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El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los componentes de producción de albahaca producida con tres tipos de solución nutritiva orgánica en invernadero, con el fin de establecer un esquema de producción en una región árida de México como la Comarca Lagunera. Tres soluciones nutritivas orgánicas fueron evaluadas: lixiviado de vermicomposta (LV), solución de composta (SC) y solución de vermicomposta (SV). Una solución química (SQ) fue utilizada como control; así como dos tipos de sustratos uno arena (A) y una mezcla de perlita-arena (PA) en relación porcentual 80:20, respectivamente. El diseño experimental fue un factorial 2 × 4 en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables respuesta fueron: contenido relativo de clorofila (SPAD), altura de planta (AP), número de hojas (NH), área foliar (AF), rendimiento (R), materia seca (MS) y compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT). Los resultados indican, una diferencia significativa entre AP, AF y CFT. Las diferentes soluciones nutritivas orgánicas tuvieron efecto sobre AP, NH, AF, R y CFT; de tal manera que la SQ produjo plantas con mayor altura (73 cm), NH (89 hojas, promedio) y AF (1259 cm2, promedio) seguida por la SC y SV. El LV presentó el mayor R (79 g). La producción de CFT fue favorecida por SV (6.4 mg AG equiv/g BS), en cambio la SQ tuvo la menor cantidad (4.6 mg AG equiv / g BS) aunque este tratamiento mostró el mayor contenido de MS (12 g). Por último, las interacciones mostraron diferencia altamente significativa sobre AP, NH, AF y CFT. Se concluye que la albahaca orgánica en invernadero es un cultivo con potencial productivo en la Comarca Lagunera bajo condiciones de invernadero.

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a relação da evapotranspiração máxima (ETm) da cultura de pimentão por unidade de índice de área foliar (ETmf) com a radiação solar global incidente (Rg e) e saldo de radiação (Rn e), externos à estufa, e com a temperatura (t am), umidade relativa (URm) e déficit de saturação (D) do ar no interior da estufa. A ETm foi determinada por lisimetria. Apenas a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram registradas e as demais variáveis foram estimadas. O Rn e apresentou o maior efeito isolado, seguido pelo D e pela URm. A temperatura do ar às 15 horas e a temperatura máxima diária foram as variáveis pontuais de maior associação com a ETmf. A Rg e melhorou sua relação quando analisada em diferentes faixas de t am. Os resultados confirmaram o Rn e e o D como as variáveis meteorológicas de maior efeito preditivo da evapotranspiração das culturas em estufas plásticas no outono, porém com graus diferenciados de ajuste para o pimentão em relação às outras culturas.

