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Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scientists around the world benefit from sharing scientific data, lab notes, and preliminary papers, as well as traditional, formal scientific papers. Institutional repositories (IR) are open spaces for scientists to deposit their work. Doing so could potentially spark new collaborations, allowing scientists and scholars to build cross-institutional capacity. However, scientists must trust that the repository is secure, and they must understand copyright law and protections. Many African nations are at a crossroads: poised to solve major problems with well-trained scientists, yet stymied by expensive and unpredictable ICT. Many African scientists are also wary of the Internet due to rampant scams and fraud. This paper describes current African ICT development, reports on findings from a study about ICT, databases, and IRs in Ghana, and concludes with recommendations for expanding the use of IRs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Co-authored by a Computer Scientist and a Digital Humanist, this article examines the challenges faced by cultural heritage institutions in the digital age, which have led to the closure of the vast majority of born-digital archival collections. It focuses particularly on cultural organizations such as libraries, museums and archives, used by historians, literary scholars and other Humanities scholars. Most born-digital records held by cultural organizations are inaccessible due to privacy, copyright, commercial and technical issues. Even when born-digital data are publicly available (as in the case of web archives), users often need to physically travel to repositories such as the British Library or the Bibliothèque Nationale de France to consult web pages. Provided with enough sample data from which to learn and train their models, AI, and more specifically machine learning algorithms, offer the opportunity to improve and ease the access to digital archives by learning to perform complex human tasks. These vary from providing intelligent support for searching the archives to automate tedious and time-consuming tasks. In this article, we focus on sensitivity review as a practical solution to unlock digital archives that would allow archival institutions to make non-sensitive information available. This promise to make archives more accessible does not come free of warnings for potential pitfalls and risks: inherent errors, "black box" approaches that make the algorithm inscrutable, and risks related to bias, fake, or partial information. Our central argument is that AI can deliver its promise to make digital archival collections more accessible, but it also creates new challenges - particularly in terms of ethics. In the conclusion, we insist on the importance of fairness, accountability and transparency in the process of making digital archives more accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces two digital prototypes, the Colour Collage and the Constellation visualizations, which we developed to represent eight pages from the scrapbooks of Scottish Poet Makar Edwin Morgan (1920-2010). We understand these prototypes as experiments within our research through design process, rather than as stand-alone digital objects, and so this article presents the theoretical pursuits and design decisions that motivated, and were motivated by, these prototypes. We begin by establishing our theoretical framework, which focuses on the roles of inscription technologies in archives and is guided by Bruno Latour's concept of a mediator (1993). We then discuss scrapbooks as polyvocal and hybrid mediators, which are nonetheless often pushed to the fringes of reading practices and material histories. In unpacking the fringe status of the Morgan scrapbooks in particular, we outline the copyright restrictions that complicate their digital publication. Reconceptualizing these restrictions as creative constraints, our prototypes experiment with forms of representation that go beyond the facsimile, drawing on detailed metadata and generating new visualizations that are inspired by the scrapbooks' materially-specific grammars. Our aim with these prototypes is to open the scrapbooks to new forms of play and discoverability in online contexts, while using digital tools and methodologies to better understand the scrapbooks' multifaceted modes of meaning creation. We conclude by discussing some of our prototypes' limitations, as well as future directions for our research through design process for the Morgan Scrapbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Technology (IT) and network technology have been boost to the development of Electronic publishing and have converted the traditional libraries to electronic libraries. Electronic / digital resources are revolutionizing libraries across the world and there is a sharp transformation in the nature of library collections. In order to keep pace with this trend and meet user needs it is essential that libraries must incorporate criteria for the selection of materials in new formats, while also maintaining traditional collections. The librarian is also forced to use IT tools effectively to render services and to redefine the process of collection development. There are various issues related to the acquisition, preservation, copyright, licensing and access to these electronic resources which are for more critical that the print format. In this paper, attempt have been made