Search

In the game of rock-paper-scissors with three players, this paper identifies conditions for a correlated equilibrium that differs from the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and is evolutionarily stable. For this to occur, the correlation device attaches more probability to three-way ties and solo-winner outcomes than would result from the Nash equilibrium. The correlated equilibrium is evolutionarily stable because any mutant fares worse than a signal-following player when facing two players who follow their own correlated signals. The critical quality of the correlation device is to make this true both for potential mutants who would disobey their signal and instead choose the action which would beat the action signaled to the player, as well as for potential mutants who would deviate to the action that would be beaten by what the device signals to the player. These findings reveal how a strict correlated equilibrium can produce evolutionarily stable strategies for rock-paper-scissors with three players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further improve the performance of impregnated paper decorated blockboard (ecological board), high-density fiberboard (HDF) was selected as the equilibrium layer to replace the commonly used poplar veneer. Results showed that the performance of HDF ecological board can be comparable to that of poplar veneer ecological board. It had good appearance quality, and its surface scratch resistance, surface wear resistance, water resistance and mechanical properties met the requirements of National Standard GB/T 34722-2017. The surface cracking resistance of the ecological board prepared with HDF as the equilibrium layer reached the highest level (grade 5), far better than that of the poplar veneer ecological board. This was because HDF was a relatively homogeneous material, and its dry shrinkage in both the transverse direction and along the grain direction was much lower than that of the poplar veneer. This characteristic of HDF made it possible to improve the dimensional stability and bending resistance of blockboard substrates under dry and hot conditions. The formaldehyde emission of the HDF ecological board was higher than that of the poplar veneer ecological board, but it met the formaldehyde emission requirements of indoor materials according to GB 18580-2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The profiles of the edge of rectangular sheets of paper folded so as to join opposite edges were measured and compared with the profiles calculated with the theory of elasticity. I show how the calculation can be accomplished by using the aspect ratio of the loops as the only input parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We correct the proof of Theorem 2 in the mentioned paper concerning finite-difference equilibrium solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recommend that an auction market replace the current system for submitting academic papers and show a strict Pareto-improvement in equilibrium. Besides the benefit of speed, this mechanism increases the average quality of articles and journals and rewards editors and referees for their effort. The 'academic dollar' proceeds from papers sold at auction go to authors, editors and referees of cited articles. This nonpecuniary income indicates the academic impact of an article-facilitating decisions on tenure and promotion. This auction market does not require more work of editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop a rapid and practical procedure that can locate the slip surface for a slope with the minimum reliability index for limit equilibrium analysis at the minimum expense of time. The comparative study on the reliability indices from different sample numbers using the Monte Carlo Simulation Method has demonstrated that the results from large enough sample number are related with those from small sample number with high correlation indices. This observation has been tested for many homogeneous and heterogeneous slopes with various conditions under parametric studies. Based on this observation, the reliability index for a potential slip surface can be calcu lated with a small sample number, and the search for the minimum reliability index and the slip surface can be determined by heuristic optimization algorithm. Based on the comparisons between the critical deterministic and probabilistic slip surfaces for many different cases, the use of the proposed fast method in locating the critical probabilistic slip surface is found to perform well, which is suitable for normal routine analysis and design works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to investigate the alignment between the logistics architecture and resources across China's nine logistics regions, while also examining the individual advantages these regions possess. With the goal of establishing an evaluative framework for sustainable logistics development, the research introduces the principle of logistics equilibrium to augment traditional evaluation metrics, thus forming an assessment index system designed to quantify the congruence between logistics architecture and resources.Utilizing a democratic evaluation approach that emphasizes individual regional advantages, and leveraging empirical data from the decade spanning 2011 to 2020, this paper reveals a general upward trajectory in the matching level of logistics resources to architecture albeit with notable regional disparities. It is observed that while certain areas have made significant strides, others lag, underscoring