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1. The performance of foliage feeders tends to decrease under elevated CO2, but the responses of phloem-feeding insects have been much more equivocal. As phloem tissues are less accessible than whole-plant tissues, much less is known about how phloem composition is altered under elevated CO2 and the mechanisms driving changes in aphid performance. 2. In this study, the plant mechanisms underlying the performance of Rhopalosiphum padi aphids on Hordeum vulgare (barley) grown under ambient (390 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) CO2 were examined. We used aphid stylectomy to sample pure phloem from plants in CO2-controlled conditions and high-performance liquid chromatography to analyse phloem samples for amino acid concentrations. 3. Aphid abundance significantly increased by 127% under elevated CO2. Consequently, plant biomass decreased under elevated CO2 in trials with herbivores present, possibly due to the increased herbivore load, but increased when aphids were absent. The intrinsic rate of population increase ( rm) was significantly higher under elevated CO2; however, there were no statistically significant effects on aphid fecundity or development time. The concentration of individual amino acids tended to increase, although these increases were statistically significant in only a few cases. A principal components analysis revealed that the relative abundance (mol %) of those amino acids considered essential for aphids tended to increase under elevated CO2. 4. These results indicate that CO2 may affect nutrient translocation in plants in ways that are contrary to predictions about nitrogen metabolite responses to CO2. Such plant biochemical responses may underlie observations of improved phloem feeder performance under elevated CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising atmospheric CO2 has been shown to alter plant nitrogen metabolism, growth and secondary chemistry. We hypothesized that altered aphid performance under elevated CO2 is linked to phloem nitrogen chemistry., Rhopalosiphum padi performance on endophyte-infected or uninfected tall fescue was examined under three levels of CO2 (ambient, 800 and 1000 p.p.m.) and high and low nitrogen fertilization. Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid-facilitated exudation was used to sample phloem sap, followed by quantification of relative amino acid concentrations using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography., Aphid abundance was reduced at 800 p.p.m. relative to ambient CO2 but returned to baseline at 1000 p.p.m. The density of aphids was reduced in both the elevated CO2 treatments. Aphids were unsuccessful at colonizing endophyte-infected plants, possibly as a result of the presence of loline alkaloids., Multivariate analysis showed that certain groups of phloem amino acids were altered by nitrogen fertilization and CO2. We found that four amino acids (valine, arginine, glutamine and aspartate) were correlated with aphid performance. These findings partially explained the effect of plant nitrogen fertilization and elevated CO2 on aphids., The present study represents a first step toward providing a mechanistic explanation of the aphid performance changes that may result from rising atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Elevated CO2 can alter plant physiology and morphology, and these changes are expected to impact diet quality for insect herbivores. While the plastic responses of insect herbivores have been well studied, less is known about the propensity of insects to adapt to such changes. Genetic variation in insect responses to elevated CO2 and genetic interactions between insects and their host plants may exist and provide the necessary raw material for adaptation. 2. We used clonal lines of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) aphids to examine genotype-specific responses to elevated CO2. We used the host plant Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue; Schreb), which is capable of asexual reproduction, to investigate host plant genotype-specific effects and possible host plant-by-insect genotype interactions. The abundance and density of three R. padi genotypes on three tall fescue genotypes under three concentrations of CO2 (ambient, 700, and 1000 ppm) in a controlled greenhouse environment were examined. 3. Aphid abundance decreased in the 700 ppm CO2 concentration, but increased in the 1000 ppm concentration relative to ambient. The effect of CO2 on aphid density was dependent on host plant genotype; the density of aphids in high CO2 decreased for two plant genotypes but was unchanged in one. No interaction between aphid genotype and elevated CO2 was found, nor did we find significant genotype-by-genotype interactions. 4. This study suggests that the density of R. padi aphids feeding on tall fescue may decrease under elevated CO2 for some plant genotypes. The likely impact of genotype-specific responses on future changes in the genetic structure of plant and insect populations is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Elevated CO2 can alter plant physiology and morphology, and these changes are expected to impact diet quality for insect herbivores. While the plastic responses of insect herbivores have been well studied, less is known about the propensity of insects to adapt to such changes. Genetic variation in insect responses to elevated CO2 and genetic interactions between insects and their host plants may exist and provide the necessary raw material for adaptation. 2. We used clonal lines of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) aphids to examine genotype-specific responses to elevated CO2. We used the host plant Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue; Schreb), which is capable of asexual reproduction, to investigate host plant genotype-specific effects and possible host plant-by-insect genotype interactions. The abundance and density of three R. padi genotypes on three tall fescue genotypes under three concentrations of CO2 (ambient, 700, and 1000 ppm) in a controlled greenhouse environment were examined. 3. Aphid abundance decreased in the 700 ppm CO2 concentration, but increased in the 1000 ppm concentration relative to ambient. The effect of CO2 on aphid density was dependent on host plant genotype; the density of aphids in high CO2 decreased for two plant genotypes but was unchanged in one. No interaction between aphid genotype and elevated CO2 was found, nor did we find significant genotype-by-genotype interactions. 4. This study suggests that the density of R. padi aphids feeding on tall fescue may decrease under elevated CO2 for some plant genotypes. The likely impact of genotype-specific responses on future changes in the genetic structure of plant and insect populations is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]