to highlight some of these key issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Information World / Bilgi Dünyası is the property of University & Research Librarians Associations (UNAK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Propiedad Inmaterial is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Centro de Estudios de la Propriedad Intelectual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 1948, the Government Press Office of Israel has been collecting documents to producing an extensive archive of photographs representing the birth and development of the Israeli nation state. Digitalized and published online, this archive is as a visual memorial of Israel, an example of what Jan Assmann calls “bonding memory,” a form of memory that connects individuals to a political body, and which acts to frame a collective national identity. In 2011, the copyright terms of this archive were changed to encourage the circulation and reuse of images. This decision echoes a broader trend towards the “opening” of large data sets on the Web (“open data,” “open archives,” “open government”). At the same time, the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict and the existence of contesting narratives of the creation of Israel threaten the integrity of the official national memory. In this context, what are the conditions and limits of “opening” the national photographic archive? Examining contemporary ideology of the “open” in new media discourses and the free culture movement, this paper investigates the conditions of circulation and appropriation of memory and the role of copyright as a potential tool to control freedom of expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past few years, digital libraries have been the primary source of retrieving necessary information. IT helps many scholars have the access to recently published value added researches around the world. However, information security and copyright concerns are among the most important issues and there must be good rules and regulation to protect authors against any sort of copyright violation. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation to find out about the status of copyright issues in one of Iranian libraries. The proposed study of this paper designs a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributes it among 96 librarian experts. Cronbach alpha is equal to 0.76, which is well above the minimum acceptable level. The results of our investigation indicate that although expert believe the status of copyright is in desirable level when the level of significance is five percent, there are some concerns on some issues. In other words, experts believed that all copyrights are not well protected and digital libraries do not follow governmental rules and regulation on fully protecting authors’ rights. In addition, experts believed that the security of sources available on digital libraries is not well protected.

Virtual libraries try to combine traditional library services with new document types and services.1 The first generation of virtual libraries mostly tried to offer services based on a library-centric view of information retrieval systems.2 New virtual libraries try to concentrate on user’s needs, but this is often easier said than done. Restrictions like copyright laws, technical limitations and the like often make it difficult to meet user requirements. A number of studies documented these needs: easy-to-use, comprehensive yet focussed search, and easy access to print and online documents, subject specific, yet not too restricted to specific areas. The new EconBiz-portal, relaunched in August 2010, has a disciplinary focus on business and economics and related subjects. It includes about 6 million records from different databases. Based on search-engine technology Lucene/Solr, combined with a metadata framework developed by the ZBW, it allows fast, convenient and complex searches. The integration of the Standard-Thesaurus-for Economics supports researchers by suggesting key words and related terms. Information on the availability of the documents is also included. Documents can either be accessed online or ways are shown to material that is available in print only. Journals Online & Print, a service developed by the German Electronic Journals Library (EZB) and the German Union Catalogue of Serials (ZDB) is included to provide easy access to all forms of journals.3 In addition, services like an event calendar, a tutorial on how to find information and an online-reference desk help to cater to the user’s complex needs. The new EconBiz-portal was developed by the ZBW in close cooperation with the USB Cologne. Major parts of the search engine framework were developed by a company specialized in information technology. This paper elaborates on the extraction of users’ requirements from different studies, the deduction of functional requirements, and, finally, the implementation of the portal with all its ups and downs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper on the development of the Hellenic National Audiovisual Archive (HeNAA) as a Digital Library (DL) in relation to the use peer-to-peer (P2P) computer file sharing is presented. It says that the architecture of HeNAA digital library relies heavily on P2P. However, it says that P2P is seen by Copyright holders as detrimental for their individual business interests. It also asserts that legislations should be passed which consider the importance of the noncommercial role of P2P.