the varied pace of development among different logistics regions.The research also brings to light the distinct advantage characteristics that emerge as each region evolves, suggesting that these attributes can be harnessed to foster a more environmentally conscious and forward-thinking approach to logistics. By implementing a democratic evaluation to rank these regions, this paper aims to identify exemplars that are not only recognized for their achievements but also serve as models for the formulation of green and sustainable logistics strategies tailored to each region's specific needs and potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a nonlinear rational difference equation system with three variables. Firstly, by utilizing Jacobian theory, the stability of the system is obtained. Then, we explore the saddle point, nonhyperbolic point, and prime period‐two solution and its boundedness. Finally, we verify the results obtained in the paper via computer numerical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the existence of Nash equilibrium in a discrete-time Markov stopping game with two players. At each decision point, Player II is faced with the choice of either ending the game and thus granting Player I a final reward or letting the game continue. In the latter case, Player I performs an action that affects transitions and receives a running reward from Player II. We assume that Player I has a constant and non-zero risk sensitivity coefficient, while Player II strives to minimize the utility of Player I. The effectiveness of decision strategies was measured by the risk-sensitive expected total reward of Player I. Exploiting mild continuity-compactness conditions and communication-ergodicity properties, we found that the value function of the game is described as a single fixed point of the equilibrium operator, determining a Nash equilibrium. In addition, we provide an illustrative example in which our assumptions hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a detailed analysis and explores optimal control strategies for a fractional-order SIV epidemic model, incorporating a nonmonotonic incidence rate. In this paper, the population of vaccinated individuals is included in the disease dynamics model. After proving the non-negative boundedness of the fractional-order SIV model, we focus on analyzing the equilibrium point characteristics of the model, delving into its existence, uniqueness, and stability analysis. In addition, our research includes formulating optimal control strategies specifically aimed at minimizing the number of infections while keeping costs as low as possible. To validate the theoretical findings and uncover the practical efficacy and prospects of control measures in mitigating epidemic spread, numerical simulations are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on strategic ambiguity in classical games provides generalized notions of equilibrium in which each player best responds to ambiguous or imprecise beliefs about his opponents' strategic choices. In a recent paper, strategic ambiguity has been extended to psychological games, by taking into account ambiguous hierarchies of beliefs and max–min preferences. Given that this kind of preference seems too restrictive as a general method to evaluate decisions, in this paper we extend the analysis by taking into account α -max–min preferences in which decisions are evaluated by a convex combination of the worst-case (with weight α) and the best-case (with weight 1 − α ) scenarios. We define the α -max–min psychological Nash equilibrium; an illustrative example shows that the set of equilibria is affected by the parameter α and the larger the ambiguity, the greater the effect. We also provide a result of stability of the equilibria with respect to perturbations that involve the attitudes toward ambiguity, the structure of ambiguity, and the payoff functions: converging sequences of equilibria of perturbed games converge to equilibria of the unperturbed game as the perturbation vanishes. Surprisingly, a final example shows that the existence of equilibria is not guaranteed for every value of α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colicins are narrow-spectrum antibiotics produced by and active against Escherichia coli and its close relatives. Colicin-producing strains cannot coexist with sensitive or resistant strains in a well-mixed culture, yet all three phenotypes are recovered in natural populations. Recent in vitro results conclude that strain diversity can be promoted by colicin production in a spatially structured, non-transitive interaction, as in the classic non-transitive model rock-paper-scissors (RPS). In the colicin version of the RPS model, strains that produce colicins (C) kill sensitive (S) strains, which outcompete resistant (R) strains, which outcompete C strains. Pairwise in vitro competitions between these three strains are resolved in a predictable order (C beats S, S beats R, and R beats C), but the complete system of three strains presents the opportunity for dynamic equilibrium. Here we provide conclusive evidence of an in vivo antagonistic role for colicins and show that colicins (and potentially other bacteriocins) may promote, rather than eliminate, microbial diversity in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equilibrium system is essential for the high-precision movement of the ultra-precision vertical axis. However, the complex assembly process makes orifice-throttling frictionless cylinders difficult to manufacture and prone to air hammering. Surface-throttling frictionless pneumatic cylinders effectively avoid these problems. This paper establishes an improved finite element method (FEM) model of a novel surface-throttling frictionless pneumatic cylinder to investigate its static performance. Furthermore, the static equilibrium calculation of the dual-cylinder system is concerned. The radial bearing capacity and support force requirements for the surface-throttling aerostatic bearings are obtained. The outcomes provide theoretical guidance for optimizing cylinder parameters. It ensures that the ultimately optimized cylinder meets the requirements for radial bearing capacity and support force of the ultra-precision vertical axis while minimizing air consumption. