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As a result of the emerging energy crisis and the requirement for countries to utilize more energy derived from renewable sources, demand for renewable energy technologies is likely to rise. Therefore, it is critical that production of such technologies is ramped up in order to meet this demand. However, evidence suggests that engineering and manufacturing companies in the UK are not entering the renewables market at the desired rate and, hence, renewable supply chains currently lack the ability to respond to increased demand due to the lack of businesses willing to move into supplying the renewables sector. Through a three phased research approach, this paper will identify the barriers and risks that are suggested as reasons why companies do not invest and operate within the renewables sector. Through further analysis obtained from the survey work and focus groups, the paper goes on to identify and categorize these barriers and risks in the form of 'system constraints' which are then used to construct a current reality tree (CRT) that connects the constraints into a comprehensive characterization map of the sector which suggests why companies fail to enter the renewables supply chain market. The CRT identifies the complex arrangement of issues which act as risks and barriers. These issues include; poor supply chain readiness leading to a company's inability to respond quickly and correctly to opportunities, a lack of suitable policies and government investment in the renewables infrastructure (which leads to a lack of opportunities for supply-chain companies) and a lack of knowledge of the sector by companies, meaning that supply-chain companies are resistant to investing in the sector for fear of poor return on investment. This work provides key insights into the UK manufacturing supply chain and its attitudes to entering the renewables sector. Furthermore, the paper also applies and evaluates the use of the CRT technique and ascertains its suitability to effectively characterize sector issues and its current problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers previously have investigated the role of race in capital sentencing, and in particular, whether the race of the defendant or victim influences the likelihood of a death sentence. In the present study, we examined whether the likelihood of being sentenced to death is influenced by the degree to which a Black defendant is perceived to have a stereotypically Black appearance. Controlling for a wide array of factors, we found that in cases involving a White victim, the more stereotypically Black a defendant is perceived to be, the more likely that person is to be sentenced to death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As even small concentrations of acetate in the plasma result in pro-inflammatory and cardiotoxic effects, it has been removed from renal replacement fluids. However, Plasma-Lyte 148 (Plasma-Lyte), an electrolyte replacement solution containing acetate plus gluconate is a common circuit prime for cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB). No published data exist on the peak plasma acetate and gluconate concentrations resulting from the use of Plasma-Lyte 148 during CPB., Methods: Thirty adult patients were systematically allocated 1:1 to CPB prime with either bicarbonate-balanced fluid (24 mmol/L bicarbonate) or Plasma-Lyte 148. Arterial blood acetate, gluconate and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured immediately before CPB (T1), three minutes after CPB commencement (T2), immediately before CPB separation (T3), and four hours post separation (T4)., Results: Acetate concentrations (normal 0.04 to 0.07 mmol/L) became markedly elevated at T2, where the Plasma-Lyte group (median 3.69, range (2.46 to 8.55)) exceeded the bicarbonate group (0.16 (0.02 to 3.49), P < 0.0005). At T3, levels had declined but the differential pattern remained apparent (Plasma-Lyte 0.35 (0.00 to 1.84) versus bicarbonate 0.17 (0.00 to 0.81)). Normal circulating acetate concentrations were not restored until T4. Similar gluconate concentration profiles and inter-group differences were seen, with a slower T3 decay. IL-6 increased across CPB, peaking at T4, with no clear difference between groups., Conclusions: Use of acetate containing prime solutions result in supraphysiological plasma concentrations of acetate. The use of acetate-free prime fluid in CPB significantly reduced but did not eliminate large acetate surges in cardiac surgical patients. Complete elimination of acetate surges would require the use of acetate free bolus fluids and cardioplegia solutions., Trial Registration: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12610000267055.