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El presente artículo consiste en una aproximación inicial al tema de la crisis de la codificación internacional. Aborda los factores que han incidido, a juicio de las autoras, en el declive del proceso codificador, en particular la influencia de la fragmentación y el surgimiento de actores no estatales.

Con casi tres décadas de realización consecutiva, la Muestra Estatal de Teatro (MET) en Chihuahua es fundamental para comprender el quehacer escénico regional en su articulación con el teatro nacional. Nuestro objetivo principal consiste en una valoración crítica de su última edición, la número 28, a partir de un análisis sincrónico y diacrónico que se ocupe del origen y trayectoria tanto de la MET como de las compañías que se dieron cita en la región Delicias del 17 al 22 de agosto del año pasado. La crítica teatral de los montajes programados será el punto de inflexión para apreciar el estado del arte del teatro chihuahuense contemporáneo.

Within positive psychology, one of the research topics is the exploration of people’s well-being and for this, studies have been conducted on the strengths and predictive variables of happiness, including perceived health. University students face changes in their lives and changes in new roles directed towards their future, as well as new expectations and horizons. The present work has as objective to know the perceived health in the students of sciences of the University of Extremadura. Perceived health is considered an indicator of general health, it is identified with a part of psychological well-being, a possible indicator of a positive psychological adaptation to major changes. The study of these variables will not allow to know the quality of life related to the performance of their functions as students and their relationships with both the university and its student environment. The health variable and its relationship with gender, age and degree have been analyzed. The sample is made up of 503 science students from the University of Extremadura. The instrument used has been the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) This scale reflects questions related to the absence or presence of symptoms of psychological distress such as lack of sleep, mood alterations, etc. The results indicate that men have a higher perception of health than women, that there is no indirect relationship between the age of the students and their level of health, nor are there differences in the health of the students depending on their degree.

Melioidosis is an infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Most cases occur in Southeast Asia and northern Australia;

There is currently great concern over the increase in the cases of university students with mental health problems as the numbers have doubled over recent years. Nevertheless, there is also total agreement concerning the relationship between positive psychological variables and mental health. The objective of this study was to know the relationship between the risk of mental health disorders and the variables of gender, affects, academic engagement, satisfaction with life, health perception and the perception of happiness, as well as predict the risk of suffering mental health disorders. The sample comprised 461 students from the Science Faculty of the University of Extremadura (Spain), of whom 50.3% were women. We used the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) to assess mental health, The results indicate that 65.6% of the students showed a risk of suffering from mental health disorders. A greater number of negative affect is related to a greater risk of suffering mental health disorders; while the perception of both health and happiness are related to a lower risk. Similarly, it should be said that the results demonstrate that being a woman increases the risk of suffering mental health disorders by 63.7%.

Violence is a human expresion that can be mitigated or erradicated by a well structured educational process. This research aims to identify, through the experience of the Department of Antioquia, the mechanism through which governmental actions can improve education, and hence coexistence and life quality. The results allow to validate the hypotesis that education leads to peace.

The dehydrobromination reaction 2-(p-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide + OH− was investigated in several alkanediyl-a-w-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12-s-12,2Br− (with s = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12) micellar solutions, in the presence of NaOH 5 × 10−3 M. The kinetic data were quantitatively rationalized within the whole surfactant concentration range by using an equation based on the pseudophase ion-exchange model and taking the variations in the micellar ionization degree caused by the morphological transitions into account. The agreement between the theoretical and the experimental data was good in all the dimeric micellar media studied, except for the 12-2-12,2Br− micellar solutions. In this case, the strong tendency to micellar growth shown by the 12-2-12,2Br− micelles could be responsible for the lack of accordance. Results showed that the dimeric micelles accelerate the reaction more than two orders of magnitude as compared to water.