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Location-Routing Problem (LRP) becomes a more intricate subject when the limits of capacities of vehicles and warehouses are considered, which is an NP-hard problem. Moreover, as the number of vehicles increases, the solution to LRP is exacerbated because of the complexity of transportation and the combination of routes. To solve the problem, this paper proposed a Discrete Assembly Combination-Delivery (DACA) strategy based on, the Binary Equilibrium Optimizer (BiEO) algorithm, in addition, this paper also proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model for the problem of this paper. Our primary objective is to address both the route optimization problem and the assembly group sum problem concurrently. Our BiEO algorithm was designed as discrete in decision space to meet the requirements of the LRP represented by the DACA strategy catering to the multi-vehicle LRP scenario. The efficacy of the BiEO algorithm with the DACA strategy is demonstrated. through empirical analysis utilizing authentic data from Changchun City, China, Remarkably, the experiments reveal that the BiEO algorithm outperforms conventional methods, specifically GA, PSO, and DE algorithms, resulting in reduced costs. Notably, the results show the DACA strategy enables the simultaneous optimization of the LRP and the vehicle routing problem (VRP), ultimately leading to cost reduction. This innovative algorithm proficiently tackles both the assembly group sum and route optimization problems intrinsic to multi-level LRP instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plays an important role in the natural environment as a major constituent of the skeleton and supporting structure of marine life and has high economic importance as additive in food, chemicals and medical products. Pure CaCO3 occurs in the three different polymorphs calcite, aragonite and vaterite, whereof calcite is the most abundant and best characterized mineral. In contrast, little is known about the rare polymorph vaterite, in particular with regard to the oxygen isotope fractionation between H2O and the mineral. Synthetic precipitation of vaterite in the laboratory typically involves rapid processes and isotopic non-equilibrium, which excludes isotope studies focused on characterization of vaterite at equilibrium conditions. Here, we used a new experimental approach that enables vaterite mineral formation from an isotopically equilibrated solution. The solution consists of a ~ 0.007molL-1 CaCO3 solution that is saturated with NaCl at room temperature (up to 6.5 mol L-1). Vaterite precipitated as single phase or major phase (≥ 94 %) in experiments performed between 23 and 91 °C. Only at 80 °C was vaterite a minor phase with a relative abundance of 27%. The high mineral yield of up to 235 mg relative to a total dissolved CaCO3 amount of 370 mg enables an investigation of the oxygen isotope fractionation between mineral and water, and the determination of clumped isotope values in vaterite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in using transformer monitoring systems. Some monitoring systems use models to predict the value of certain variables. One of the key variables to be monitored is moisture content in oil, as moisture has a high influence on transformer exploitation. In this paper, the theoretical foundation of a model for monitoring moisture in transformer oil is reported. The Moisture Model estimates moisture content in transformer oil under certain working conditions. Comparing the value of estimated moisture with the measured one, the model is able to detect failures producing an abnormal water content in the transformer. The Model considers the equilibrium relations between paper and oil, the transients that take place until the steady-state equilibrium is attained, and the water increase caused by the insulating paper ageing. In addition, the Model can alert to the possibility of oil saturation and the consequent free water formation in the transformer. In this paper, the theoretical foundation of the Moisture Model is described; in a companion paper, its experimental verification is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a SIRS infectious model of nonlocal dispersal adopted with age structure. We primarily investigate the existence and nonexistence of traveling wave solutions connecting the disease-free equilibrium state and the endemic equilibrium state. To be more precise, we obtain the existence of traveling wave solutions by constructing suitable upper and lower solutions and then applying Schauder's fixed point theorem when R0 > 1 and c > c*. In addition, we prove the nonexistence of traveling wave solutions by applying the Laplace transform for R0 > 1 and 0 < c < c*. