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Why and how do those who by definition seek to avoid the attention of the public and who lack resources manage to mobilize collectively? Comparing the situation of irregular migrants in three European cities (Copenhagen, London and Paris), this article aims to provide some understanding of the reasons for the mobilization, or absence of mobilization, of irregular migrants. It also seeks to explore the processes of development in these movements. In exploring the determinants and modes of irregular migrant mobilizations, this paper builds on Axel Honneth's theory of recognition and expands the analysis provided by theories of social movements of the passage from individual suffering to collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents discussion of the 19th-century Icelandic Scandinavian historian and literary scholar Guðbrandur Vigfússon and his academic career in Oxford, England. Discussion is given highlighting Vigfússon's prior work at the Arnamagnaean Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark and questions are raised concerning his decision to leave for England. The author suggests that Vigfússon's decision was an intellectual rebellion against the practices of the Arnamagnaean Institute and the methodologies of the larger body of Scandinavian studies during his era.

24/7 environments - those areas where one can shop, eat out, find entertainment, etc., 24 hours a day and seven days a week - can be seen as underpinning urban vitality. But the question arises why they exist in some cities and seemingly not in comparable others. Finding that directly relevant publications in this area proved scarce, an explorative study was undertaken to generate a theoretical framework and a definition of this type of environment. The ways in which socio-cultural, economic and spatial conditions influence the existence (or non-existence) of these environments and their potential benefits and detriments for society were explored. Based on the theoretical framework, twelve cities in different parts of the world that could be expected to have 24/7 environments were scanned. In combination, these approaches suggest that there are different types of 24/7 environment, in terms of both types of users and spatial structure. A more in-depth exploration of London and Copenhagen enabled preliminary conclusions about the spatial conditions necessary for the existence and development of 24/7 areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]