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With climate change, the occurrence and severity of disasters has greatly increased over recent decades. The importance of community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) has been emphasized for its vital role in building resilience. It has also been demonstrated that integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge contributes to CBDRR. However, there remain many challenges to further correlate scientific knowledge and local information, such as inadequate communication and poor understanding of local contexts. Few literatures have investigated how indigenous people make efforts to achieve integration of scientific and indigenous knowledge (ISIK) based on their knowledge and practices. This article reveals the theoretical framework of integrating scientific and indigenous knowledge to improve community capacity for disaster risk reduction under certain social development degree. Taking Haikou Village in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China as an example, this research explored the vital role of indigenous knowledge during ISIK. The findings show that ISIK that is led by indigenous knowledge from Haikou villagers' initiative, including management and organization, monitoring methods, information dissemination, and propaganda and education, especially overcomes poor understanding of local circumstances from government and scientists. The degree of social development decides the capacity that a community acquires knowledge for disaster risk reduction, and the understanding and acceptance of scientific knowledge, which further affects the application of knowledge for CBDRR and the mode and depth of ISIK. The study reveals five stage of ISIK varied by social development degree of community and provides some references for choosing proper ISIK model under specific background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cambrian–Ordovician interval was an intriguing period of geologic time, when reef transitions occurred along with important biodiversification events. This study examines the secular reef transitions in North and South China during the Cambrian and Ordovician in terms of changes in reef construction and related geobiological changes. Microbial reefs in the Terreneuvian have not been well documented in South China. The Cambrian Series 2 interval saw the almost simultaneous appearance of reef-building skeletal archaeocyaths and calcimicrobes. The widely developed archaeocyath–calcimicrobe reefs had totally disappeared by the middle of Series 2 in South China and were followed by purely calcimicrobial reefs. During the Miaolingian and Furongian, skeletal-reef builders were commonly thought to have been inhibited owing to elevated sea-water temperature, which caused lowered oxygen. However, microbial reefs containing lithistid sponges and keratosan sponges were more common in this interval in North China than previously thought. The first skeletal-dominated reefs were established during the Early Ordovician, coincident with a decline in stromatolite reefs in the central Yangtze Platform. During the Middle and Late Ordovician interval, a variety of skeletal reef-builders with diversified calcimicrobes contributed markedly to reef construction in limited areas of both North and South China. The appearance and increase of skeletal-dominated reefs are considered to have been related to lowering global sea-water temperature. Recently reported Late Ordovician cement-rich reefs in both North and South China may contain further evidence of global cooling; however, from an ecological perspective, the novel niches and biological interactions created by early skeletal-dominated reefs may have promoted the further development of reef-building organisms. Cambrian and Ordovician reef successions in North and South China are distributed discontinuously; however, integrating information from both North and South China could yield improved understanding of reef evolution and background environments through these intervals. • Four intervals of Cambrian–Ordovician reef transitions in China are identified. • Calcimicrobial diversity changed dramatically throughout the intervals. • Stromatolite decline coincided with increasing diversity of metazoans. • Data from North and South China will improve understanding of reef succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]