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This study was designed to identify new factors which may contribute to angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor (ACEI)-induced angioedema.In a retrospective cohort study we examined 25 patients who used an ACEI and presented at our emergency room with acute angioedema as well as 18 patients with unknown cause of angioedema and a total of 21 patients on ACEI-therapy without previous angioedema. We measured markers of inflammation such as acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen), leukocyte count and body temperature.The mean interval between initiation of ACEI treatment and first manifestation of angioedema was 35.8 ± 5.3 months. During symptomatic angioedema, mean plasma levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen were significantly increased by 7.3-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, while leukocyte count and body temperature were normal. These changes disappeared after successful treatment of angioedema and were not found in patients with angioedema of unknown cause and those receiving ACEI without having experienced angioedema.Our findings demonstrate for the first time that ACEI-induced angioedema is associated with strongly increased plasma levels of CRP. We suggest that CRP is involved in the pathophysiology of ACEI-induced angioedema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The For Angioedema Subcutaneous Treatment ( FAST)-2, a phase III, double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00500656), established the efficacy and safety of single injections of icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, in the treatment of hereditary angioedema ( HAE) attacks. Here, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of repeated treatment with icatibant in adult patients experiencing HAE attacks during the FAST-2 open-label extension ( OLE) phase. Methods Patients completing the controlled phase were eligible to participate in the OLE phase and receive open-label icatibant (30 mg subcutaneously) for the treatment of cutaneous, abdominal, and/or laryngeal HAE attack(s) severe enough to warrant treatment. Time to onset of symptom relief was calculated for each attack. Descriptive analyses (median, 95% CIs) were performed for all attacks; post hoc analyses were conducted in patients with at least five icatibant-treated attacks throughout the FAST-2 OLE phase. Safety was also monitored. Results Fifty-four patients received icatibant for 374 attacks (176 cutaneous, 168 abdominal, and 30 laryngeal). For cutaneous and/or abdominal attacks (attacks 2-5), the median times to onset of symptom relief ranged between 2.0 and 2.5 h. For all laryngeal attacks, the median times to regression (start of improvement) of symptoms ranged between 0.3 and 4.0 h. Post hoc analyses showed that the overall median time to onset of symptom relief was 2.0 h. Overall, 89.8% of attacks resolved with a single icatibant injection. No drug-related serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions These findings have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of repeated icatibant treatment for HAE attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last years, two new cardiovascular drug classes, namely inhibitors of DPP IV or neprilysin, have been developed. In both cases, there is clinical evidence for their potential to induce angioedema as known already from blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS). The majority of angioedema induced by DPP IV inhibitors occurs during concomitant treatment with ACEi and is therefore likely mediated by overactivation of bradykinin type 2 receptors (B2). In striking contrast, the molecular pathways causing angioedema induced by neprilysin inhibitors, that is, sacubitril, are unclear, although a contribution of bradykinin appears likely. Nevertheless, there is no clinical evidence suggesting that inhibition of B2 might relieve the symptoms and/or prevent invasive treatment including coniotomy or tracheotomy in angioedema caused by these drugs. Therefore, the risk of angioedema should always be considered, especially in ambulatory care situations where patients have no rapid access to intensive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angioedema is an underestimated clinical problem. Many cases are nonallergic reactions, e.g. bradykinin-induced angioedema caused by genetic defects and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. This difference is crucial for successful therapy, in particular when complete emergency care is not available. Five important forms of nonallergic angioedema can be distinguished: hereditary (HAE), acquired (AAE), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-blocker-induced (RAE), pseudoallergic angioedema (PAE) and idiopathic angioedema (IAE). Some angioedema are present in the larynx and may cause death. A vast majority of nonallergic angioedema are RAE, particularly those caused by ACE inhibitors. It appears important to emphasize that in patients with complete intolerance to RAAS-blockers, cessation of RAAS-blockers is likely to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Currently, there is no published algorithm for diagnosis and treatment. Angioedema is usually treated by a conservative clinical approach using artificial ventilation, glucocorticoids and antihistamines. Today, a plasma pool C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) concentrate is the therapy of choice in HAE. The current pharmacotherapy of nonallergic angioedema is not satisfactory, thus requiring the identification of effective agents in clinical trials. Recently, several new drugs were developed: a recombinant C1-INH, a kallikrein inhibitor (ecallantide) and a specific bradykinin-B2-receptor antagonist (icatibant). According to currently available reports, these drugs may improve the treatment of kinin-induced angioedema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features icatibant in the pharmacotheraphy of acute hereditary angioedema (HAE). Icatibant is a selective bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist, effective in treating HAE. Acute attacks of HAE are often treated with oral tranexamic acid and administered by C1-esterase inhibitor. Information on a patient with HAE type 1, experienced several recurrent angiodema attacks and treated with icatibant is provided.