The micellization and micellar growth in pure aqueous alkanediyl-α-ω-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12-s-12,2Br−(with s= 2,5,6,8,10,12), and N-decanoyl-N-methylglucamide MEGA10 solutions and their mixtures are investigated at 303 K. Application of different theoretical approaches to the binary mixtures shows a nonideal behavior. It also shows that the spacer length does not play an important role in the attractive interactions shown by the mixed systems. The sphere-to-rod morphological transition in the pure dimeric micellar solutions is studied at 303 K. From comparison of these results with those at 298 K the key role played by the spacer in the micellar growth is shown. The spacer length controls not only the surfactant concentration at which the morphological transition happens but also the sign of the enthalpy change accompanying the sphere-to-rod equilibrium. Spacers with an even number of methylenes show smaller C* values than those with an odd number of −CH2− units. An endothermic enthalpy change is found for evenspacers whereas an exothermic enthalpy change is found for oddspacers. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time this experimental trend has been shown. Addition of MEGA10 diminishes the tendency of the aggregates to grow. An increment in the solution mole fraction of MEGA10 makes the formation of elongated micelles difficult. Microviscosity measurements provide additional information about the influence of the MEGA10 content on the sphere-to-rod transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of ethylene glycol (EG) addition on the micellization and on the micellar growth in two aqueous didodecyl dicationic dibromide surfactant, 12-s-12,2Br−(s = 2, 6) solutions, with the weight percentage of EG up to 50%, have been investigated. An increment in the amount of EG makes the aggregation process less spontaneous due to the water−EG mixtures being better solvents for the cationic dimeric surfactant molecules than pure water (solvophobic effect). Results show that C*, the surfactant concentration where the sphere-to-rod transition occurs, increases when EG content in the bulk phase increases. The amount of the organic solvent influences C* principally through the decrease in the hydrocarbon/bulk phase interfacial tension (air/bulk phase surface tension) caused by its presence. Changes in the aggregation number, in the micropolarity, in the microviscosity, and in the rheological behavior accompanying micellar growth were studied in the water−EG micellar solutions. Kinetic studies provide information about the characteristics of the dimeric micelles as microreactors. Kinetic data also show that an increase in the surfactant concentration leads to micellar growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical micelle concentrations of the C mTAB+12- s-12 ( s= 3, 4, 5 and m= 10, 12, 14, 16) binary systems have been determined, through conductivity and fluorescence measurements, at 298 K. Application of different theoretical approaches to explain mixed micellization shows that non-ideality of the binary systems follows the trend C 16TAB+12-3-12 < C 14TAB+12-3-12 < C 12TAB+12-3-12 < C 10TAB+12-3-12, and C 12TAB+12-5-12 ≈ C 12TAB+12-4-12 < C 12TAB+12-3-12. Literature data corresponding to the C 12TAB+12-2-12, C 12TAB+ m- s- m( s= 2, 4, 6 and m= 12, 14, 16) and TritonX-100+12-s-12 (with s= 3, 6, 12) mixtures were considered in order to investigate the hydrophobic chain length and the spacer group length roles on the observed non ideal behavior. It was found that the capacity of the mixture components to form micelles of similar or different shapes plays a major role in non-ideality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat loss and degradation, restricted ranges, prey exploitation, and poaching are important factors for the decline of several wild carnivore populations and additional stress from infectious agents is an increasing concern. Given the rapid growth of human populations in some regions like Costa Rica, pathogens introduced, sustained, and transmitted by domestic carnivores may be particularly important. To better understand the significance of domestic carnivore pathogens for wildlife, we determine the prevalence of infection and possible mechanisms for contact between the two groups. The demographics, role in the household, and pathogens of pet dogs and cats was studied during three annual spay/neuter clinics in San Luis, Costa Rica. Most dogs were owned primarily as pets and guard animals, but ~10% were used for hunting. Cats were owned primarily as pets and for pest control. Both roamed freely outdoors. We detected high prevalences of some pathogens (e.g., carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Toxoplasma gondii). Some pathogens are known to persist in the environment, which increases the probability of exposure to wild carnivores. This study demonstrated that domestic pets in San Luis, home to a number of protected and endangered wildlife species, are infected with pathogens to which these wild species are potentially susceptible. Additionally, results from our questionnaire support the potential for domestic and wild animal contact, which may result in disease spillover.

El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación histórica inicial al tema de la crisis de la codificación del derecho internacional. Incluye una periodización realizada por las autoras, donde se esbozan las características de este fenómeno en cada etapa. Así mismo, se aborda el rol jugado por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) en el proceso codificador del derecho internacional.