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent natural disasters challenge relief network efficiency. This paper introduces a stochastic relief network with limited path capacity, develops an equilibrium model based on cumulative prospect theory, and formulates it as a stochastic variational inequality problem to enhance emergency response and resource allocation efficiency. Using the NCP function, Lagrange function, and random variables, the model dynamically monitors disasters, enabling rational resource allocation for quick decision-making. Compared to traditional methods, our model significantly improves resource scheduling and reduces disaster response costs. Through a random network example, we validate the model's effectiveness in aiding intelligent decision-making for relief plans and resource allocation optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two quite different computational experiments relating to the formation of σ-hole bonds A···B. The first involves looking at the complex at equilibrium and finding the contour X of the electronic density which allows the iso-density envelopes of A and B to be nearly touching. This contour increases, becoming closer to the nuclei, as the strength of the interaction increases. The second experiment involves allowing A and B to approach each other, with the aim of finding the distance at which their 0.001 a.u. iso-density envelopes are nearly merging into one envelope. What is found in the second experiment may be somewhat surprising, in that the ratio of the distance between interacting atoms at this nearly merging point—divided by the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms—covers a narrow range, typically between 1.2 and 1.3. It is intriguing to note that for the dataset presented, approaching molecules attracted to each other appear to do so unknowing of the strength of their ultimate interaction. This second experiment also supports the notion that one should expect favorable interactions, in some instances, to have close contacts significantly greater than the sums of the van der Waals radii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins by analyzing the key mathematical properties of diffusive vaccinated models, including existence, uniqueness, positivity, and boundedness. Equilibria are identified, and the basic reproductive number is calculated. The Banach contraction mapping principle is applied to rigorously establish the solution existence and uniqueness. In order to understand the disease's time transmission, it is important to examine the global stability of the equilibrium points. Disease‐free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are the two equilibria in this model. Here, we demonstrate that the endemic equilibrium is worldwide asymptotic stable when the basic reproductive number is greater than 1, and the disease‐free equilibrium is globally asymptotic stable whenever the basic reproductive number is less than 1. Moreover, based on the Caputo fractional derivative of order and the implicit Euler's approximation, we offered an unconditionally stable numerical solution for the resultant system. This work explores the solution of some significant population models of noninteger order using an approach known as the iterative Laplace transform. The proposed methodology is developed by effectively combining Laplace transformation with an iterative procedure. A series form solution that exhibits some convergent behavior towards the precise solution can be attained. It is noted that there is a close contact between the obtained and precise solutions. Moreover, the suggested method can handle a variety of fractional order derivative problems because it involves minimal computations. This information will be helpful in further studies to determine the ideal strategy of action for preventing or stopping the spread disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a mathematical model which describes the equilibrium of two elastic membranes fixed on their boundary and attached to an adhesive body, say a glue. The variational formulation of the model is in a form of an elliptic quasivariational inequality for the displacement field. We prove the unique weak solvability of the model, and then we state and prove a convergence result, for which we provide the corresponding mechanical interpretation. Next, we consider two associated optimization problems for which we provide existence results. Finally, we the present numerical simulation which validates our convergence result. We end this paper with some concluding remarks and an Appendix, in which we present the preliminary material needed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we conducted a study on the optimal control problem of an epidemic model which consists of two strain with different types of incidence rates: bilinear and non-monotonic. We also considered use of the saturation treatment function. Two basic regeneration numbers are calculated from the epidemic model, which are denoted as R 1 and R 2 . The global stability of the disease-free equilibrium point was studied by the Lyapunov method, and it was proved that the disease-free equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable when R 1 and R 2 are less than one. Finally, we formulated a time-dependent optimal control problem by Pontryagin's maximum principle. Numerical simulations were performed to establish the effects of model parameters for disease transmission as well as the effects of control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data envelopment analysis, a non-parametric programming approach, has been extended to situations in which all total decision-making unit (DMU) outputs are fixed, and a secondary goal approach based on a minimum reduction strategy proposed to achieve an equilibrium efficient frontier to evaluate these fixed-sum output DMUs. However, the non-uniqueness of the equilibrium efficient frontier and the calculation burden of the iterative procedure have reduced the practicability of these approaches. Therefore, to address these problems, this paper developed a fairness based common equilibrium efficient frontier data envelopment analysis approach (CEEFDEA) that can guarantee the uniqueness of the common equilibrium efficient frontier and achieve such a frontier in only one step. Fairness is also included into the proposed CEEFDEA approach and the price of fairness is defined. One numerical example from previous studies and one case study focused on an efficiency evaluation of the Chinese appliance industry in 2019 are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results from the numerical example showed that the proposed CEEFDEA approach was able to achieve a fairer common equilibrium efficient frontier at the expense of a 5.85% increase in the adjustment proportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Split problems under linear transformations have been studied extensively in the literature. In this paper, we investigate a split problem under a nonlinear transformation, which consists of two variational inequalities and an equilibrium problem. We propose an iterative sequence for computing a solution to this split problem. Strong convergence theorem is achieved under additional standard conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the trends of three different species interacting in the same ecosystem. The study is conducted on the ecosystem which consists of a prey S1 and two predators S2 and S3 in such a way that S2 is a predator of S1 and S3 is a predator of both S1 and S2. In addition, S1 and S2 share the same food which is the main food for S1 and the alternative food for S2. A system of three simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations is used to represent this situation. The local stability of all constant equilibrium points is discussed after showing their feasibility. In addition, a condition for which a coexisting constant equilibrium point is asymptotically globally stable is also investigated. The results showed that the system has eight constant equilibrium points. Five of them are unstable, while the three remaining are asymptotically locally stable under some conditions on the parameters that are involved in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inversion of a high‐dimensional stiffness matrix with unknown parameters is time‐consuming. In this study, a stiffness separation method is used to solve the large‐scale matrix inversion problem. Substructures are isolated from the overall structure by mapping the substructure‐related matrix, and the solvable equilibrium equations for the substructures can be established. This method divides the entire stiffness matrix into the sub‐stiffness matrices, and the size of the matrix is reduced, thus greatly reducing the stiffness matrix inversion workload. Meanwhile, this paper refines the formulation of the stiffness separation method and presents the compatibility of forces and displacements with the stiffness matrix. A space‐truss structure with different damage cases is studied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The division of the structure into single and multi‐region scenarios is considered, and the effect of the size and number of substructures on the damage identification is analyzed. These results demonstrate that the stiffness separation method can reduce the computational effort required for analyzing large‐scale truss structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

​​​​​​​At the altitudes of the mesosphere–lower thermosphere, OH and HO 2 play a significant role in many physicochemical processes. Thus, monitoring their spatiotemporal evolution, together with other chemically active trace gases, is one of the most important problems for this atmosphere region, in which direct measurements are difficult. This paper studies the nighttime OH and HO 2 chemical equilibria using the 3D chemical transport modeling within the general approach, which includes the identification of the main sources and sinks in the equilibrium space–time areas and the derivation of analytical criteria for equilibrium validity. The presented analysis shows that there are extended areas where nighttime HO 2 and OH are close to their local equilibrium concentrations, determined mainly by the reaction between HOx and Ox components among themselves and with H 2 O 2 , N, NO, NO 2 , and CO. In the upper mesosphere–lower thermosphere, the equilibrium expressions can be shortened so that they include the HOx – Ox chemistry only. These expressions describe the HO 2 and OH equilibria from the top down to some boundaries, the altitude positions of which vary in the interval between 72–73 and 85 km and depend essentially on season and latitude. The developed analytical criteria reproduce the main features of these boundaries well almost everywhere. Due to weak sensitivity to uncertainties of reaction rates and other parameters, the criteria can be regarded as a robust instrument for HO 2 and OH equilibrium validation. The obtained results allow us to extend previously proposed methods for the retrieval of poorly measured components from measurement data and to develop new approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and solves a model of