Search

In this paper, queuing theory is tested through an examination of the occupational attainment of six groups of non-whites in London and New York. Workers in the dominant economy are distinguished from those in the niche economy and emphasis is placed on the former. Black male immigrants in New York and black female immigrants in London hold more favorable occupational status. These results reflect differences in (1) the presence of indigenous minorities--African Americans and Puerto Ricans--in New York but not London, and (2) the relatively low position of indigenous minority males compared to the relatively middling position of indigenous minority females in New York's labor queue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a conceptual structure of curriculum development and its comparative study. It refers to the motives of such development in the course of the comparison, which involves several countries including England, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Sweden, and the United States. It discusses a conceptual framework for curriculum development, its operations, strategies, techniques, participants, and the educator's role to this development. Curriculum pressure groups define not only the main aim but also the method of construction.

Objectives: To estimate additional spending if NHS England paid the same prices as US Medicare Part D for the 50 single-source brand-name drugs with the highest expenditure in English primary care in 2018.Design: Retrospective analysis of 2018 drug prescribing and spending in the NHS England prescribing data and the Medicare Part D Drug Spending Dashboard and Data. We examined the 50 costliest drugs in English primary care available as brand-name-only in the US and England. We performed cost projections of NHS England spending with US Medicare Part D prices. We estimated average 2018 US rebates as 1 minus the quotient of net divided by gross Medicare Part D spending.Setting: England and US.Participants: NHS England and US Medicare systems.Main Outcome Measures: Total spending, prescriptions and claims in NHS England and Medicare Part D. All spending and cost measures were reported in 2018 British pounds.Results: NHS England spent £1.39 billion on drugs in the cohort. All drugs were more expensive under US Medicare Part D than NHS England. The US-England price ratios ranged from 1.3 to 9.9 (mean ratio 4.8). Accounting for prescribing volume, if NHS England had paid US Medicare Part D prices after adjusting for estimated US rebates, it would have spent 4.6 times as much in 2018 on drugs in the cohort (£6.42 billion).Conclusions: Spending by NHS England would be substantially higher if it paid US Medicare Part D prices. This could result in decreased access to medicines and other health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The national registry system of infertility has been established at various levels in different countries over the years due to the high prevalence of infertility in the world, as well as its social and economic effects on communities. Therefore, the present study was conducted to provide a model of the National Infertility Registry System for Iran. Materials and Methods: This comparative study was conducted in 2016, and the sample data included those related to the infertility registry systems in the United States, Canada, and England. Based on the aim of the study, different articles, databases, books, and the related websites were searched and national and international experts were consulted with in order to investigate the infertility registry system in developed countries (e.g., the United States, Canada, and England). Then, based on economic, cultural, and geographical conditions of Iran, an infertility registry system was proposed including 7 main axes and 20 sub-axes. Finally, the proposed model was validated using the Delphi technique at two stages, showing an agreement coefficient of 85%. Results: In this study, the model for the Iranian National Registry System was proposed based on seven aspects encompassing the objectives and the structure of the system, data elements, the criterion of the registry, the process of data collection and reporting, as well as data quality control and classification. Conclusions: In general, due to the importance of the infertility registry in taking health measures, the proposed model can improve the management of infertile patients, in terms of providing a system to follow the results, and the effectiveness of the treatment, health family planning, and controlling the factors which influence infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. I systematically examined income gradients in health in the United States and England across the life span (ages birth to 80 years), separately for females and males, for a number of health conditions. Methods. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 36 360) and the Health Survey for England (n = 55 783), I calculated weighted prevalence rates and risk ratios by income level for the following health risk factors or conditions: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, heart attack or angina, stroke, and asthma. Results. In the United States and England, the income gradients in health are very similar across age, gender, and numerous health conditions, and are robust to adjustments for race/ethnicity, health behaviors, body mass index, and health insurance. Conclusions. Health disparities by income are pervasive in England as well as in the United States, despite better overall health, universal health insurance, and more generous social protection spending in England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically compared health indicators in the United States and England from childhood through old age (ages 0–80 years). Data were from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 39,849) and the 2003–2006 Health Survey for England (n = 69,084). Individuals in the United States have higher rates of most chronic diseases and markers of disease than their same-age counterparts in England. Differences at young ages are as large as those at older ages for most conditions, including obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, high C-reactive protein, hypertension (for females), diabetes, asthma, heart attack or angina (for females), and stroke (for females). For males, heart attack or angina is higher in the United States only at younger ages, and hypertension is higher in England than in the United States at young ages. The patterns were similar when the sample was restricted to whites, the insured, nonobese, nonsmoking nondrinkers, and specific income categories and when stratified by normal weight, overweight, and obese weight categories. The findings from this study indicate that US health disadvantages compared with England arise at early ages and that differences in the body weight distributions of the 2 countries do not play a clear role. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A comparison is presented of the responses of 741 English children with those of 968 American children, all in their sixth school year, to a questionnaire in which they reported in some detail on the child-rearing practices employed by their fathers and mothers. Although there were many similarities in the reported patterns of parent behavior in the two cultures, there were also many significant differences in English and American child-rearing styles. A speculative analysis, with some research documentation, is presented concerning the consequences of these differences for child behavior in England and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of education on current migration propensities in the United States are examined for each age group, and an estimate is made of how these age-specific differentials cumulate over a lifetime in determining the number of times that individuals at different educational levels can expect to move over the course of their lives. The independent effects of age, education, and occupation are also examined. Two other sections investigate trends in educational selectivity of migration in the United States and international comparisons of occupational differences in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]