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3. Schistosomiasis is associated with incident HIV transmission and death in Zambia

Author

Wall, Kristin M., Kilembe, William, Vwalika, Bellington, Dinh, Cecile, Livingston, Paul, Lee, Yeuk-Mui, Lakhi, Shabir, Boeras, Debi, Naw, Htee Khu, Brill, Ilene, Chomba, Elwyn, Sharkey, Tyronza, Parker, Rachel, Shutes, Erin, Tichacek, Amanda, Secor, W. Evan, and Allen, Susan

Subjects
RNA viruses, Male, Schistosoma Mansoni, Physiology, RC955-962, HIV Infections, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry, Cohort Studies, Schistosomiasis haematobia, Immunodeficiency Viruses, Immune Physiology, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Schistosomiasis, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Immune System Proteins, Incidence, Eukaryota, virus diseases, Viral Load, Medical Microbiology, Helminth Infections, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma, Female, Pathogens, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, Immunology, Zambia, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Antibodies, Young Adult, Helminths, Virology, Retroviruses, Parasitic Diseases, Animals, Humans, Immunoassays, Microbial Pathogens, Retrospective Studies, Lentivirus, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, HIV, Proteins, Tropical Diseases, Invertebrates, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Case-Control Studies, Immunologic Techniques, Viral Transmission and Infection
Abstract

Background We examined relationships between schistosome infection, HIV transmission or acquisition, and all-cause death. Methods We retrospectively tested baseline sera from a heterosexual HIV-discordant couple cohort in Lusaka, Zambia with follow-up from 1994–2012 in a nested case-control design. Schistosome-specific antibody levels were measured by ELISA. Associations between baseline antibody response to schistosome antigens and incident HIV transmission, acquisition, and all-cause death stratified by gender and HIV status were assessed. In a subset of HIV- women and HIV+ men, we performed immunoblots to evaluate associations between Schistosoma haematobium or Schistosoma mansoni infection history and HIV incidence. Results Of 2,145 individuals, 59% had positive baseline schistosome-specific antibody responses. In HIV+ women and men, baseline schistosome-specific antibodies were associated with HIV transmission to partners (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.8, p, Author summary This study explored the association between schistosome infections (a disease caused by parasitic flatworms, also known as ‘snail fever’, which is very common throughout sub-Saharan Africa) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We found in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, that schistosome infections were associated with transmission of HIV from adult men and women, and schistosome infections were also associated with increased HIV acquisition in adult women. We additionally found that schistosome infections were associated with death in HIV+ adult women. Since treatment of schistosome infections with praziquantel is inexpensive, effective, and safe, schistosomiasis prevention and treatment strategies may be a cost-effective way to reduce not only the symptoms associated with the infection, but also new cases of HIV and death among HIV+ persons. Though often viewed as an infection of predominantly rural areas and children, this study highlights that schistosomiasis prevention and treatment efforts are also needed in urban areas and among adults.

Published
2018

4. INDEXICALISM AND PARADOX.

Author

Livingston, Paul

Subjects
MODAL logic, PARADOX, METAPHYSICS, POSSIBILITY, PHILOSOPHY of history
Abstract

I consider the longstanding connection, already mooted by Aristotle, between the project of metaphysics as the general science of "being qua being" and the apparently more specific structure of a metaphysics of possibility that is structured essentially by the force and dominance of the principle of non-contradiction. I reconstruct, from the alternative position of what Hilan Bensusan terms "indexicalism," an antinomic structure of indexicality plausibly underlying at a basic level the paradoxical results of several significant arguments in the history of Western philosophy that bear (on their face) contradictory or antinomic conclusions and suggest that these arguments are collectively sufficient to show that there cannot be an indexicalist "metaphysics of modality." The antinomic arguments nevertheless bear, I argue in dialogue with Bensusan, Levinas, and Derrida, an important critical significance if directed, from an indexicalist standpoint, against the anthropogenic violence characteristic of the humanist thinking of metaphysical possibility and the extractive dominance over non-human others that this thinking enables and promulgates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

8. BADIOU AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF FORMALISM.

Author

Livingston, Paul M.

Subjects
SCHEMATISM (Philosophy), FORMAL sociology, POWER (Social sciences), PHILOSOPHY
Abstract

I consider the relationship of Badiou's schematism of the event to critical thought following the linguistic turn as well as to the mathematical formalisms of set theory. In Being and Event, Badiou uses formal argumentation to support his sweeping rejection of the linguistic turn as well as much of contemporary critical thought. This rejection stems from his interpretation of set theory as barring thought from the 'One-All' of totality; but I argue that, by interpreting it differently, we can understand this implication in a way that is in fact consistent with the critical and linguistic methods Badiou wishes to reject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

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