking attributes (overall liking, aroma, color, flavor, juiciness, saltiness, and texture). Samples with overall liking scores that closely matched the control were then fielded in a paired-preference test to determine acceptance. Consumers preferred a 45% mushroom with reduced sodium taco filling compared to its full sodium counterpart in a food service fielded paired-preference sensory test. Practical Application Although diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, American consumers continue to eat detrimental diets high in fat and sodium. Products need to be made that decrease fat and sodium intake while still delivering acceptable taste. Mushroom substitution into meat-based products can be a strategy to develop products that can decrease fat and sodium consumption while increasing vegetable intake without compromising the quality and taste consumers demand. This research shows how consumers can accept meat-based products containing mushrooms with potential for direct food service application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]