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У статті розглянуто іронію й сарказм, що широко представлені в британському суспільстві, однак лінгвістичні й екстралінгвістичні знання про ці мовленнєві засоби недостатньо досліджено в антропозорієнтованій лінгвістиці. Розкрито питання про оцінні мовні засоби, до яких належать іронія й сарказм, що набуває особливої значимості і має потребу в вивченні з лінгвокультурологічної позиції. Ключові слова: іронія, сарказм, мовленнєві засоби, лінгвокультурологія, екстралінгвістичні фактори. В статье рассматривается ирония и сарказм, широко представленные в британском обществе, однако лингвистические и экралингвистические знания о данных языковых средствах недостаточно исследовано в антропоориентированной лингвистике. Раскрыт вопрос об оценочных языковых средствах, к которым принадлежит ирония и сарказм, что приобретает особой значимости и имеет потребность в изучении с лингвокультурологической позиции. Ключевые слова: ирония, сарказм, языковые средства, лингвокультурология, экстралингвистические факторы. The article looks into the irony and sarcasm broadly represented in the British society, nevertheless linguistic and extralinguistic studies about these language means are not deeply examined in the anthropological linguistics. Thus, questions about evaluative language means, including irony and sarcasm, acquire a special significance and need for a lingvoculturological study. Key words: irony, sarcasm, language means, lingvoculturology, extralingual factors.

This paper discusses the expression of kinship in Paluai (Baluan-Pam, ISO 639-3: blq), an Oceanic language spoken on Baluan Island, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Based on data gathered during extensive fieldwork, the authors first consider the formal characteristics of nominal possessive constructions that are relevant to the kinship system. Subsequently, the set of consanguineal and affinal kinship terms is presented, followed by a detailed discussion of social organization on Baluan Island and the role of the kinship system therein, and how this may fit in with the different forms of nominal possession that various terms can take. All kin terms except four (pên ‘daughter’, pwai ‘cousin’, kauwat ‘in-law’ and polam ‘in-law’) can only enter in direct possessive constructions. The final part of the paper is dedicated to the use of kinship terms in a changing cultural context, including the use of birth order terms,which are a relatively rare phenomenon, and the partial replacement of the system by terms from the creole language Tok Pisin. This paper discusses the expression of kinship in Paluai (Baluan-Pam, ISO 639-3: blq), an Oceanic language spoken on Baluan Island, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Based on data gathered during extensive fieldwork, the authors first consider the formal characteristics of nominal possessive constructions that are relevant to the kinship system. Subsequently, the set of consanguineal and affinal kinship terms is presented, followed by a detailed discussion of social organization on Baluan Island and the role of the kinship system therein, and how this may fit in with the different forms of nominal possession that various terms can take. All kin terms except four (pên ‘daughter’, pwai ‘cousin’, kauwat ‘in-law’, and polam ‘inlaw’) can only enter into direct possessive constructions. The final part of the paper is dedicated to the use of kinship terms in a changing cultural context, including the use of birth order terms, which are a relatively rare phenomenon, and the partial replacement of the system by terms from the creole language Tok Pisin.

Transition to the new anthropological paradigm that took place in science at the turn of the 21st century encouraged the formation and development of a number of humanitarian disciplines in one way or another combining the two systems - language and culture. The article describes the types of language and culture interaction within sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, linguistic and cultural studies, cultural linguistics. In order to describe the language and culture interaction as a complex problem, there was allocated a special unit that combines both phenomena - language and culture. The article deals with the interrelation of concept and word, concept and meaning, concept and notion, as well as the question of the approaches to the expression of concept in language.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Poveda, David. Literacy artifacts and the semiotic landscape of a Spanish secondary school. Reading Research Quarterly 47.1 (2012): 61-88, which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.010. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., In this article, I examine literacy artifacts placed by students in different locations of a state-run secondary school in the city of Madrid, Spain. The data were gathered as part of a two-year long multilevel ethnography focused on the social and academic trajectories of immigrant students in Spanish compulsory secondary education. The analysis draws from concepts developed in semiotics, linguistic anthropology, literacy studies, and social geography. Two broad types of literacy artifacts configured the school’s semiotic landscape: political texts and graffiti. In turn, these artifacts were tied to two youth expressive styles present in the school: left-wing anarkas and Latino reggaetoneros. Students associated with these expressive styles tended to have different ethnic backgrounds and followed different socioacademic trajectories: anarkas tended to be of Spanish origin and often moved on to preuniversity education while reggaetoneros were predominantly Latin American and were geared towards vocational/remedial forms of secondary education. Drawing from concepts in social geography, the analysis suggests that anarka texts occupied official spaces in the school and were construed as “in place” while reggaetonero artifacts occupied unofficial spaces and were construed as “out of place.” I argue that this distribution, along side other institutional practices and discourses, contributed to the construction of Latin American origin immigrant students’ less favorable academic trajectories.

In this article I suggest that the rapidly growing interest in the intersection of linguistic anthropology and media needs to be accompanied by a deeper investigation of the mediality of language. Discussing Mauritian Muslims’ uses of sound reproduction in religious events revolving around the recitation of devotional poetry, this paper explores how language as a medium converges and interacts with media technologies of other kinds. I suggest that the oscillation between a foregrounding of the medium and its phenomenological withdrawal characterizes the functioning of both linguistic mediation and other media technologies and provides a comparative dimension to examine their interplay.

The contact between the Shona and immigrants from Malawi dates back to more than six decades ago. Throughout this period, the ethnic relations of the two groups have been represented in fiction, drama and popular music as antagonistic. However, very little has been said about how these two ethnic groups express their attitudes towards each other through language, in particular, the names or labels that they use. This paper argues that the relations of the two groups have been largely antagonistic and are covertly or overtly reflected in the language that members of the groups use to refer or to name or label each other. This article demonstrates that names or labels both groups use to contemptuously refer to or name (insult) each other derive from the socio-cultural and historical context. These names or labels reflect the groups’ disapproval of and stereotypical attitudes towards each other.

This paper argues that in addition to the familiar approach using formal contexts, there is now a need in artificial intelligence to study contexts as social constructs. As a successful example of the latter approach, I draw attention to 'interpretation' (in the sense of literary theory), viz. the reconstruction of the intended meaning of a literary text that takes into account the context in which the author assumed the reader would place the text. An important contribution here comes from Wendell Harris, enumerating the seven crucial dimensions of context: knowledge of reality, knowledge of language, and the authorial, generic, collective, specific, and textual dimensions. Finally, two recent approaches to interpretation, due to Jon Barwise and Jerry Hobbs, are analyzed as useful attempts which also come to grips with the notion of context. It must be noted that there has been a considerable body of contributions connecting linguistic structure with social context. For example, anthropological linguistics, from Bronislaw Malinowski onwards, has underlined the cultural context of discourse as essential to meaning. This viewpoint became prominent with the emergence of the ethnography of speaking in anthropology. Thus, conversation analysis represents a consistent formal effort to contribute to an analysis of the nature of context. While this paper emphasizes and reviews the literary theory approach, it makes various contacts with works of the latter kind (e.g., the landmark contributions of Erving Goffman, John Gumperz, William Hanks, John Heritage, Dell Hymes, et al.) in order to deliver a more balanced and complete study of the dimensions of context. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.