third-party intervention in rent-seeking contests. Two players are engaged in a rent-seeking contest, while each of the two players can be supported by a third party. In return, the third party receives a share of the prize if the supported player wins. I use this model to discuss how equilibrium behavior depends on the sharing rule between the third party and the supported player. Among others, I find that a third party may have an incentive to increase support despite a reduction of his share of the prize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of congestion on transmission lines when the operation cost is minimized using economic dispatch (ED), comparing the results obtained with the Nash–Cournot Equilibrium (NCE). A methodology is developed for the optimal power flow solution through the NCE, considering the network topology (upper and lower generation limits, upper and lower limits of the transmission lines, and power balance) for a nine-node system without and considering two bilateral power transactions. The results show that the operation cost is higher when the NCE is implemented than ED. However, the problem of congestion in the transmission lines is reduced due to the equilibrium obtained in the power dispatch against minimizing the operation cost in the dispatch; the transmission lines with the most significant participation tend to become congested when additional bilateral transactions occur. Finally, the above is verified by obtaining the mean and median of the transmission line percentages used in the two simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies implications of the consistency conditions among prior, posteriors, and information sets on introspective properties of qualitative belief induced from information sets. The main result reformulates the consistency conditions as: (i) the information sets, without any assumption, almost surely form a partition; and (ii) the posterior at a state is equal to the Bayes conditional probability given the corresponding information set. The main implication of this result is to provide a tractable epistemic model which dispenses with the technical assumptions inherent in the standard epistemic model such as the countable number of information sets. Applications are agreement theorem, no-trade theorem, and the epistemic characterization of correlated equilibria. Implications are as follows. First, since qualitative belief reduces to fully introspective knowledge in the standard environment, a care must be taken when one studies non-veridical belief or non-introspective knowledge. Second, an information partition compatible with the consistency conditions is uniquely determined by the posteriors. Third, qualitative and probability-one beliefs satisfy truth axiom almost surely. The paper also sheds light on how the additivity of the posteriors yields negative introspective properties of beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the failure mechanism of a finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads, a physical model test of the pile–soil interaction of finned pile is designed in this paper. Based on the model tests, the pile top displacement, the cyclic stiffness of the pile foundation, and the response of pore water pressure within the soil around the pile were fully studied for the finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads. It is found that the cyclic stiffness attenuation of the finned pile foundation is more severe than that of a regular single pile foundation, but the final stiffness at equilibrium is still greater than that of a regular single pile foundation. The accumulation of horizontal displacement at the pile top and pore water pressure within the soil around the pile mainly occurs in the first 1000 loading cycles, and an increase in fin plate size will reduce the magnitude of pore water pressure and pile top displacement. This study can not only deepen the understanding of the failure mechanism of finned pile foundation under horizontal cyclic loads, but also provide guidance for the design of the finned pile foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are multiple models of party formation in the political economy literature. However, most of these works consider individuals as parties and do not model parties as a group of candidates. In this paper, we follow the latter approach and assume that parties form as a result of mutually agreeable links between candidates. We consider a citizen-candidate model of electoral competition where candidates decide whether they want to participate in election alone or offer links to adjacently placed candidates on a one-dimensional policy space. We characterize one-party and two-party equilibrium and show that no multi-party equilibrium exists with three or more parties. We provide conditions on the rents of winning with respect to the cost of participating in election which also depend on the number of candidates. We provide new insights which explain party formation from the perspective of group formation. Our results confirm the Duverger's law and are consistent with empirical evidence on plurality voting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a gradient dynamics-based control method is proposed to directly tackle the singularity problem in the backstepping control design of the TORA system. This method is founded upon the construction of an energy-like positive function, which includes an auxiliary variable in terms of the intermediate virtual control law. On this basis, a gradient dynamics is created to obtain a new virtual control