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Background: Since the development of the Death Literacy Index (DLI) in 2019 in Australia, subsequent internationally validated versions have prompted rewording and refinement of the original survey questions. Use of the DLI in the community has also resulted in requests for a short format. Objectives: To examine and report on the psychometric properties of a revised version of the DLI-R and develop a short format DLI-9. Design: A cross-sectional national survey was conducted for the validation of the revised DLI. Methods: The DLI items were revised by the research team using the international literature. DLI data were collected from a representative online non-probability panel of 1202 Australian adults, based on age, gender, and geographical location. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to ensure the revised version (DLI-R) was consistent with the original. To develop a short format version of the DLI (DLI-9), items were first removed based on face validity, followed by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and CFA. The internal reliability of the DLI-R and the DLI-9 was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the inter-rater reliability between the DLI-R and DLI-9. Results: Twenty-four questions in the DLI were reworded for clarity. A CFA on the 29 items of this modified version of the DLI indicated a good model fit (Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI): 0.93; Comparative Fit Index (CFI): 0.93; root mean square of approximation (RMSEA): 0.06; standardized root mean residual (SRMR): 0.06), with six latent variables and an underlying latent variable "death literacy." For the DLI-9, an EFA identified a nine-item, two-factor structure model (DLI-9). A subsequent CFA in a separate sample demonstrated a good model fit for the DLI-9 (TLI: 0.92; CFI: 0.94; RMSEA: 0.089; SRMR: 0.07). Excellent inter-rater reliability (0.98) was observed between DLI-9 and DLI-R. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for DLI-R scales and subscales and the DLI-9 all exceeded 0.8, indicating high internal consistency. Conclusion: The DLI-R and the DLI-9 were found to have acceptable psychometric properties. The development of a shorter version of the DLI provides a valid measure of overall death literacy. Plain language summary: Progressing the Death Literacy Index: the development of a revised version (DLI-R) and a short format (DLI-9) The Death Literacy Index (DLI) is used to measure the knowledge and skills people about death and dying. Multiple countries have made their own versions, which helped improve the original questions. Community members also asked for a shorter version of the DLI. The research team updated the DLI questions using information from other studies around the world. Data was collected from 1202 Australian adults. A method called Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to check if the new version (DLI-R) was similar to the original. To make a shorter version, some questions were removed first, then Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and CFA were used. Reliability of both versions was tested using a test called Cronbach's alpha, and the short version was compared to the DLI-R to see if results were similar. Twenty-four questions were reworded to make them clearer. The revised 29-question version (DLI-R) worked well and showed a good fit with six main ideas under the main topic of "death literacy." Nine questions were chosen for the shorter version (DLI-9) and were found to be closely related to the longer version. Both versions showed high reliability, meaning the questions consistently measured what they were supposed to. Both the DLI-R and the DLI-9 worked well and were found to be reliable survey tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is widely prevalent in all age groups which is of major concern. However, there is no valid Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary vitamin B12 estimation. Hence, we aimed to develop and validate an FFQ for the estimation of dietary intake of Vitamin B12. Materials and Methods: Commonly consumed B12-rich food items were selected from literature and filtered using a market survey. For concordant and discriminant validation, B12 and homocysteine levels were estimated. To establish convergent validity, the Cobalamin Intake in North Indians by Food Frequency Questionnaire (COIN-FFQ) and 72-hour dietary recall (72HrDR) were both administered to the same subjects. The COIN-FFQ was readministered after initial administration for test-retest reliability. Internal consistency of the FFQ was then tested using Cronbach's alpha. Results: We enrolled 115 adults with a mean age and weight of 31.9 ± 8.7 years and 66.0 ± 11.8 kg, respectively. In total, 19.1% were vegetarian. The dietary B12 using COIN-FFQ (n = 60; mean = 4.3 ± 1.8 µg/d) was significantly correlated (r = 0.255; P = 0.049) with serum levels (mean = 120.1 ± 62.6 pmol/L) establishing concordant validity. A significant difference was noted between the dietary, serum B12, and homocysteine levels of vegetarians versus nonvegetarians establishing discriminant validity (mean diff 1.4 (0.5-2.4), P = 0.004; Z-statistic -2.182, P value 0.029, and Z-statistic -2.438; P value 0.015), respectively. FFQ was strongly correlated with 72HrDR and test--retest FFQ (n = 27; r = 0.814, P < 0.001 and r = 0.869, P < 0.001, respectively) establishing convergent validity and test--retest reliability. The internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha was in the acceptable range, 0.631 (n = 115). Conclusion: The newly developed COIN-FFQ is valid and reliable in estimating dietary B12 intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a chronic disease requires treatment adherence such as controlling the blood glucose level and adopting a healthy lifestyle. The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) to measure treatment adherence and the associated factors among T2D patients. Methods: The present study was conducted in qualitative and the quantitative phases between March 2022 and March 2023. The participants were T2D patients visiting Shahid Mohammadi hospital Diabetes Clinic in Bandar Abbas in the south of Iran. The first draft of items was extracted from the qualitative phase. The present study used interviews with T2D patients, item construction, validity and reliability evaluation of the instrument, and the relevant statistical analyses. It emphasized the significance of content, face, and construct validity, along with reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, V16 and AMOS, V23. Results: A 97-item questionnaire was developed through the qualitative phase and, after content validity, it was reduced to 86 items. Five items were removed in face validation, and after the test-retest method, 79 items were retained. The confirmatory factors analysis confirmed a 65-item model with appropriate fitness of data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed an acceptable reliability of the diabetes treatment adherence questionnaire (α = 0.92). Conclusion: The questionnaire developed based on the HPM model provides a standard and comprehensive measurement of the degree of adherence to treatment and the associated factors among Iranian T2D patients. This is especially valuable in the Iranian healthcare context, where effective management of chronic diseases such as diabetes is of a top priority. Questionnaires can help identify barriers and facilitators of treatment adherence to inform systematic and goal-oriented interventions. The proposed questionnaire had good psychometric properties, and can be used as a valid and practical instrument to measure the factors related to treatment adherence behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Promoting patient participation stands as a global priority in nursing care. Currently, there is a lack of a standardized tool to assess the culture of patient participation from the perspective of nurses in China. Aims: To translate and examine the validity and reliability of the Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW) on general hospital wards in Chinese nursing context. Methods: A cross-sectional research study was conducted among 812 nurses. Brislin's recommendations were adhered to during the translation of the scale. Validity was assessed using construct validity, content validity, and face validity. Split-half reliability, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency reliability were used to evaluate dependability. The study was guided and reported following the STROBE checklist and recommendations for reporting the results of studies of instrument and scale development and testing. Results: The Chinese version of PaCT-HCW (the PaCT-HCW-C) exhibits good face validity and content validity. A rigorous exploratory factor analyse verified a six-factor (competence, support, perceived lack of time, information sharing and dialogue, response to questions and acceptance of a new role) scale structure with a cumulative variance contribution of the factors with 44 items of 68.840%. With a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.962, split-half reliability of 0.866, and intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.989, the instrument demonstrates great reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis results validated the consistency of the six factors with the structure of the PaCT-HCW-C scale. Conclusions: The 44-item PaCT-HCW-C is a valid and reliable instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties. It could serve as a tool for assessing the effectiveness of international programs aimed at fostering patient participation from the perspective of nurses, while also providing insights from China's practical experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifestyle medicine (LM) should be incorporated as part of routine clinical work and medical education programs. Objective: To develop and test the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that measures the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of LM domains among medical trainees through practicing physicians. Methods: The KAP questionnaire sections covered the nine domains of LM. The validation process included face and content validity. A total of 151 individuals from the medical field residing in Saudi Arabia were recruited through a convenient sampling technique to participate in the study. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to validate the knowledge domain, while exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess attitude and practice. Cronbach's alpha was performed to test the reliability of the three sections. Results: The questionnaire contained 37 items of knowledge, 45 attitudes, and 28 practice items. According to the IRT analysis, 27 items of knowledge were within the acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination. The EFA analysis resulted in 6 factors, including all the items in the attitude domain, and 4 factors, for a total of 27 items in the practice domain, with satisfactory factor loading (>0.4). The Cronbach's alpha for the three domains was very high (≥0.88). Conclusions: The KAP questionnaire for LM is valid and reliable across a spectrum, from medical trainees to practicing physicians. This tool could serve as an instrument to evaluate and develop adequate educational programs for medical doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurse interns' capacity for innovative behavior is a key component of healthcare settings because of increasing demands and complexities. Thus, it is important to find strategies that promote their innovative behavior. The development of psychological capital (PsyCap) improves positive behaviors and attitudes, such as engagement, motivation, and satisfaction, in the work environment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of a PsyCap educational program on nurse interns' innovative behavior. