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Introduction: Valvular heart diseases (VHD) are becoming a significant problem in the Polish population. Coexistence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with VHD increases the risk of death and affects further therapeutic strategy. Aim: Analysis impact of CKD on long-term prognosis in patients with VHD. Material and methods: The inclusion criteria were met by 1025 patients with moderate and severe VHD. Mean observation time was 2528 ± 1454 days. Results: The average age of the studied population was 66.75 (SD = 10.34), male gender was dominant 56% (N = 579). Severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS) occurred in 28.2%, severe mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) in 20%. CKD occurred in 37.1% (N = 380) patients mostly with mitral stenosis (50%, N = 16) and those with severe MVI (44.8%, N = 94). During the observational period, 52.7% (N = 540) deaths were noted. Increased risk of mortality was associated mostly with age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.03, p < 0.001), creatinine (OR:1.27, 95% CI: 1.12–1.43, p < 0.001), CKD (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.17–1.44, p < 0.001), reduced ejection fraction (EF) (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99, p = 0.01) and coexisting of AVS (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04–1.35, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Mitral valve defects more often than aortic valve defects coexist with chronic kidney disease. Regardless of the stage, chronic kidney disease is an additional factor affecting the prognosis in patients with heart defects. Factors increasing the risk of death were age, creatinine concentration and reduced EF. The monitoring of renal function in patients with VHD should be crucial as well as the implementation of treatment at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Valvular heart diseases (VHD) are a significant problem in the Polish population. Coexistence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with VHD increases the risk of death and affects the further therapeutic strategy. Aim: Analysis of atherosclerotic plaque burden distribution in coronary arteries and long-term prognosis among patients with VHD. Material and methods: Inclusion criteria were met by 1025 patients with moderate and severe VHD. Mean observation time was 2528 ±1454 days. Results: Severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS) occurred in 28.2%, severe mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) in 20%. CAD with severe angiographic stenoses was noted in 42.3% (n = 434). Among patients with severe MVI, CAD was noted in 47.1% of cases, and prior acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in 27.1% of patients (n = 58). In severe AVS patients, significant angiographic atherosclerotic changes were observed in 29.6% (n = 86), and prior ACS in 7.6% (n = 22) of patients. During the observation 52.7% of patients died, including 62.9% of patients with severe MVI and 51.6% of those with severe AVS. Age (OR = 1.038; 95% CI: 1.005-1.072; p = 0.022) and coexisting aortic valve insufficiency (AVI) (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 5.370-11.065, p = 0.035) increased the mortality rate. Conclusions: Severe AVS is starting to be the most prevalent VHD. CAD is one of the most significant factors deteriorating prognosis of patients with VHD. AVI and age were significant risk factors for mortality. The worst prognosis was observed in severe MVI, which may result from more frequent occurrence of CAD in this group. A lesser burden of CAD and ACS in the group of patients with severe AVS did not affect survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) often coexist. Although a fully percutaneous treatment for the two conditions, by means of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) followed by MitraClip, can be appealing in selected high-risk candidates, critical and strategical reasoning should be applied. In a 3-year period we have developed a single-centre experience of 14 patients who were managed with a staged percutaneous approach to treat severe AVS and MVR. The average interval from TAVI to MitraClip repair was 101 ± 12 days. Success for TAVI was 100% and 92.9% (13/14) for MitraClip. At late follow-up, 3 patients developed MVR 3+. Estimated 1-year survival was 66.5%. Freedom from 1-year endpoint (death, stroke, major bleeding, myocardial infarction, and cardiac re-hospitalisation) was 57.9%. In our view, a fully transcatheter approach for mitro-aortic pathology is feasible and should be performed only as a staged procedure in those patients that remain symptomatic, in spite of successful TAVI. It should be emphasised that although the periprocedural success rate is satisfactory, follow-up mortality and re-hospitalisation rates remain high, even at mid-term follow-up. This most probably results from the advanced clinical picture at time of referral for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of valvular heart disease is increasing as the population ages. In diagnosing individuals with valve disease, echocardiography is the primary imaging modality used by clinicians both for initial assessment and for longitudinal evaluation. However, in some cases cardiovascular magnetic resonance has become a viable alternative in that it can obtain imaging data in any plane prescribed by the scan operator, which makes it ideal for accurate investigation of all cardiac valves: aortic, mitral, pulmonic, and tricuspid. In addition, CMR for valve assessment is noninvasive, free of ionizing radiation, and in most instances does not require contrast administration. The objectives of a comprehensive CMR study for evaluating valvular heart disease are threefold: (1) to provide insight into the mechanism of the valvular lesion (via anatomic assessment), (2) to quantify the severity of the valvular lesion, and (3) to discern the consequences of the valvular lesion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderly women are at risk for aortic and mitral valve disease that may be challenging to manage because of co-morbidities. Many reports focus on the evaluation and management of elderly patients, but only limited information that is directed specifically at women is available. Until more research can be completed, current guidelines offer updated recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of significant valvular lesions. On-line and point-based risk assessment instruments are valuable tools for guiding treatment decisions in individual patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusions have been shown to be associated with considerable risks. While their efficiency in many clinical situations has not been proven, the number of studies finding adverse outcomes in terms of morbidity (e.g. postoperative infections) and mortality continues to rise. In view of these facts, physicians involved in transfusion medicine have to be as restrictive as possible with RBC transfusions. Only a thorough knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of oxygen transport can be a solid base for meaningful transfusion decisions. Therefore, the goal of this article is to review the basics of oxygen transport and normovolaemic anaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Auscultation of patients with mitral annular calcification on echocardiography revealed a particular constellation of findings.Objective: To test the hypothesis that a particular auscultatory constellation provides a high degree of certainty in diagnosing the combination of mitral annular calcification and aortic sclerosis so often found in the elderly.Methods: Two groups of patients were studied to evaluate the particular auscultatory constellation under consideration which consisted of: (1) a harsh ejection systolic murmur heard from the 2nd right interspace to the cardiac apex and usually loudest between the 3rd left interspace and the apex; (2) the murmur radiates from the apex towards the left axilla and radiates poorly or not at all from the 2nd right interspace to the neck, and (3) the 2nd heart sound at the cardiac base is normal in intensity, and no ejection clicks are present. Group 1 consisted of patients with mitral annular calcification on echocardiographic examination, and group 2 consisted of patients in whom the particular constellation of auscultatory findings was present and who were then referred for echocardiographic assessment.Results: The particular auscultatory constellation under investigation allowed the diagnosis of the presence of the combination of mitral annular calcification and aortic sclerosis with substantial accuracy.Conclusion: The findings in this exploratory study suggest that the pathologic combination of mitral annular calcification and aortic sclerosis can be diagnosed with a reasonably high degree of certainty in elderly patients, if the particular auscultatory configuration is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]