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As well as democratizing access to information and strengthening active audiences, the internet also fosters the manipulation of news and the propagation of false and violent content. Although disinformation and hate speech are not new phenomena, they are now expanding out of control, with women, including journalists, among their targets. The aim of this study is to establish the characteristics and magnitude of this problem and determine how it affects Spanish female sports journalists while carrying out their professional activities in the world of sports, a field where male supremacy is evident. This study seeks to identify the most frequent situations where this problem occurs, the types of harassment observed, the profile of the perpetrators, and above all, the consequences for the professional and personal life of these female professionals. A mixed-methods approach is used to measure the extent of this problem and determine the experience and opinion of female sports journalists using an anonymous questionnaire. This qualitative approach is reinforced by in-depth interviews with female sports journalists who have been victims of hate speech. This dual approach enables the identification of paradigmatic models of a cognitive-behavioral nature, with findings that reveal disturbing figures. Indeed, 89.6% of the professionals participating in this study stated that they had been victims of hate speech and other forms of harassment, both through social networks as well as in their work environment, principally questioning their work capacity or mentioning their physical appearance. The profile of the perpetrators was revealed, as well as the perception that this type of aggression is a common practice that can lead to self-censorship. This situation requires that urgent measures be implemented to address this problem, such as the addition of media literacy and gender training to the educational curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exercise of politics among its actors vindicates the citizen role of the population in today's societies and it gives the ability to participate politically within the State. From the perspective of international financial agents --as financial organizations or banking entities-- such participation is settled since some systems, such as governance, are adopted, and it implies attention and solution to social and political demands. Governance involves running politics on behalf of a better government, re-signifying the concept of democracy from and for the market economy perspective, through democratic innovation practices. For its part, the civil society organization (CSO), in terms of governance, is understood as non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It implies being incorporated into the dynamics of the administration of political work in an apparent horizontality within its actors, where its mechanisms operate equally by government, business and civil society. This participation scheme seeks to justify it from liberal democracy, by creating mechanisms and institutionalizing it. Methodologically it allows to understand its dynamics within the governance space. Its existence and need to take control of the policy is reviewed by pushing it into a new representation by incorporating concepts such as horizontal governance and good governance, used to legitimize this new way of administering political work. This process is legitimized by creating the conditions to justify new mechanisms of control through the institutionalization of democracy with concepts that strengthen it such is the case of democratic innovation in which its first form is precisely governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]