command, which is capable of making the auxiliary variable gradually approach zero, thereby mitigating the issue of division by zero. The core innovation is the integration of the gradient dynamics into the recursive backstepping design to overcome the singularity problem and stabilize the system at the equilibrium quickly. In addition, it rigorously proves that all the signals in the closed-loop control system are uniformly ultimately bounded, and the tracking errors converge to a small neighborhood around zero through a Lyapunov-based stability analysis. Comparative simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach not only avoids the singularity issue, but also achieves a better transient performance over other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a model of private bilateral contracting, in which an exogenous network determines the pairs of players who can communicate and contract with each other. After contracting, the players interact in an underlying game with globally verifiable productive actions and externally enforced transfers. The paper investigates whether such decentralized contracting can internalize externalities that arise due to parties being unable to contract directly with others whose productive actions affect their payoffs. The contract‐formation protocol, called the "contracting institution," is treated as a design element. The main result is positive: There is a contracting institution that supports efficient equilibria for any underlying game and connected network. A critical property is that the institution allows for sequential contract formation or revision. The equilibrium construction features assurance contracts and cancellation penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the Mann-type inertial accelerated subgradient extragradient algorithm with non-monotonic step sizes for solving the split equilibrium and fixed point problems relating to pseudomonotone and Lipschitz-type continuous bifunctions and nonexpansive mappings in the framework of real Hilbert spaces. By sufficient conditions on the control sequences of the parameters of concern, the strong convergence theorem to support the proposed algorithm, which involves neither prior knowledge of the Lipschitz constants of bifunctions nor the operator norm of the bounded linear operator, is demonstrated. Some numerical experiments are performed to show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides insights into the apparent seesaw between the generation of theoretical and empirical economics research over time. A dynamic model considers the incentives of researchers to focus on empirical versus theoretical papers. It yields the main characteristics of the path‐changing of economics research, from theoretical‐intensive to empirical‐focused. The model has two equilibria, one with a higher proportion of theoretical papers and another with a higher proportion of empirical papers. Curiously, the equilibrium with greater theoretical papers is stable, while the one with more empirical papers is a saddle point. This suggests that the current trend of increasing empirical research is unlikely to last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an enhanced equilibrium optimization (EO) version named Levy-opposition-equilibrium optimization (LOEO) is proposed to select effective features in network intrusion detection systems (IDSs). The opposition-based learning (OBL) approach is applied by this algorithm to improve the diversity of the population. Also, the Levy flight method is utilized to escape local optima. Then, the binary rendition of the algorithm called BLOEO is employed to feature selection in IDSs. One of the main challenges in IDSs is the high-dimensional feature space, with many irrelevant or redundant features. The BLOEO algorithm is designed to intelligently select the most informative subset of features. The empirical findings on NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and CIC-IDS2017 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the BLOEO algorithm. This algorithm has an acceptable ability to effectively reduce the number of data features, maintaining a high intrusion detection accuracy of over 95%. Specifically, on the UNSW-NB15 dataset, BLOEO selected only 10.8 features on average, achieving an accuracy of 97.6% and a precision of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider isotropic Mindlin–Toupin strain gradient elasticity theory, in which the equilibrium equations contain two additional length-scale parameters and have the fourth order. For this theory, we developed an extended form of Boussinesq–Galerkin (BG) and Papkovich–Neuber (PN) general solutions. The obtained form of BG solution allows to define the displacement field through a single vector function that obeys the eight-order bi-harmonic/bi-Helmholtz equation. The developed PN form of the solution provides an additive decomposition of the displacement field into the classical and gradient parts that are defined through the standard Papkovich stress functions and modified Helmholtz decomposition, respectively. Relations between different stress functions and the completeness theorem for the derived general solutions are established. As an example, it is shown that a previously known fundamental solution within the strain gradient elasticity can be derived by using the developed PN general solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present certain complete solutions in the dilatation theory of elasticity. This model can be derived as a special case of Eringen's linear theory