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Background: Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is a serious biotic constraint for chickpea production in Rajasthan. For the management of soil borne disease like dry root rot of chickpea, by using fungicides alone is not feasible due to environmental and health hazards. Hence integrated management of the disease by using bio-agents and fungicides is the best alternative. Therefore, in the present investigation, our main emphasis was to identify best fungicide and bio-agent for management of dry root rot in chickpea. Methods: Eight fungicides and four bio-agents were evaluated against dry root rot pathogen (M. phaseolina) in lab as well as in field condition. The experiment was conducted at instructional farm, COA, SKRAU, Bikaner during Rabi-2019 on most popular cv. GNG-1581 in RBD design with the application of seed treatment and soil application of different bio-agents and fungicides at different concentrations against dry root rot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the fungicides used in the present investigation, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among all the bio-agents, T. harzianum was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Under field condition, tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% WG as seed treatment @ 1.5 g/kg along with T. harzianum @ 10 kg/ha as soil application gave maximum (83.76 %) disease control with highest pod yield (19.5 q/ha) and net return (Rs 39,826/ha). These treatments can provide an effective and economical management of dry root rot disease for chickpea cultivators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying organic amendments and bioagents is considered an ecofriendly practice to promote soil fertility and suppressiveness against many pathogens. This study determined the suppressiveness of seven different organic amendments and four bioagents against the cumin wilt disease at the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Agriculture University Jodhpur) in the years 2020-2021. Among them, the lowest incidence was recorded in mustard cake (27.11%), neem cake (29.37%), groundnut cake (29.96%), and sesame cake (31.81%). Disease incidence was higher in other amendment applications like castor cake (33.21%) and cotton cake (33.14%). However, the disease incidence was much higher in controls (64.11%). Among bioagent treatments in vitro, Trichoderma harzianum (78.25%) and Trichoderma viride (72.69%) were the best at inhibiting the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. spp. cumini compared to the treatment of Bacillus subtilis (55.34%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There has been an observable trend towards developing medical competency frameworks across the globe. These competency frameworks are intended to improve societal trust in the medical education system in developing appropriately competent medical practitioners. A framework developed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons; Canada has been widely accepted by several institutions across the world. Medical Council of India has also published a similar framework of medical competencies. Most of these frameworks does not consider ancient Indian frameworks which have existed for several thousand years. Current paper examines the medical competency frameworks from ancient India and compares it with current frameworks. Method: A review of literature available in reputable libraries and online on the medical competency framework from ancient India has been attempted. Key words including 'competency framework, medical framework, ancient India and fully equipped physician' were used. Results: A medical competency framework was written and implemented more than two thousand years ago. The framework identified key competencies including: Medical expertise, Communication skills, Scholar, Health advocacy and Professionalism. This framework was used for medical practitioners at the time and used during the training and subsequent medical practice. Conclusion: There is striking similarity between ancient Indian and current model of competency framework. Teachings and wisdom from ancient India can prove invaluable while developing future medical competency frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a versatile cereal crop grown for food, feed and forages. It is affected by several diseases. Among them the bajra blast caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. has become a serious threat to pearl millet grain and fodder production from last 8-10 years. In the present study, efficacy of nine fungicides was evaluated in vitro at three different concentrations (1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) at Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Agricultural University, Jodhpur in 2020-21. Among all, tricyclazole, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% and tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% at all the concentrations completely inhibited the mycelial growth (100%) over control and were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Fungicide carbendazim was the second best with (99,100 and 100% inhibition) at 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations, respectively followed by tricyclozole18%+ mancozeb 62% with (95, 97 and 100% inhibition) at 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations, respectively. While chlorothalonil fungicide was the least effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth (46, 48 and 51%) at 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of resistant varieties is a classical approach to prevent the catastrophic losses caused by pearl millet blast with reduction in the cost of production and increased yield. Therefore, a study was conducted during the kharif 2020 at collage farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur to identify resistance sources against blast disease in pearl millet crop. Thirty-one pearl millet hybrids along with one susceptible check were screened against blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea under field condition. Among them 24 hybrids showed 12-33% disease severity with disease rating scale 2-3 were considered moderately resistant. Four hybrids showed 34-55% disease severity and disease rating scale 4-5 were considered moderately susceptible. Three hybrids showed 56-77% disease severity with disease rating scale 6-7 and therefore were considered susceptible and one hybrid showed >78% disease severity with disease rating scale 8-9 was considered highly susceptible. None of the cultivars showed highly resistant and resistant reaction under field condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking and chewing tobacco carry significant risks for the development of oral cancer and premalignant lesions. The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of tobacco-related habits in Hazaribagh population and its association with oral mucosal lesion. Methodology: The present study was carried out on patients who visited the Department of Oral Medicine And Radiology, Hazaribagh College of Dental Sciences And Hospital. A total of 5,000 subjects were screened for tobacco-related habits and associated mucosal changes. Detailed clinical history about tobacco-related habits was obtained. Oral mucosal lesions were screened using the WHO format for diagnosis of oral lesions. The findings were tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: Of the 5,000 subjects enrolled for the study, 1,085 (21.7%) used tobacco in some forms. Habit of smoking tobacco was present among 273 (25.2%) and using smokeless tobacco among 811 (74.7%) individuals. Tobacco pouch keratosis (46.1%) was found to be most common lesion, followed by oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) (16.1%), lichenoid reaction (14.1%), smokers palate/melanosis (12.2%), leukoplakia (7.2%), erythroplakia (2.3%), and oral cancer in (2%). Conclusion: The results provide insight into prevalent tobacco habits and associated oral mucosal lesions in Hazaribagh population. These may act as baseline data for the formulation of preventive programs and help future studies explore the prevalence of tobacco-associated lesions in vulnerable populations. Current knowledge, including findings from the present study, about the prevalence of tobacco use and various oral lesions associated with it may help primary health care physicians to promote among patients visiting them the awareness about the adverse effects of tobacco consumption and treatment options available for tobacco-related lesions at the early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periapical granuloma and periapical cysts develop as a sequela of inflammation of dental pulp, usually a consequence of an infected root canal. Mast cells (MCs) have most frequently been implicated in the pathophysiology of periapical lesions such as periapical granulomas and cysts. Aims: The present study was undertaken to emphasize the presence and quantification of MCs in periapical lesions (granulomas and cysts) using toluidine blue stain, with an aim to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of these lesions. Materials and Methods: The study comprised a total of 55 previously diagnosed cases (30 cases of radicular cyst and 25 cases of periapical granuloma) selected from the departmental archives. The MCs were quantified in all the sections in the three zones, namely the epithelial, subepithelial, and deeper connective tissue zones. The results were sent for statistical analysis. Statistical Analysis: Wilcoxon paired t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were applied for intra- and intergroup comparison MCs in different zones of periapical granulomas and radicular cyst, respectively. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the two lesions in all the three zones, i.e., epithelial, subepithelial, and in deeper connective tissue zone with P = 0.001. Conclusion: Although MCs were present in all the three zones of both periapical cysts and granuloma, they were predominantly observed in radicular cysts than in periapical granuloma. This suggests a significant role of MC in initiation, development, and progression of these periapical lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnut is an economic important edible oilseed crop. Collar rot is one of the most destructive diseases of groundnut. The use of fungicides to manage disease in crops causes much adverse health and environmental effects; therefore, the need for a more sustainable and ecological approach to control crop diseases without chemical fungicides becomes inevitable. Accordingly, a viable alternative method was used. Seven plant extracts and five bio-agents were evaluated by poison food technique and dual culture technique under laboratory conditions against Aspergillus niger in 2019-2020. Among them, datura leaf extract was most effective and inhibited mycelial growth by 84.06%, followed by tulsi (79.18%) and neem seed kernel extract (77.05%) when applied at 10% concentration of the extracts. The least inhibition was observed due to Salvadora extract (35.85%). Among bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum inhibited mycelial growth by 77.67%, followed by Trichoderma viride (72.92%) in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of nine phytoextracts and four oil cakes against the pathogen Alternaria solani, causing early blight of tomatoes. Among the phytoextracts, Azadirachta indica at 30% concentration was most effective and inhibited mycelial growth by 74.67%, followed by Pongamia pinnata (65.64%), Ocimum sanctum (57.74%), Eucalyptus globulus (56.53%), and Jatropha curcas (54.64%) after 120 h of inoculation. In the case of oil cakes, maximum inhibition (51.51%) was recorded after neem cake-based preparations, followed by mustard (44.56%) and cotton (42.75%). Minimum inhibition (34.48%) after 120 h was recorded when linseed cake-based product was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is rapidly growing evidence of natural recovery from cannabis use in people with psychosis, but little is known about how it occurs. This qualitative study explores what factors influence the decision to cease cannabis use, maintain cessation, and prevent relapse. Methods: Ten people with early psychosis and lifetime cannabis misuse, who had been abstinent for at least a month, were recruited from public adult mental health services. These six men and four women participated in a semi-structured qualitative interview assessing reasons for addressing cannabis use, effective change strategies, lapse contexts, and methods used to regain control. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to identify themes in their responses. Results: Participants had a mean age of 23 years (SD = 3.7), started using cannabis at age 13.7 (SD = 1.6), began daily use at 17 (SD = 3.1), and had abstained from cannabis for 7.9 months (SD = 5.4). Awareness of the negative impact of substance use across multiple domains and the presence of social support for cannabis cessation were seen as vital to sustained success, as was utilization of a combination of coping strategies. The ability to address pressure from substance-using peers was commonly mentioned. Conclusions: Maximally effective treatment may need to focus on eliciting a range of benefits of cessation and control strategies and on maximizing both support for change and resistance to peer pressure. Further research might focus on comparing perceived effective strategies between individuals who obtain sustained cessation versus those who relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cheiloscopy is the study of furrows and grooves present on the red part, or the vermilion border of the human lips. The type of groves is unique for an individual and can be used for person identification. Aim: The aim of this study is to ascertain whether the uniqueness of lip print (LP) can help in identifying a person. In addition to evaluate the comparison of LP types and blood groups was taken up to see if there is any correlation between the two. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 participants (77 males and 123 females), aged between 25 to 45 years, to determine any correlation between LP types and blood groups. These lip patterns were analyzed and interpreted using Tsuchihashi's classification and later associated blood group matching was performed to determine the predominant LP type with the ABO and Rh blood grouping system. Results: The present study showed a positive correlation between LP pattern and blood group among males and females. Thus, distribution of LP patterns, and ABO blood groups might help in the identification of an individual. Conclusion: Since LP and blood group are unique for a person. Hence, cheiloscopy along with blood group can play a vital role in person identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]