In recent years, digitization of cultural heritage objects, for the purpose of creating virtual museums, is becoming increasingly popular. Moreover, cultural institutions use modern digitization methods to create three-dimensional (3D) models of objects of historical significance to form digital libraries and archives. This research aims to suggest a method for protecting these 3D models from abuse while making them available on the Internet. The proposed method was applied to a sculpture, an object of cultural heritage. It is based on the digitization of the sculpture altered by adding local clay details proposed by the sculptor and on sharing on the Internet a 3D model obtained by digitizing the sculpture with a built-in error. The clay details embedded in the sculpture are asymmetrical and discreet to be unnoticeable to an average observer. The original sculpture was also digitized and its 3D model created. The obtained 3D models were compared and the geometry deviation was measured to determine that the embedded error was invisible to an average observer and that the watermark can be extracted. The proposed method simultaneously protects the digitized image of the artwork while preserving its visual experience. Other methods cannot guarantee this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the results of interviews with Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) service hub participants to determine whether and how standardized rights metadata is included in their digital collections. Providing accurate standardized rights metadata is crucial to communicating with patrons regarding how they can use objects in digital collections. Results from the interviews reveal key findings on effective rights statement implementation techniques as well as common tools used by librarians when applying rights statements to digital collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three critical issues—a dramatic expansion of the scope, duration, and punitive nature of copyright laws; the ability of Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems to lock-down digital content in an unprecedented fashion; and the erosion of Net neutrality, which ensures that all Internet traffic is treated equally—are examined in detail and their potential impact on libraries is assessed. How legislatures, the courts, and the commercial marketplace treat these issues will strongly influence the future of digital information for good or ill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Library digital collections have historically contained unstandardized and often inadequate information regarding copyright status in the item-level metadata. The development of RightsStatements.org, international recommendations for describing rights status, provides an opportunity for libraries to improve their rights metadata and educate users about copyright for digital objects. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM This paper reports on a two-year project at the University of Miami Libraries to implement RightsStatements.org. Two librarians, who did not previously have a background in copyright issues, performed a copyright analysis of all 58,000 objects in the libraries' digital collections and developed workflows for updating rights metadata. Workflows for developing new digital projects were also updated to incorporate rights considerations more comprehensively throughout the process. CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS The copyright assessment project uncovered several challenges for analyzing the copyright status of digitized archival and special collections materials, including the need to periodically reevaluate materials as more content moves into the public domain in the United States. The project also reinforced the importance of risk management when planning digitization projects for online access. Project outcomes are discussed, as well as implications for other libraries considering implementing RightsStatements.org.

Rights management for digital library programs is affected by high transaction costs and this calls for new schemes of collective management. Voluntary Stakeholders Agreements (VSA) is proposed as a solution. However, there is a need to reshape the way of defining the scope of such agreements. In the past, the scope was set by limiting the type of uses licensed in the collective agreement, while other uses, pertaining the primary exploitation of works, remain in the sphere of direct management by the rightholder. In the agreements under discussion in several countries in relation to digital library initiatives, the scope is rather defined through limiting the type of works included in the agreement, while the licensed use is broad, including full making available in the Internet. A key distinction is the commercial status of a work, if it is in-print or out-of-print.Such new VSAs require innovative forms of managing of rights information, i.e. set of metadata referred to rights management. A significant part of transaction costs derives from the search of rightholders, and thus there is a trend to call for reducing or even abolishing the need for this search. However, the identification of the right status (public domain vs. in-copyright) and the commercial status (in print vs. out of print) requires a title by title management of information, which is inevitable because of the characteristics of the emerging VSAs. The proper rightholder search cost should be assessed as an additional cost to something that is in the nature of the agreements. The paper tries to set the terms and conditions to achieve this assessment, and to figure out practical solutions to the problem.