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used in this study. This study was executed at Fayoum University hospitals. The study participants comprised all the available nurse interns (n = 223) registered in the internship year (2022–2023) in the aforementioned settings. The data were gathered using three instruments, namely, the PsyCap Knowledge Questionnaire, the PsyCap Questionnaire, and the Innovative Behavior Inventory. Results: The nurse interns' mean scores regarding total knowledge about PsyCap, total perception of PsyCap, and total perception of innovative behavior significantly improved through the posttest phase (41.27 ± 9.31, 92.22 ± 6.26, 91.31 ± 9.06, respectively) and the follow-up phase (37.83 ± 8.83, 89.96 ± 6.31, 88.89 ± 8.33) in comparison with the pretest phase (14.39 ± 5.83, 69.04 ± 8.13, 60.55 ± 7.15). Conclusion: The PsyCap educational program was effective and beneficial for improving the nurse interns' perceptions of innovative behavior. Therefore, PsyCap interventions should be implemented in hospitals through professional development programs and orientation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nurses Professional Values Scale-3 (NPVS-3) is a psychometric instrument derived from a set of values initially established by the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics. The present study evaluates the reliability of the NPVS-3 scale for nursing students and nurses in Austria. Methods: A cross-sectional methodological study was conducted on 209 research participants, comprising 139 nursing students and 70 nurses, with the objective of determining the reliability of the Austrian version of the scale. A multilevel approach was employed in the study, encompassing cultural and linguistic validation, content validity, face validity, and construct validity. The scale translation was performed per the established translation stages of back-translation and was subsequently reviewed by an expert committee. The translated instrument was applied to the participants who completed an online survey between April and July 2023. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, while construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The Cronbach's alpha values obtained were deemed appropriate, with the following results: Caring (0.852), Activism (0.832), and Professionalism (0.676). Through factorial analysis, three factors were identified as original NPVS-3 and construct validity was verified. Conclusion: The Austrian version of the NPVS-3 demonstrated satisfactory validity, efficiently evaluating the professional values of nurses and nursing students in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pneumatic tourniquets are among the most essential equipment for controlling bleeding in orthopedic surgeries. However, incorrect application of pneumatic tourniquets is accompanied by many hazards and complications for patients. Evaluation of surgical teams' use of pneumatic tourniquets and establishment of protocols can play an important role in improving patient safety, minimizing risks, and increasing the lifetime of this equipment. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to develop and assess the psychometric properties of a pneumatic tourniquet work standards scale. Methods: The present study is a methodological work carried out in two stages. In the first stage, an initial version of the scale was developed based on existing research and panel reviews. In the second stage, the psychometric properties of the scale were tested in terms of face validity (measured qualitatively and quantitatively), content validity (measured qualitatively and quantitatively), item analysis, construct validity, and reliability (internal consistency and stability). Results: The initial version of the scale consisted of 91 items. After several meetings of the research team, the number of items decreased to 81. In the course of face and content validity testing, 40 items were eliminated, leaving 41 items on the scale when it entered the construct validity testing stage. For evaluation of construct validity, a sample of 300 operating room nurses was recruited. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results showed a structure supported by seven factors and 41 items. The reliability of the scale was confirmed by internal consistency analysis, with a good Cronbach's alpha (0.85), and test–retest analysis, with good values of ICC (0.95). Conclusion: The present instrument is a reliable and valid scale which fills the gap in assessment of surgical team members' use of pneumatic tourniquets. The developed scale can be employed by researchers and managers of medical centers to identify hazards in applying pneumatic tourniquets and devise educational programs to eliminate or reduce the existing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate knowledge about HPV and its vaccine, additionally, to examine the effect of knowledge about HPV and its vaccine on perceived benefits and barriers to HPV vaccination among individuals in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed in the western region of Saudi Arabia through a self-administered web-based survey. The survey assessed knowledge, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers to HPV vaccination. Results: A total of 1149 eligible participants completed the survey. Participants exhibited limited knowledge of HPV and its vaccine, with an average total score of 4.76 out of 15. Over 80% of participants were unaware that HPV may not show symptoms, cannot lead to HIV, and is not treatable with antibiotics. Over half were unaware that HPV can cause cervical cancer, oral cancer, or genital warts. Unmarried and graduate-educated participants demonstrated greater knowledge. Perceived benefits were positively associated with knowledge levels, while perceived barriers were negatively associated with knowledge levels after controlling for other variables. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for education and healthcare efforts to raise knowledge about HPV and its vaccine in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Also, this study indicated that enhanced knowledge boosts positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, while reducing perceived barriers, thereby increasing vaccination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lymphedema is a common complication following gynecological cancer treatment, particularly affecting the lower limbs. However, self-reported data on lymphedema detection remain scarce. To address this gap, Yost developed the Lower Extremity Lymphedema Screening Questionnaire (LELSQ) specifically for women. The LELSQ is a straightforward and user-friendly tool designed for the early identification of lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). The validation of the questionnaire in Dutch was crucial for a larger trial called "The Gynolymph", since there were no validated questionnaires in Dutch for the detection of early LEL. This trial aims to enroll four hundred patients who will utilize the screening tool as part of a patient-reported assessment. By doing so, the trial seeks to detect the early development of lymphedema after cancer treatment. To ensure unbiased results, the study team translated and adapted the lymphedema questionnaire to Dutch. The cross-sectional survey conducted during this process demonstrated high internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and validity. Additionally, face and content validity were confirmed, allowing for the implementation of the questionnaire in the early detection of LEL among Dutch-speaking women. Background: Validated questionnaires of self-reported LEL are important in the assessment and diagnosis of LEL. The aim of this study was to validate and translate a Dutch version of the screening questionnaire, the LELSQ developed and validated by Yost et al. Methods: We tested the questionnaire on a group of healthy women and a group of patients diagnosed with LEL. The translation was carried out using the forward and backward method from English to Dutch. Statistical analyses: SPSS (IBM corp, Armonk, New York, NY, USA) version 28.0.1.0 (001) was used for statistical analysis in the process of validation. The internal consistency was assessed by determining Cronbach's alpha. The reliability was tested by test–retest reliability. The validity was determined by ROC analysis, and content and face validity were evaluated. Results: The internal consistency score in both groups had a strong value (0.83 to 0.90). The test–retest reliability was also strong in both groups. Face and content validity showed the LELSQ is an easy, understandable questionnaire that is not too time-consuming in the early detection of LEL. The ROC analysis showed an AUC value of 0.93, indicating strong validity. Conclusions: The validated Dutch translation showed high values for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and validity, which allows us to implement the questionnaire in the early detection of LEL after gynecological cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Suicide is an important health issue nearly all over the world. The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS) is a well-known instrument for suicide risk assessment. Our purpose in this study is to provide a Persian version of the C-SSRS and evaluate its psychometric properties in the Iranian military population, particularly suicide risk leveling characteristic of the C-SSRS. Method: For linguistic adaptation, we gathered opinions of an expert panel consisting of 23 professionals in mental health sciences. Furthermore, this version was administered to two groups of soldiers, one representing a sample of normal population (N = 338), while the other group comprised a sample of clinical population from a referral psychiatric hospital (N = 348) in Tehran, capital of Iran, from July 2021 until one year later. Besides the C-SSRS, the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BSS), and General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ28) were obtained from the participants. Correlation coefficients, internal consistency, and factor analysis were evaluated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 23) software. Results: All items of the Persian version of the C-SSRS had acceptable content validity and face validity. This tool demonstrated high correlation coefficients with the BSSI (r = 0.73, P < 0.001) and BHS (r = 0.64, P < 0.001), but a low correlation coefficient with the GHQ28 (r = 0.22, P < 0.001). Specifically, the suicide risk level based on the C-SSRS had a high correlation with both the BSSI and BHS. Also, its internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). Furthermore, factor analysis revealed two factors that is consistent with suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior factors. Conclusion: Our results indicated acceptable validity and reliability for the Persian version of the C-SSRS, demonstrating its capability to classify suicide risk. It can be concluded that the ordinal suicide risk level (as red, orange, yellow and green) is a valid index for the application of the C-SSRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego -- Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) assesses five affective temperaments and has been translated into 32 languages. A 35-item short version is available in Persian, but the complete version is not yet translated. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the complete Persian version of the TEMPS-A in an Iranian population. Method: This descriptive study translated the TEMPS-A questionnaire from English to Persian using a standard forwardbackward method. The translation was evaluated for face and content validity by 10 psychiatry specialists, with quantitative content validity assessed through content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) calculations. The Persian TEMPS-A was completed twice, with a two-week interval, by 30 individuals out of the 319 medical staff of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, Iran, who participated in the study, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire was then distributed to the entire sample (n = 319) for the analysis of temperament frequencies and statistical indices by a statistician. Results: The Persian version of the TEMPS-A, consisting of 110 items across five factors (depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious), demonstrated excellent reliability with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.910, 0.909, 0.911, 0.910, and 0.909, respectively. The questions related to cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments exhibited the highest and lowest correlation coefficients with the general scale, respectively. Most subscales in the Persian TEMPS-A version showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.28 to 0.68. An ANOVA with Cochrane's test revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of the questionnaire items (P < 0.001), with a grand mean score of 1.73 across all questions. Conclusion: The Persian version of the TEMPS-A, consisting of 110 items, showed good internal consistency and a strong correlation with the original version. This suggests that it is suitable for use in temperament studies among the Iranian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of proper eye care (EC) for mechanically ventilated patients can lead to serious ocular complications. Objective of this study is to develop and validate eyes care bundle for mechanically ventilated patients. A Delphi design study was conducted between March and May 2021. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to calculate the degree of agreement among the experts to analyze the bundle. Content validity was determined by 5 experts using a 4-point Likert scale. They evaluated the items in terms of the following: 1 = "irrelevant," 2 = "somewhat relevant if the phrasing is profoundly adjusted," 3 = "relevant with some adjustment," and 4 = "very relevant." The CVI was applied, and the accepted value was ≥0.50. The validation of EC bundle was conducted through 3 rounds after developed it based on the evaluated research evidence. The items were reviewed for content and face validity. The bundle was validated with 5 items with a total CVI of 0.96, a face validity of 1, and a Scale-Level Content Validity Index/Universal Agreement calculation method value of 0.8. This bundle can help critical care nurses, doctors, academics, and students assess and provide standard EC for mechanically ventilated patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary adherence during chemotherapy is crucial for managing side effects and maintaining nutritional status. However, there is a lack of validated tools to measure dietary adherence in this context. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Chemotherapy Dietary Adherence Scale (CDAS) for assessing dietary adherence among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 2 months. The CDAS was developed through a literature review and expert consultation. Face and content validation were performed with 25 experts in oncology, dietetics, and community medicine. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated at both the item (I-CVI) and scale (S-CVI) levels. Results: The expert panel comprised diverse professionals (40% public health experts, 20% medical oncologists, and 20% dietitians). Face validation showed 85% agreement on grammar, clarity, and content. The I-CVI was 0.81, and the S-CVI was 0.83, indicating strong content validity. Conclusion: The CDAS demonstrated robust content validity and relevance for assessing dietary adherence in cancer chemotherapy patients. Further research is needed to evaluate its psychometric properties and clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: It is essential to address caries risk at an early stage for the prevention of dental caries. Mobile application CaRisk is designed in a particular way to self-assess the dental caries risk by the individual’s themselves. Purpose: The current study aimed to assess the dental caries risk among age groups 5-6 and 35-44 using self-assessment caries risk mobile application CaRisk and compare it with the deft and DMFT values. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Chennai, India; to evaluate the risk of dental caries in children aged 5 to 6 and adults aged 35 to 44. The scores of the mobile application CaRisk and the decayed- extracted-filled teeth (deft)/ decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT) caries risk assessment were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were performed. The risk category was determined by frequency. Chi-square analysis was done to determine whether the DMFT scores and the CaRisk mobile app were associated. The correlation was performed between the CaRisk mobile application and DMFT scores. Results: Association was found between the caries risk assessment score of the mobile application CaRisk and the DMFT and deft scores of the adults and children for both the age groups 5-6 and 35-44 years respectively and it indicates that it was found to be statistically significant. Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the strength of association and R-values obtained for the age group 5-6 and 35-44 years respectively, which was statistically significant (0.892 and 0.840). Conclusion: This CaRisk mobile application scores correlate with the deft and DMFT scores and it is an effective self-diagnosis tool for assessing dental caries risk assessment. Further, it is suggested that the mobile application CaRisk should be tested among a huge population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the ethical awareness scale for nurses working in Iranian intensive care units. Design: A cross‐sectional psychometric study. Methods: The study was conducted in Oct 2020 to Sep 2021, involving the participation of 200 ICU nurses. The process included translation of the original version of the ethical awareness scale into Persian, following the World Health Organization guideline, for use in Iran. The translated version was then evaluated for reliability, face validity, content validity ratio, content validity index, convergent validity and construct validity. Results: The initial reliability of the scale was established. In qualitative face validity, a few items changed slightly and all items were retained in the quantitative face validity assessment. Based on Lawshe's values, three items were removed from the scale during CVR assessment. All items exhibited acceptable CVI scores. Convergent validity was established with an average variance extracted greater than 0.5. The fit indices, such as CFI = 0.94, GFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.01, AGFI = 0.97 and CMIN/DF = 2.99, supported the structural model of the scale. The fit indices for the structural model of the scale were all within acceptable ranges, suggesting that the model fit the data well. Its reliability was confirmed through the test–retest method, with Cronbach's alpha = 0.84 and McDonald's omega coefficient >0.8. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the Persian version of the ethical awareness scale for Iran (EAS‐IR) is comparable in content to the original version, demonstrating its validity and reliability for assessing ethical awareness among Iranian nurses in ICUs. The scale can be a valuable resource for measuring ethical awareness in the Iranian healthcare context and may contribute to improving ethical practices and decision‐making in ICU settings. Patient or Public Contribution: In this project, no patient or public contribution was necessary, because it was not applied to our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The objective of this study was to adapt the pediatric nurse parent partnership scale into Turkish and assess its validity and reliability. METHODS: A methodological and correlational research methodology was employed. The study was performed with 348 pediatric nurses between January and March 2023. Data collection measures were a "Personal Information Form" and the "Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale." Content and structure validity, internal consistency, and item analysis methods were utilized to establish the validity and reliability of the measure. RESULTS: The adapted measure was found to have 19 items, explaining 71.60% of the total variance, and a four-sub-dimensional structure. According to the explanatory factor analysis findings, factor loads varied from 0.509 to 0.854, and item--total score correlation values of 0.509-0.750 were obtained. The goodness of fit indices obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis were CMIN/DF = 3.845, GFI = 0.87, CFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.90, and RMSEA = 0.091. The confirmatory factor analysis of the four-factor measure structure showed that these index figures were acceptable. Cronbach's α was 0.939 for the total scale and varied from 0.845--0.893 for the sub-dimensions. CONCLUSION: The Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale was an effective and trustworthy measure that could be used in the Turkish sample to evaluate the partnerships reported by pediatric nurses and parents in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inquiring conservative Asian women about their menopausal symptoms is often challenging in crowded primary healthcare clinics. Furthermore, the subject matter is culturally sensitive to most Malaysian women. Hence, the translation of the MQ6 into Malay is crucial to enable self-administration, eliminating the necessity for interviewers and mitigating potential respondent shyness. Methods: The Menopause Quick 6 (MQ6) questionnaire was translated into the Malay language with an addition of an item, henceforth termed MQ6 (M). Forward and backward translation was performed. Face and content validity were conducted. MQ6 (M) was self-administered to 400 women aged between 40 and 60 attending six primary healthcare clinics in Malaysia. To ascertain the reliability for MQ6 (M), corrected Item-Total Correlation, Squared Multiple Correlation, Cronbach's Alpha if the Item is Deleted, and Kuder-Richardson Reliability Coefficients (KR20). Exploratory factor analysis was done to determine its' construct validity. Results: The outcome of the validation was satisfactory. By the Lawshe method, the content validity ratios ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 and the content validity index was 0.914. The Internal consistency for the MQ6(M) Cronbach's alpha was 0.711 while Kuder-Richardson Reliability Coefficients KR20 was 0.676. Factor loading of all four items is above 0.70, indicating a well-defined structure. Whereas factor loading for three items fell within the range of 0.50–0.69 indicating a practically significant threshold for a new questionnaire. Conclusion: The MQ6 (M) has acceptable reliability and construct validity to be considered as a self-administered screening tool in primary care clinics in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethical decision-making in end-of-life care is one of the most challenging aspects of healthcare: providing ethical care to the society is one of the most important responsibilities of healthcare professionals. In order to assess nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care, researchers need a specialized and comprehensive instrument which is sufficiently valid and reliable. The present study was conducted to translate and test the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Nurses' Ethical Decision-Making in End-of-Life Care Scale (NEDM-EOLCS). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, multi-centric study with a methodological design The participants were selected via convenience sampling from five hospitals located in Iran. In total, 1320 nurses (660 for exploratory factor analysis and 660 for confirmatory factor analysis) participated in the study. The original NEDM-EOLCS was translated into Persian and subsequently the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed according to COSMIN criteria. Results: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed the factor loading of the 55 items to be between 0.62 and 0.88, all of which were significant. Also, exploratory factor analysis showed that 3 factors (perceived professional accountability, moral reasoning/moral agency and moral practice) explained 74.51% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results verified the good fit of the data (a chi-square of 21.74, df = 7, P = 0.001) RMSEA = 0.01, CFI = 0.96, NFI = 0.95, and TLI = 0.97). The reliability of the scale was measured in terms of its internal consistency and the Cronbach's alpha of the whole instrument was found to be 0.98. Conclusion: The Persian version of NEDM-EOLCS for nurses is sufficiently valid and reliable. Thus, this instrument can be used to measure nurses' ethical decision-making in end-of-life care and identify the most effective strategies, e.g. educational interventions, to improve ethical decision-making skills in end-of-life care in these healthcare professionals as necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As colleges and universities continue to focus on creating diverse, equitable, and inclusive environments, it is important to gain more knowledge on the experiences that Muslim student-athletes have while fasting during the month of Ramadan. Although previous researchers have investigated the physical effects of fasting on the body, little is known about the challenges or support Muslim student-athletes experience while fasting and participating in sport during Ramadan. To explore the experiences of Muslim collegiate student-athletes regarding fasting during Ramadan while participating in sports. Qualitative research study. Individual video interviews. Twelve Muslim collegiate student-athletes (4 women, 8 men; age = 19.9 ± 1.4 years) from 7 universities across 7 states were interviewed. A semistructured interview guide consisting of questions pertaining to the Muslim student-athletes' beliefs, challenges, experiences, and feelings was developed to gather perceptions of fasting during Ramadan while participating in sport. Data were analyzed by a multianalyst research team and coded into common themes and categories via a multiphase consensus process. Four major themes emerged from the interview process: the significance of fasting and Ramadan (familial influence, religious belief, and introspection and spiritual growth), intrinsic challenges (physical challenges, mental and emotional challenges, and time constraints), extrinsic challenges (lack of available resources, knowledge and curiosity of others, and lack of understanding by others), and various types of support (sport-specific support, community support, and desired support) that affected athletes' experiences with fasting during Ramadan while participating in sport. The athletic community should seek to better support Muslim student-athletes and respect the importance of fasting during Ramadan. Parties interested in the success of these athletes in sport should improve their understanding regarding Ramadan and the desired support of Muslim student-athletes during fasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Innovative behavior and innovation support should be measured with valid tools to better understand employees' attitudes. Aim: To translate and validate the "Innovative Behavior Inventory" (IBI) and the "Innovation Support Inventory" (ISI) in Greek. Methods: Our sample included 328 nurses in Greece. We performed our study during April 2024. We employed the forward-backward method to translate and adapt the IBI and the ISI in Greek language. We examined the construct validity of the scales by performing confirmatory factor analysis. We examined the concurrent validity of the scales using the "Quiet Quitting Scale" (QQS) and the single item burnout measure. We examined the reliability of the scales by calculating Cronbach's alpha. Results: IBI and ISI showed very good psychometric properties. Our confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the six-factor structure of the IBI and the three-factor structure of the ISI. Concurrent validity of the Greek versions of IBI and ISI was very good. We found statistically significant correlations between IBI and QQS (r = -0.540, p<0.001), and single item burnout measure (r = -0.198, p<0.001). We found statistically significant correlations between ISI and QQS (r = -0.313, p<0.001), and single item burnout measure (r = -0.242, p<0.001). Moreover, Cronbach's coefficient alpha for all factors of IBI and ISI was higher than the acceptable cut-off of 0.700. Conclusions: The Greek versions of the "Innovative Behavior Inventory" and the "Innovation Support Inventory" are reliable and valid tools to measure innovative behavior, innovation support and innovation outputs among workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Patella (VISA-P) questionnaire is a widely accepted instrument for measuring the severity of symptoms and pain in patients having sustained patellar tendinopathy. Purpose: To adapt the VISA-P questionnaire cross-culturally to a traditional Chinese version (VISA-P-Ch) and validate its psychometric properties. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The VISA-P questionnaire was adapted to a traditional Chinese version following international recommended guidelines, including translation, synthesis, back translation, revision by expert committee, pretesting, and validation. The psychometric properties were tested in 15 healthy controls and 15 participants with patellar tendinopathy. Face validity was judged by the authors and participants. Known-groups validity was tested by comparing the VISA-P-Ch scores between symptomatic and asymptomatic participants using an independent t test. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the Blazina classification of the participants against VISA-P-Ch scores using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Test-retest reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) following a 24- to 48-hour interval. Internal consistency was determined by the Cronbach alpha. Results: The expert committee and participants reported good face validity of the VISA-P-Ch. Significantly higher scores were found in the control group than in the patellar tendinopathy group (98.47 ± 3.04 vs 65 ± 11.9; P <.001). Concurrent validity showed a high correlation between VISA-P-Ch and the Blazina classification system (r = -0.899; P <.01). The test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.964). Internal consistency was found to be good for both the first and second assessments (Cronbach α = 0.834 and 0.851). Conclusion: The VISA-P-Ch was proven to be a reliable and valid questionnaire with similar psychometric properties as the original VISA-P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Many associations have recently recommended early integration of oncology and palliative care for more standard cancer care and better quality of life. We aimed to create a questionnaire to assess the opinion of medical oncologists and nurses about the clinical impact of the integrated palliative care and oncology (PCO) program. Methods: A novel semi-structured questionnaire called Impact of Early Integration of Palliative Care Oncology (IEI PCO) questionnaire was developed and tested for validity and reliability then distributed to the oncologists and nurses working in Kuwait Cancer Control Center. Results: After the pilot stage, testing the final questionnaire for validity and reliability was done with satisfactory results. Finally, the complete questionnaires were 170 out of 256 (response rate 66.41%). More awareness about the available palliative care services and the new available PCO services (p-value < 0.001 for all). Most of the oncologists and nurses agreed with the currently available structure of PCO, appreciated the patients' discharge plan and continuity of care of palliative medicine, admitted less work burden, a better attitude, and higher satisfaction (p-value for all < 0.001) toward palliative care. Significant improvements in symptoms were appreciated by oncologists and nurses after the integration of palliative care (p-value for all < 0.001. Oncologists and nurses valued repeated honest communication, discussion of the goals of care, dealing more effectively with ending active treatment, and higher acceptance of patients and families of PC policy of transfer, and significant progress in the care of end-of-life symptoms (p-value for all < 0.001). Conclusions: The IEI PCO questionnaire demonstrated the psychometric criteria for content, face, and construct validity and reliability. It provides a valuable tool to assess the impact of PCO integration. The opinion of medical oncologists and nurses was significantly positive toward the early integration of PCO in Kuwait in most aspects of care. This integration led to improved symptom control, end-of-life care, communication, and planned discharge and follow-up plans. Moreover, decreases the work burden, improves attitude, higher satisfaction of the oncology staff, and continuity of care. Key message: What is already known? Many studies proved the role of integrated palliative and oncology care but no available tools to assess this impact in clinical practice. What does this study add? • Impact of Early Integration of Palliative Care and Oncology Questionnaire (IEI PCO) is a newly developed and validated tool that can be used for evaluation of the impact of the PCO integration program. • It compares symptom control, end-of-life care, professional communication, structure, and clinical practice of PCO before and after integration and how this can affect the work burden, attitude, and satisfaction of oncology staff. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy? • It increases the awareness of oncology staff about the available PCO models such as ambulatory SPC team. The joint clinic, weekends round by SPC?etc • It can provide a guide to the important aspects that should be considered during the preparation of any PCO integration program and give feedback about aspects that need improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most important population challenges during the last three decades has been the significant decrease in the fertility rate worldwide. Since the validity and reliability of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) have not been determined in Iran, we conducted this study to assess psychometric characteristics of the MFKI and FFKI in couples in Tabriz and Urmia, Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, as the first part (quantitative phase) of a sequential explanatory mixed-method study. The current study was done on 1200 participants (600 women with their husbands) living in the northwestern region of Iran, between January 2023 and September 2023. The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the tool (MFKI and FFKI) were performed in 5 stages, including translation process, content validity, face validity, construct validity and reliability assesment. Results: In this study, the CVI, CVR, and impact scores of the MFKI tool were equal to 0.90, 0.88, 3.26 and CVI, CVR, and Impact scores of the FFKI tool were respectively equal to 0.95, 0.91 and 3.59, that it indicated a satisfactory level of content and face validity. Then, to check the construct validity, the results of the exploratory factor analysis of the MFKI tool on 13 items led to the identification of 3 factors, including Environment and reproductive health (ERH), Lifestyle factors (LSF) and Sperm quality (SQ), which explained 66% of the cumulative variance. The results of the exploratory factor analysis of the FFKI tool on 15 items led to the identification of 4 factors, including Reproductive health (RH), Lifestyle factors (LSF), Chance of conception (CHC) and Ovarian reserve and preservation (ORP), which explained 68% of the cumulative variance. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that the Persian version of MFKI and FFKI has acceptable psychometric properties to measure the awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, which can be used as a screening tool for fertility knowledge by health care professionals and also as a reliable tool in research. Plain English summary: The right to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is considered one of the basic rights of couples all over the world. Increasing childbearing age is a global social issue. In spite of the policies of having children in the previous decade, fertility reduction and involuntary childlessness are still the foremost global health problems. The fertility rate in Iran has reduced significantly in the last thirty years. This reduction can be attributed not only to economic difficulties but also to the postponement of marriage and having children, as well as infertility issues, which, by increasing the awareness of couples about fertility, seems to be able to overcome this problem to some extent. Consequently, we decided to conduct this study with the aim of determining the psychometric properties of the Male and Female Fertility Knowledge Inventories (MFKI and FFKI) in Iranian couples. The results of the current study revealed that this questionnaire, having acceptable psychometric properties to evaluate the state of awareness of Iranian couples regarding fertility, can be used as a valid and reliable tool in Iranian couples. It appears that it is essential for health care providers to play an active role in advising couples about the appropriate age of fertility, the problems of delay in having children, overcoming the value of having few children in society. Accordingly, health policymakers should recommend the use of valid screening tools to identify the knowledge of women and men about fertility in health centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor nurse-patient relationship poses an obstacle to care delivery, jeopardizing patient experience and patient care outcomes. Measuring nurse-patient relationship is challenging given its multi-dimensional nature and a lack of well-established scales. Purpose: This study aimed to develop a multi-dimensional scale measuring nurse-patient relationship in China. Methods: A preliminary scale was constructed based on the existing literature and Delphi consultations with 12 nursing experts. The face validity of the scale was tested through a survey of 45 clinical nurses. This was followed by a validation study on 620 clinical nurses. Cronbach's α, content validity and known-group validity of the scale were assessed. The study sample was further divided into two for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), respectively, to assess the construct validity of the scale. Results: The Nurse-Patient Relationship Scale (NPRS) containing 23 items was developed and validated, measuring five dimensions: nursing behavior, nurse understanding and respect for patient, patient misunderstanding and mistrust in nurse, communication with patient, and interaction with patient. The Cronbach's α of the NPRS ranged from 0.725 to 0.932, indicating high internal consistency. The CFA showed excellent fitness of data into the five-factor structure: χ2/df = 2.431, GFI = 0.933, TLI = 0.923, CFI = 0.939, IFI = 0.923, RMSEA = 0.070. Good content and construct validity are demonstrated through expert consensus and psychometric tests. Conclusion: The NPRS is a valid tool measuring nurse-patient relationship in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses work in close proximity to patients, and as such, they can have a direct impact on the control of infections; thus, it is important for nurses to be competent in infection control. However, the scales used to measure infection control performance in nurses are not suitable for measuring infection control competencies that reflect nurses' expertise, clinical environment, and work. Thus, this study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measure to assess infection control competency of clinical nurses. Methods: A concept analysis, using a hybrid model, was performed on the infection control competency of clinical nurses to confirm the components and develop 67 initial items. Ten experts evaluated the content validity of these items, and a Korean language expert and a Doctor of Nursing reviewed the questions to consolidate them into 59 items. Subsequently, 267 nurses working at a certified tertiary hospital in D City were surveyed to confirm the validity and reliability of the scale. Results: As a result of the study, the final scale comprising seven factors and 33 questions was derived, and the cumulative explanatory power of these factors was 60.8%. To verify convergent and discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and the average variance extraction index, composite reliability values, and confidence interval of the correlation coefficient between factors were confirmed. Convergent and discriminant validities were verified by comparison with standard values. The Cronbach's α for the entire scale in this study was 0.93. Consequently, the validity and reliability of the clinical nurses' infection control competency measurement scale were verified. Conclusions: The validity and reliability of the infection control competency measurement scale for clinical nurses (ICCS-CN) developed in this study was verified, and the scale can be effectively used to measure the infection control competency of clinical nurses. Measuring the infection control competency of clinical nurses will help reduce the harm caused by infection and ensure patient safety by decreasing infection rates in medical institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the global challenges posed by COVID-19, researchers strived to identify risk factors for severe cases, which lead to various complications—including death. Lifestyle modifications, such as implementing a healthy diet and recommended physical activity, have been shown to be protective against severe COVID-19 cases. Despite an association of a plant-based diet with reduced COVID-19 severity, specific dietary characteristics have not been identified. Also, the methodology for measuring physical activity is variable, with studies overlooking the intensity or the habit components of physical activity. To bridge this gap, our study designed, validated, and applied a retrospective questionnaire with aims of exploring the relationship between lifestyle factors, specifically diet and physical activity, and severe COVID-19. We considered the intensity and years of physical activity habit, which is a limitation of other questionnaires. Results reveal associations of age and BMI with severe COVID-19. An excessive sugar diet was found to be associated with severe COVID-19 and increased symptom duration. We also observed an inverse relationship pattern of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity across case severity, which is absent in walking physical activity. This study lays a foundation for research aiming to identify lifestyle factors that prevent severe COVID-19 cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to develop a patient-reported experience measure (PREM) for comparing the experience of care received by ambulatory patients with acute unexpected needs presenting in emergency departments (EDs), walk-in clinics, and primary care practices. Methods: The Ambulatory Patient EXperience (APEX) questionnaire was developed using a 5-phase mixed-methods approach. The questionnaire was pretested by asking potential users to rate its clarity, usefulness, redundancy, content and face validities, and discrimination on a 9-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 9 = strongly agree). The pre-final version was then tested in a pilot study. Results: The final questionnaire is composed of 61 questions divided into 7 sections. In the pretest (n = 25), median responses were 8 and above for all dimensions assessed. In the pilot study, 63 participants were enrolled. Adjusted results show that access, cleanliness, and feeling treated with respect and dignity by nurses and physicians were significantly better in the clinics than in the ED. Conclusion: We developed a questionnaire to assess and compare experience of ambulatory care in different clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The significance of narrative skills is evident due to their role in the development of language and their connection to significant social and academic skills. This study aimed to translate, adapt, and validate the Test of Narrative Language-Second Edition (TNL-2) for its use as a tool for the assessment of narrative language in Arabic-speaking Egyptian children. In a cross-sectional study design, the Arabic-translated version of the TNL-2 was administered to 200 typically developing Arabic-speaking Egyptian children ranging in age from 4 years to 15 years and 11 months for validation. The participants were categorized according to their age into ten groups and their scores were analyzed. Face validity was assessed by asking five expert phoniatricians to review the Arabic version of the TNL-2 and complete a questionnaire that assessed the test's effectiveness in measuring different narrative skills. Results: A statistically significant difference was found when comparing the TNL-2 scores among the age groups under study. In addition, there was a significant correlation between standardized Arabic language test scores and the total comprehension and total production subtests' raw scores of the TNL-2. The test-retest reliability and inter-rater agreement demonstrated a high level of reliability and inter-rater agreement. Experts have reached a consensus that the Arabic version of the TNL-2 is capable of evaluating the primary microstructural and macrostructural components of Arabic narratives. Furthermore, it can provide insights into the overall narrative skills of Egyptian Arabic-speaking children. Conclusion: The Arabic-translated version of the TNL-2 demonstrated validity and reliability as an instrument for assessing narrative language comprehension and production skills in Arabic-speaking Egyptian children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are few