Sustainable development has become an essential criterion for structural policies of the European Union, and these policies have extended its environmental dimensions. The EU has decided that circular economy will be framed within the principles of sustainable development. Thus, the changes brought forth will affect activities like agriculture, where environmental policy can undermine the stability of agricultural systems by reducing their profitability. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the implementation of these techniques impacted the southeastern peninsula of Spain, a farming region that supports the sovereignty and food security of the European Union in terms of fruit and vegetable products. The production techniques evaluated can increase production costs by up to 5.5%, although there are no significant differences in crop profitability. It is necessary to guarantee that all producers can access the incentive system to reduce their economic pressure, due in many cases to financial losses. In this regard, it is necessary to establish a specific green architecture for this subsector that factors in the effects of inflation to balance the triple aspect of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural systems must identify fertilization strategies in line with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy to achieve environmentally friendly food production and to meet the fertilizer-reduction targets set by some territories, such as the European Union (EU). The objective of this work was to identify the multifunctionality and cost-effectiveness in the use of the biodisinfection technique in greenhouse horticultural crops. For this purpose, a cost comparison of the different cultivation strategies was conducted, based on a systematic review of the existing literature. The results of this work suggest that the biodisinfection of soil containing agricultural biomass serves as a fertilization strategy that allows a reduction in a large part of inorganic fertilizers in protected horticultural crops of intensive nature, in addition to mitigating the expression of soil pathogens. Reducing the use of fertilizers and phytosanitary products, management fees, and important means of production, such as water, allows a reduction of up 6.1% in production costs. The biodisinfection technique is a methodology that can promote circularity in farms while favoring the use of waste, such as agricultural biomass, which can damage the environment when not properly treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Waste disposal is an activity that pollutes the environment. The European Union has developed different legislative measures which are based on the circular economy (CE) to avoid this negative externality. The management of agricultural packaging (fertilizers and phytosanitary products) is carried out through Collective Deposit, Return, and Refund Systems (CDRRS). New regulations on waste tax the consumption of non-recyclable plastic in packaging, but also reward the use of plastic by-products from packaging. The administrations recommend using biodegradable plastic in the means of production, as well as establishing a traceability system (TS) to control the proper management of all the generated waste. The proposed measures can affect producer cost accounts. This work aimed to identify and evaluate the existing agricultural packaging management system in Spain. It also studied the influence of the price of a barrel of oil, crop surface, irrigation regime, and the type of subsectors on CDRRS, and quantified the impact of the latest fiscal measures and initiatives proposed by Spanish administrations. Results: The generation of agricultural packaging is influenced by variables including the cultivated area, irrigation regime, and agricultural subsector. The price of a barrel of oil directly influences the current by-product utilization system. Using biodegradable plastic or implementing a TS can increase production costs by up to 9.80%. The current system of subsidies to producers can soften the economic impact caused by the additional cost of biodegradable plastic (4.03%), but no subsidies have been foreseen to encourage the use of environmentally friendly alternatives. Conclusions: Findings indicate that public administrations should be guided by the specific characteristics of the different agricultural systems when defining regulations on agricultural waste management. The fixed rate in the current system of subsidies for using plastic by-products obtained from packaging should be substituted for a variable rate. Transferring powers to autonomous communities to define by-products may lead to heterogeneity in the Spanish territory. New measures derived from the recent environmental agreements to comply with the 2030 Agenda will increase production costs even after considering the current aid scheme. The subsidy coefficient should be increased to 80% of the purchase invoice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to update the presence of species of mirid predators and their impact on solanaceous crops of interest, samples were taken from tomato and tobacco in open fields and from tomato in covered crops of selected locations of Mayabeque and Las Tunas Provinces every seven days. In each sampling, mirid specimens were counted and collected for their subsequent identification and determination of incidence. The results showed the presence of the species Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter, Macrolophus praeclarus (Distant) and Cyrtopeltis = Engyatus varians (Distant). The mirids were present in most samples taken in tomato and tobacco, while the incidence remained over 40% in both crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moléstias podem atacar severamente hortaliças cultivadas em cultivos protegidos e, para o manejo integrado dessas moléstias, o conhecimento das condições climáticas que favorecem sua incidência nesses cultivos é fundamental. O trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar as moléstias em tomateiro cultivado em estufas plásticas em quatro municípios na região central do Rio Grande do Sul e as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa (UR) do ar nas quais elas ocorrem. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de São Pedro do Sul, São Sepé, Ivorá e Santa Maria (RS), no período de março a outubro de 1998. A temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram medidas diariamente com um psicrômetro. As moléstias observadas e sua incidência máxima foram: requeima (Phytophthora infestans): 100,0%, pinta-preta (Alternaria solani): 98,1%, mofo cinzento (Botrytis cinerea): 55,4%, cladosporiose (Cladosporuim fulvum): 48,9%, septoriose (Septoria lycopersici): 37,5%, talo-oco (Erwinia spp.): 33,0%, murcha de fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici): 8,4% e podridão de esclerotínia (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum): 1,3%. Valores de UR superiores a 80%, de maneira geral, aumentaram a incidência das moléstias, em sua maioria de origem fúngica. A incidência de moléstias varia entre municípios de uma mesma região climática de acordo com os fatores meteorológicos e práticas de manejo da cultura.

The south of the green belt of Buenos Aires is one of the most important producers of fresh vegetables in the province. Only few of the horticultural farmers receive professional agronomic advice. For this reason, an excess of supplies are being used, irrigation water quality is unknown and soils are not analyzed. The aim of this work was to evaluate chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of soils from Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires Argentina, which have not been cultivated for over 20 years (NC), under open-Fields Cultivation systems (FC) and under Greenhouses Cultivation systems (GC). The variables analyzed were: pH in water (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Extractable Phosphorus (EP), Total Oxidizable Carbon (TOC), Oxidizable Carbon associated to Mineral fraction (MOC) and Particulate Oxidizable Carbon (POC). The results showed excess of EP, high pH and loss of oxidizable carbon for FC and GC with respect to NC. Furthermore, an incipient salinity was found in GC. Under FC, EC and TN were lower than GC, probably associated with leaching due to rain. Overfertilization is common in horticultural farming in the green belt, where the worst-case scenario is represented by phosphorus due to its low mobility and high residuality. The problems detected show the need for chemical analysis on soils and irrigation water. This will avoid imbalances due to overfertilization and the use of unsuitable water, thereby preventing soil degradation and aquifer contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]