Librarians wanting to use digital affordances for their patron's and public benefit have increasingly found themselves frustrated by copyright law designed for a pre-digital era. In the U.S., this frustration has driven the nation's most prestigious library group, the Association of Research Libraries, to explore the utility of the major exception to copyright monopoly rights, fair use, in order to accomplish basic curation and collection goals in a digital era. The ARL's efforts to clarify how libraries can employ fair use has resulted in sometimes-dramatic changes in how work is done, and has permitted innovation at some universities. Its approach demonstrates the power of consensus in a professional field to permit innovation within the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass digitization projects that have been carried out by libraries and their commercial partners across the Atlantic, such as Google Books and Europeana, are celebrating their 10th birthdays. This article analyses what legal challenges they pose to the copyright law systems, and how the US and EU jurisdictions have responded to them. In particular, the article identifies certain elements in the US copyright law system that played an important role in encouraging the creation of innovative and value-added services in the library sector. These elements include the transformative use doctrine, the restrictive interpretation of the market harm criterion and the openness towards commercial reuse of works. It is then discussed whether, and how, these elements could be better integrated in the EU copyright law system in order to foster the European library and information technology sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The library, archive, cultural and educational sectors are likely to face many more years of copyright uncertainty and disconnect between copyright laws and norms. Legislative changes may narrow what has been a widening gap between the legal and the technologically possible, but evolving copyright norms are increasingly setting the boundaries of what is possible and prudent at a time when black letter law is struggling to keep pace with change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entre 1998 y 1999, el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Cataluña (CBUC) creó una nueva línea de trabajo: la Biblioteca Digital de Cataluña (BDC). Ésta nació con la finalidad de contratar información electrónica interdisciplinar para la comunidad universitaria e investigadora de las bibliotecas miembro del Consorcio. Casi al mismo tiempo, esta línea de trabajo se amplió con la vertiente de la información propia generada por esta comunidad y se empezó a trabajar con la definición e implementación de repositorios electrónicos cooperativos. Estos últimos serán el objeto de este estudio. Se analiza su evolución, su estado actual, la estrategia para conseguir la inclusión de documentos (políticas institucionales, comités científicos, etc.), su contenedor (programas, tecnología usada, protocolos, etc.) y su contenido (estándares utilizados, derechos de autor, preservación, etc.). Por último se reflexiona sobre las ventajas, extraídas de la propia experiencia, de estos repositorios electrónicos cooperativos.Between 1998 and 1999, the Consortium of University Libraries of Catalonia (CBUC) created a new line of work: the Digital Library of Catalonia. The aim was to acquire interdisciplinary electronic information for the university and research community of Consortium members. Almost simultaneously, this line of work was expanded to include information generated by the CBUC community. Work began on defining and introducing cooperative repositories, which are the topic of this paper. The development, current state, strategy used to encourage the inclusion of documents (institutional policies, scientific committees, etc), structure (the programs, the technology used, the protocols, etc.) and the contents (the standards used, copyright, preservation, etc.) of cooperative repositories are analysed. Finally, the advantages—drawn from the experience itself—of these repositories are considered.

Entre 1998 i 1999, el Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya (CBUC) va crear una nova línia de treball: la Biblioteca Digital de Catalunya (BDC), que va néixer amb la finalitat de contractar informació electrònica interdisciplinària per a la comunitat universitària i investigadora dels membres del Consorci. Gairebé al mateix temps, aquesta línia de treball es va ampliar amb la informació pròpia generada per aquesta comunitat, i es va començar a treballar amb la definició i la implementació dels dipòsits electrònics cooperatius, que són l'objecte d'aquest estudi. Se n'analitza l'evolució, l'estat actual, l'estratègia per aconseguir la inclusió de documents (polítiques institucionals, comitès científics, etc.), el continent (programes, tecnologia usada, protocols, etc.) i el contingut (estàndards utilitzats, drets d'autor, preservació, etc.). Per acabar, es reflexiona sobre els avantatges, extrets de la mateixa experiència, d'aquests dipòsits electrònics cooperatius.Between 1998 and 1999, the Consortium of University Libraries of Catalonia (CBUC) created a new line of work: the Digital Library of Catalonia. The aim was to acquire interdisciplinary electronic information for the university and research community of Consortium members. Almost simultaneously, this line of work was expanded to include information generated by the CBUC community. Work began on defining and introducing cooperative repositories, which are the topic of this paper. The development, current state, strategy used to encourage the inclusion of documents (institutional policies, scientific committees, etc), structure (the programs, the technology used, the protocols, etc.) and the contents (the standards used, copyright, preservation, etc.) of cooperative repositories are analysed. Finally, the advantages—drawn from the experience itself—of these repositories are considered.

An essay is presented on the wisdom and legitimacy of granting copyright to book publishers in the U.S. in the digital age in the 21st century. One of the effects of electronic books (eBooks) and digital libraries on print culture are changes in the nature of book production. Also cited are the implications of eBooks for copyright policy including the issue of unbundling the book. The need for copyright law to eliminate hindrances to competition in the eBook era is emphasized.