short, validated tools to assess young children's obesity‐related dietary behaviours, limiting the rapid screening of dietary behaviours in research and practice‐based early obesity prevention. This study aimed to develop and assess the reliability and validity of a caregiver‐reported short dietary questionnaire to rapidly assess obesity‐related dietary behaviours in children aged 6 months to 5 years. The Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Dietary Questionnaire (EPOCH‐DQ) was developed using a rigorous process to determine content and structural validity. Three age‐appropriate versions were developed for (1) infants, aged 6–12 months, (2) toddlers, aged 1–2.9 years and (3) pre‐schoolers, aged 3–5 years. The questionnaire (7–15 items) measures dietary behaviours, including diet risk from non‐core food and beverage intake, diet quality from vegetable frequency, bread type and infant feeding practices. Test–retest reliability was assessed from repeated administrations 1 week apart (n = 126). Internal consistency, concurrent validity (against a comparison questionnaire, the InFANT Food Frequency Questionnaire), construct validity and interpretability were assessed (n = 209). Most scores were highly correlated and significantly associated (p < 0.05) for validity (rs: 0.45–0.89, percentage agreement 68%–100%) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.61–0.99) for diet risk, diet quality and feeding practice items. The EPOCH‐DQ shows acceptable validity and reliability for screening of obesity‐related behaviours of children under 5 years of age. The short length and, thus, low participant burden of the EPOCH‐DQ allows for potential applications in various settings. Future testing of the EPOCH‐DQ should evaluate culturally and socio‐economically diverse populations and establish the predictive validity and sensitivity to detect change. Key messages: Accurate measurement of obesity‐related dietary behaviours is essential for the evaluation of early obesity prevention programmes and monitoring population trends.The 7–15 item Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Dietary Questionnaire (EPOCH‐DQ) was shown to have acceptable validity and reliability for assessing obesity‐related behaviours of children aged 6 months to 5 years of age.The short length and thus low participant burden of the EPOCH‐DQ allows for potential applications in various settings, including research, population health monitoring and use by health professionals.Future testing of the EPOCH‐DQ should include evaluation across culturally and socio‐economically diverse populations and determine the predictive validity and sensitivity to detect change of the EPOCH‐DQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Experiencing dizziness/vertigo is often an indication of dysfunction in the vestibular system. Recent findings show a connection between peripheral vestibular dysfunction and cognitive impairments. The Neuropsychological Vertigo Inventory (NVI) can assess physical, emotional, and cognitive issues in individuals with dizziness/vertigo. The aim of this research was to translate, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the reliability and validity of NVI to Persian. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the NVI scale was translated and adapted to the Iranian cultural context following the international quality of life assessment protocol for translation and equivalence. After obtaining face validity, the scale was administered to 140 patients with peripheral vestibular system dysfunction and 70 control group (age between 25 and 80 years). After one week, 50 participants were asked to complete the questionnaire again. Eventually, reliability was evaluated with both methods of internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility. Results: Out of the 28 items in the NVI scale, 3 items were modified to better align with the cultural conditions of Iranians. The impact scores for most items in this scale were found to be higher than 1.5. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient values for the overall scale (0.90) and test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient for the overall scale (0.91) were confirmed. Conclusion: The Persian version of NVI scale demonstrates excellent validity and reliability, and it exhibits a high level of content alignment with the original version. Therefore, it can be a useful tool to better understand the physical, emotional and cognitive disturbances in patients with vertigo/dizziness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Constipation Severity Instrument (CSI) and assess its reliability and validity in the Iranian Persian language with chronic functional constipation. Background: Chronic functional constipation is a common complaint characterized by a range of symptoms. The use of a validated tool adapted to the culture is an important part of the treatment process. Methods: CSI was translated into Persian language according to Beaton's guidelines. One hundred and twenty-five patients with chronic functional constipation, according to ROME IV criteria, completed the questionnaires. Face validity was assessed in two qualitative and quantitative forms (impact score), internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the total scores of the CSI and the WCSS. The floor/ ceiling effects of the questionnaire were also assessed. Results: The impact score of all questions was greater than 1.5. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score was 0.90 and the ICC was 0.90. The total score of the CSI was significantly correlated with the total score of the WCSS (Spearman's p=0.74). No floor/ceiling effects were found. Conclusion: The Persian version of the CSI is a reliable and valid tool that can be used for psychometric evaluation. Clinicians can also benefit from this questionnaire when assessing treatment outcomes in Iranian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed at culturally adapting, validating, and standardizing the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) by implementing a nation-wide cross-sectional methodological study in order to provide a valid and reliable tool for determining the developmental status of Iranian children. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional and methodological study was conducted on Iranian children between 1-66 months. The ASQ-3 tool was translated; following that, its face and content validity, as well as the crosscultural adaptation were assessed by 51 specialists and experts in the field of pediatrics and child development. In order to determine the reliability of the ASQ-3 (using Cronbach's alpha), and cut-off points. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA software. Results This study was enrolled in 2 phases. The face and content validity, as well as the cultural relevance of the Persian version of ASQ- 3 was confirmed using panel of specialists views then researchers investigated 11,740 children aged 1-66 months in order to evaluate the reliability of the tool. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients (reliability) determined for the ASQ-3 and the cut-off points for the ASQ-3 of different age groups and domains were determined by calculating one and two SDs below the mean; the latter represents the main cutoff point, and the interval between the two represents the monitoring zone according to the ASQ-3 technical manual. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the Iranian version of ASQ-3 is valid and reliable; moreover, the cut-off points designated for it can be implemented in the Iranian children community to assess their developmental status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Communication skills have a principal function and value in health and treatment. These skills are essential for child experts, resulting in the clients' cooperation, satisfaction, and correct diagnosis. This study aims to design a scale to evaluate the communication skills of health center experts in children's developmental tests. Materials & Methods The research community consisted of experts from health centers in Iran universities of medical sciences. The samples were recruited by purpose-based sampling. This group of experts was used in health centers due to the training of selected experts to perform the developmental Bayley test. First, the evaluation concepts were determined and discussed through a literature review and focused group discussion sessions with 10 experts; the experts were asked to express their opinions and suggestions regarding compiling communication items using the Delphi method. Suggested comments were collected and coded, and the study scale was designed. Then, the psychometric characteristics of the scale were determined with the participation of 16 experts through quantitative content validity and face validity. The scale's reliability was determined through the test re-test with a 2-week interval, the agreement coefficient in observations was compared between raters and the reference rater, and internal consistency was done. Quantitative data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 22. Results In this study, the communication skills scale was designed with 30 items: 13 for communication with children, 6 for communication with parents, and 11 for general items. The lowest content validity index value was related to one item in the communication with the children section. The rest of the items had acceptable validity. The Cronbach α value was 0.81 in communication with the children, 0.82 in communication with the parents, and 0.76 in the general section. The reliability level was 0.83, and the intracluster correlation coefficient was 0.77 in communication with a child, 0.88 in communication with parents, and 0.81 in general. The kappa coefficient for agreement between reference observer and other observers was above 0.7 in 5 cases and less than 0.4 in 2 cases. Conclusion The compiled evaluation scale has high validity and reliability and can be used as an evaluation scale of communication skills for child experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "resilience assessment questionnaire" in patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials & Methods The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients living in Tehran City in 2022. Of them, 250 people were selected through available sampling. The participants completed the questionnaires of Gromis et al. resilience and the hospital anxiety and depression scales. The validity of the questionnaire was investigated using the formal, content, construct, and predictor methods. Also, the reliability of the test was checked through the Cronbach α method and retesting. Data analysis was done using SPSS software, version 26. Results The face validity was confirmed by checking the content and solving the appearance problems. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed after correcting the questions. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the resilience questionnaire includes 5 components: Emotional and cognitive strategies, physical activity and diet, family and friends support, peer support, and spirituality. Also, the Cronbach α values of these components were 0.88, 0.79, 0.62, 0.76, 0.50, and 0.89, respectively. The eigenvalues of these components explained 47.49% of the variance. There was a significant relationship between the resilience and anxiety/depression questionnaire components. The correlation value between the first and second stages confirmed the retest validity of the resilience questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the "multiple sclerosis resilience" scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience features in Iranian MS patients, which can be used in policymaking and research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Amidst the global rise in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), effective management of the disease has become increasingly important. Health literacy, particularly in non-English speaking populations, plays a crucial role in this management. To address the lack of suitable tools for Arabic-speaking diabetic patients, this study developed and validated the Jordanian Diabetic Health Literacy Questionnaire (JDHLQ). (2) Methods: A sample of 400 diabetic patients from Jordan, with a balance in gender, age, and educational background, was recruited from an endocrinology outpatient clinic. The JDHLQ, consisting of informative and communicative sections, underwent rigorous validation. Utilizing principal component analysis and Rasch analysis, the JDHL's reliability and validity were evaluated. (3) Results: The results showed moderate proficiency in understanding and communicating diabetes-related information and confirmed the reliability and validity of the JDHLQ. (4) Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of culturally appropriate health literacy tools in enhancing patient understanding, engagement, and overall management of T2DM in Arabic-speaking communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dating violence has become a problem of social relevance with short- and long-term health consequences. Nurses are in a privileged position to detect and address this problem in health facilities and as school nurses in schools, providing health education and detecting this violence correctly. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-cultural validation of the Portuguese version of the Multidimensional Scale of Dating Violence-Short (MSDV 2.0). Methods: A validation investigation was carried out in two phases: (1) cross-cultural adaptation of the items and content validation of the Portuguese version of MSDV 2.0 and (2) psychometric validation. Results: Phase (1): The items of the original version include a cross-cultural translation from Spanish to Portuguese and analysed by a group of experts in gender violence and by the authors of the original scale, then a back translation was made and again reviewed by the experts. Young university students also participated for face validity, and a pilot test was carried out. Phase (2): Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the robust maximum-likelihood estimation method, which confirmed the five-dimensional structure, obtaining good fit rates (chi-square significance (χ2) = 187.860 (p < 0.0001); root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.049; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.937; Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.923). Reliability analysis indicated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha (α) = 0.88 to 0.70). Finally, scores of the Portuguese versions MSDV 2.0 were correlated, as expected, positively with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (r = 0.36 to 0.16) and negatively with the Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire Short Form 36, Health Survey (SF-36) (r = −0.30 to −0.14). Conclusions: To date, it is the only instrument that measures dating violence in a multidimensional way validated in the Portuguese university context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) is a widely used parent questionnaire for screening motor coordination disorders in children aged 5–15 years. Despite increasing motor difficulties in children, a validated version is lacking in Central Europe. In addition, previous studies pointed out that several DCDQ items were shown to be problematic in different cultural environments. We found that the majority of these studies did not assess the item's content validity approach for keeping the semantic form and linguistic intelligibility of the original items. Therefore, this study aimed to translate the DCDQ, determine the content validity of items, and adapt the DCDQ for Czech children aged 6–10 years, where the identification of motor difficulties is crucial. Back-translation was employed, and face validity was consulted with linguistic experts and occupational therapists. A sample of 25 bilingual parents and practitioners evaluated the translated version, with content validity assessed using the Content Validity Ratio coefficient (CVR). Initial CVR scores ranged from 0.6 to 1.0. Lower scores were found for items 14 and 15, which were shown to be problematic in previous studies. The reason for the lower content validity in these items was due to double negation. Following linguistic modifications, the CVR values improved (range: 0.87–1.0), indicating content and semantic stability. Our findings underscore the importance of considering content validity and language specificity, including issues like double negation, during cross-cultural questionnaire validation to mitigate potential psychometric concerns in the future. The adapted Czech version exhibits significant content validity, thereby warranting further validation of its psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The EuroQol Group recently developed two new instruments, the EQ Health and Wellbeing (EQ-HWB) and the EQ Health and Wellbeing short version (EQ-HWB-S). The EQ-HWB and EQ-HWB-S are intended to capture a broad range of health and broader quality of life aspects, which may be relevant to general public members, patients, their families, social care users and informal carers. This study assesses the content validity of the Italian version of the two instruments in a sample of Italian patients, social care users and informal carers. Methods: Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling approach. One-on-one interviews were carried out using video-conferencing interviews. A semi-structured topic guide was used to guide the interview procedures, with open-ended questions supplemented by probes. Participants were asked to explain important aspects of their health and quality of life, to complete the questionnaires and verbalize their thoughts. Results: Twenty participants comprising of patients (n = 9), informal carers (n = 6), and members of the general public (n = 5) participated to the study. Content validity was summarized into six main themes: comprehension, interpretation, acceptability, relevance, response options and recall period. All participants found the instruments easy or quite easy to understand and to respond to. Items were relevant for all three groups of participants, and response options appropriate. Conclusions: The Italian version of the EQ-HWB showed content validity in measuring health and wellbeing in a mixed Italian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Half of the patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) develop one or more tumours called plexiform neurofibromas, which can have a significant impact on Quality of Life (QoL). The PlexiQoL questionnaire is a disease-specific QoL measure for adults with NF1-associated plexiform neurofibromas. The aim of this study was to adapt and validate a Dutch version of the PlexiQoL for the Netherlands. Methods: The PlexiQoL was translated using the dual-panel methodology, followed by cognitive debriefing interviews to assess face and content validity. The psychometric properties were evaluated by administering the questionnaire on two separate occasions to a sample of adults with NF1 and plexiform neurofibromas. Feasibility was evaluated by the presence of floor/ceiling effects. Reliability was assessed by evaluating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability, using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to check for known group validity. The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) questionnaire was used as comparator questionnaire to evaluate convergent validity. Results: The translation and cognitive debriefing interviews resulted in a Dutch version of the PlexiQoL that reflected the original concept and underlying semantic meanings of the UK English version. Forty participants completed the validation survey. The Dutch PlexiQoL demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.825) and test-retest reliability (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.928). The questionnaire detected differences in PlexiQoL scores between participants based on self-reported general health and disease severity. Convergent validity was confirmed for relevant NHP subsections. Conclusions: The Dutch PlexiQoL demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and can be reliably used to measure plexiform neurofibroma-related QoL in adults with NF1 in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In endoscopic care, favourable patient experiences before, during and after a colonoscopy are essential for the patient's willingness to repeat the procedure. To ensure that significant experiences are measured, patients should be involved in creating the measurement instruments. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a colonoscopy-specific PREM by (1) operationalising patient experiences before, during and after a colonoscopy procedure and (2) evaluating its content validity. Methods: The colonoscopy-specific PREM was developed in two stages: (1) operationalisation with item generation and (2) content validity testing. A previously developed conceptual model, based on a systematic literature review that illustrates patients' (n = 245) experiences of undergoing a colonoscopy, formed the theoretical basis. To assess the degree to which the PREM reflected patients' experiences before, during and after a colonoscopy procedure, content validity was tested—through face validity with healthcare professionals (n = 4) and cognitive interviews with patients (n = 14) having experienced a colonoscopy. Content validity index (CVI) was calculated to investigate the relevance of the items. Results: The Patient Experience Colonoscopy Scale (PECS) is a colonoscopy-specific PREM consisting of five different constructs: health motivation, discomfort, information, a caring relationship and understanding. Each construct was defined and generated into a pool of items (n = 77). After face-validity assessment with healthcare professionals, a draft 52-item version of the PECS was ready for content validity testing by the patients. During cognitive interviews the patients contributed valuable insights that led to rewording and removal of items. Results from the CVI suggest that the PECS and its content are relevant (I-CVI range 0.5–1, S-CVI/Ave = 0.86). The final PECS consists of 30 items representing a colonoscopy-specific PREM. Conclusion: The PECS is a new 30-item PREM instrument designed for adult elective colonoscopy patients after they have undergone the procedure. Each item in the PECS derives from a conceptual model based on a systematic literature review. Patients and healthcare professionals were involved in developing the PECS, which measures colonoscopy-specific patient experiences before, during and after the procedure. The content validity testing positively contributed to the development of the PECS. Psychometric properties need to be evaluated further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) do not achieve the desired glycaemic control despite being treated with insulin. Studies found this due to an improper understanding of insulin function, its intensification process and patients' negative perspective on insulin. We developed an education module to enhance adherence to insulin therapy. Methods: This study applied