of microstretched elastic solids when microrotations are absent. It is also a version of the theory of materials with voids. The dilatation theory can be considered the simplest theoretical model of microstructured materials and is suitable for investigating various phenomena that occur in engineering, geomechanics, and biomechanics. We establish three complete solutions to the displacement equations of equilibrium that are the counterpart of the Green–Lamé (GL), Boussinesq–Papkovich–Neuber (BPN), and Cauchy–Kowalevski–Somigliana (CKS) solutions of classical elasticity. The links between these BPN and CKS solutions are established. Then, we present a representation of the BPN solution in the case of axisymmetry. The results presented here are useful for solving axisymmetric problems in semi-infinite and infinite domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates a nonlinear model that describes population dynamics with an age structure. The fertility rate, which varies with age, follows a nonconstant pattern. The model exhibits a multiplicative structure for both fertility and mortality rates. Remarkably, this multiplicative structure renders the model separable. In this setting, it is shown that the number of births in unit time can be expressed using a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The asymptotic behavior of solutions to this system has been established for a specific case. This result is significant because it provides a mathematical framework for understanding the dynamics of birth rates in certain settings. Furthermore, this paper explicitly identifies the steady-state solution and the equilibrium solution. As in any research paper, new directions of study remain open. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an adaptive predictive control for controlling and stabilizing fractional order chaotic systems around the equilibrium point is provided. The stability of fractional order chaotic systems around equilibrium points in the presence of parameter uncertainty has been demonstrated using Lyapunov's stability theorem. In addition, the uncertain parameters of fractional order chaotic systems are calculated using appropriate adaptive methods based on the proposed predictive controller structure. Rossler and Chen systems were considered to numerical simulations. The results demonstrated the adaptive predictive control method's usefulness and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As with probability theory, uncertainty theory has been developed, in recent years, to portray indeterminacy phenomena in various application scenarios. We are concerned, in this paper, with the convergence property of state trajectories to equilibrium states (or fixed points) of time delayed uncertain cellular neural networks driven by the Liu process. By applying the classical Banach's fixed-point theorem, we prove, under certain conditions, that the delayed uncertain cellular neural networks, concerned in this paper, have unique equilibrium states (or fixed points). By carefully designing a certain Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, we provide a convergence criterion, for state trajectories of our concerned uncertain cellular neural networks, based on our developed Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. We demonstrate under our proposed convergence criterion that the existing equilibrium states (or fixed points) are exponentially stable almost surely, or equivalently that state trajectories converge exponentially to equilibrium states (or fixed points) almost surely. We also provide an example to illustrate graphically and numerically that our theoretical results are all valid. There seem to be rare results concerning the stability of equilibrium states (or fixed points) of neural networks driven by uncertain processes, and our study in this paper would provide some new research clues in this direction. The conservatism of the main criterion obtained in this paper is reduced by introducing quite general positive definite matrices in our designed Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop discrete models of Tuberculosis (TB). This includes SEI endogenous and exogenous models without treatment. These models are then extended to a SEIT model with treatment. We develop two types of net reproduction numbers, one is the traditional R0 which is based on the disease-free equilibrium, and a new net reproduction number R0 (E*) based on the endemic equilibrium. It is shown that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if R0 ≤ 1 and unstable if R0 > 1. Moreover, the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0(E*) < 1 < R0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our purpose is to use the improvement set to investigate the scalarization and optimality conditions of E-globally proper efficient solution for the set-valued equilibrium problems with constraints. First, the notion of E-globally proper efficient solution for set-valued equilibrium problems with constraints is introduced in locally convex Hausdorff topological spaces. Second, the linear scalarization theorems of E-globally proper efficient solution are derived. Finally, under the assumption of nearly E-subconvexlikeness, the Kuhn–Tucker and Lagrange optimality conditions for set-valued equilibrium problems with constraints are obtained in the sense of E-globally proper efficiency. Meanwhile, we give some examples to illustrate our results. The results obtained in this paper improve and generalize some known results in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]