a mixed design. It was conducted in three phases: i) Phase I: literature search and focus group discussions (FGDs), ii) Phase II: module development and iii) Phase III: content and face validation of Universiti Sains Malaysia-Insulin Adherence Module (USM-IAM). FGDs were used to gather patients' opinions. All researchers repeatedly discussed about the module content and arrangement, the words and images used, and the grammar in producing the final draft. Specialists and target audience performed content and face validation of the module. Results: Thirty-six participants were involved in the FGDs. Data saturation was achieved at the 4th FGD. Three themes emerged from qualitative data analysis and were incorporated into the module. USM-IAM was finalised with five units. The content validity index (CVI) was 0.92, while face validity agreements were between 86% and 97%. Conclusion: The CVI and face agreement for USM-IAM exceed the cut-off point for a sound module. It has good potential to be used as a resource for educating patients in enhancing insulin adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Perceived Inventory of Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing (PITCCN) questionnaire has been designed to measure technological competency as caring in nursing practice. It incorporates the use of technology with the fundamental principles of caring that are central to nursing. As there were no psychometrically sound instruments to quantify the concept of technological competency as caring in the Slovene language, we adapted the English version of the questionnaire to the local environment. The goal was to assess the level of psychometric properties of the PITCCN investigated in Slovene hospitals. Methods: Content validity was conducted with eight experts and quantified by the content validity index (CVI) and the modified Cohen's kappa index. Face validity was assessed through discussions with participants from the target culture in the pilot study. To assess construct validity and internal consistency, a cross-sectional research methodology was used on a convenience sample of 121 nursing personnel from four hospitals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine construct validity, while Cronbach's alpha and adjusted item-total correlations were used to measure internal consistency. Results: The content and face validity of PITCCN were adequate. The scale validity index (S-CVI) was 0.97. Cronbach's α was 0.92, and subscale reliabilities ranged from 0.810 to 0.925. PCA showed four components, which explained more than 73.49% of the variance. Conclusions: The Slovenian version of PITCCN (PITCCN_SI) has good psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimated 6 million children under the age of five in Nigeria (out of nearly 31 million) risk not reaching their full developmental potential. The dearth of context-relevant measures poses a challenge to the planning and implementation of effective interventions. This study assesses the utility of the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) in Nigeria. We used the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys to track progress among 3- to 4-year-old children (n = 11,073); 3-year-old, 51%; female, 49%. Using random calibration samples, the results from psychometric tests indicate that while over half of the children were on track in their development based on the ECDI, the instrument had low to average internal consistency and weak face validity, suggesting an inadequacy in capturing ECD information of value. At the outset of the launch of the new ECDI2030, the results of this study point to the need for continued discourse and advocacy for the use of culturally appropriate measures of child development, and a child-centered community engagement approach. This is essential in ensuring accountability and responsive interventions for the children served and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, the prevalence of sexual harassment has become a global problem, and nursing, like other professions, has not been immune to this issue. By having a valid and reliable instrument, healthcare personnel can be helped in preventing and managing this problem and reduce its negative consequences on mental health and well-being. The aim of this study was developing and psychometrically measuring the Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale. Materials and methods: This study is the second phase of a mixed method study. Initially in the first phase, a qualitative approach with conventional content analysis was used to explain nurses' experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace. To design the Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale, qualitative data and literature were reviewed. In the quantitative phase (second phase), the target scale was psychometrically evaluated using content validity (14 experts), face validity (12 nurses with being sexually harassed), construct validity (316 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences), and reliability (internal consistency and repeatability). Results: A 15-item scale with two components: "latent sexual harassment" (9 items) and "manifest sexual harassment" (6 items), which explained 68.4% of the total variance was developed. Also, due to the strong correlation between the Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (r = 0.67), convergent validity was confirmed. Also, the scale of the present study had good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.94, Omega coefficient = 0.94, and ICC = 0.92). Conclusion: Given the importance of sexual harassment among nurses, measuring the dimensions of this problem may allow professionals to plan interventions to prevent it. Overall, the results of the present study showed that the psychometric properties of the " Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale" with 15 items are acceptable and this scale can be used in the clinical environment. A further study within the nursing community is recommended to confirm the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Novice nurses providing care in acute conditions should have satisfactory performance. Accurate and appropriate evaluation of the performance of novice nurses in providing care in acute situations is essential for planning interventions to improve the quality of patient care. This study was conducted to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Perception to Care in Acute Situations (PCAS-P) scale in novice nurses. Methods: In this methodological study, 236 novice nurses were selected by the convenience sampling method. 17-item scale PCAS-P was translated into Persian by the forward-backward process. Then, this version was used for psychometric evaluation. For this purpose, face validity, content validity, and construct validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and stability reliability were calculated. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Results: The PCAS-P scale maintained the meaning of the original English version and was clear, explicit, and understandable for novice nurses. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that this Persian version is consistent with the proposed model and confirmed the fit of the three-factor model. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega, Coefficient H, and average inter-item correlation were excellent for the overall scale and its dimensions, and the three latent factors had good convergent and discriminant validity. Additionally, the average measurement size was 0.944 ICC (95% CI 0.909 to 0.969). Conclusion: The PCAS-P scale is valid and reliable for measuring novice nurses' perception of acute situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric indicators of the Persian version of the Sense of Belonging in Nursing School scale (SBNS). Methods: The study conducted in Shahroud and Semnan schools of nursing and midwifery in Iran examined nursing students using a cross-sectional approach by convenience sampling method from 3/6/2023 to 24/8/2023. To assess the SBNS scale, the forward–backward procedure was used to translate it into Persian. Face and content validity were evaluated, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with sample sizes of 200 and 182, respectively. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, MacDonald's omega, and intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: The exploratory factor analysis resulted in the exclusion of four items, leaving a final selection of 15 items. These items were categorized into three factors: classmates, clinical staff, and inclusive educational environment, which accounted for 49.16% of the overall variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model was a good fit for the observed data, and the subscales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.752 to 0.880) and stability (intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.889 to 0.968). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the SBNS scale demonstrates sufficient validity and reliability in assessing students' sense of belonging to the nursing school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Population ageing poses a challenge to improving the well-being of older adults, particularly in terms of oral health. Promoting self-efficacy in oral health behaviours is crucial for maintaining this population's health and quality of life. The Oral Health Self-Efficacy Scale (OHSES) has been widely used to assess dental self-efficacy and is considered comprehensive and reliable. However, there is a need to validate OHSES for Spanish-speaking older adults. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the translated questionnaire for use in the older Chilean population. Methods: A sample of 188 older adults, aged 60 years and above residing independently in the community, were recruited by accessing databases from the National Senior Citizen Service and various community organisations within the region of La Araucanía. The participants underwent comprehensive oral examinations and oral health interviews, focusing on variables such as OHSES, Oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-14Sp), assessment of remaining teeth, knowledge and attitudes toward oral health, and sociodemographic characteristics. The validity of the translated questionnaire was assessed through translation and cross-cultural adaptation, cognitive debriefing, and face and content validation. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated through measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), content validity (Content validity index), construct validity (factor analysis and Pearson correlation analysis), and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation). Results: The Spanish version of OHSES demonstrated adequate face and content validity. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a two-factor scale with 7 items for a better fit. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.821) and acceptable test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.411). Correlations were found between the OHSES score, the number of remaining teeth, knowledge and attitudes towards oral health, and the OHIP-14Sp (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study confirms the validity of the Spanish version of the Oral Health Self-Efficacy Scale for older adults in Chile. The scale is expected to be helpful in assessing self-efficacy in dental interventions and collecting data for international comparisons. This research opens new dimensions in patient-reported assessment of oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]