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There is also a growing body of literature on the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth, but many of these studies need to include the import variable. This study examines the state of trade in goods between Bulgaria and the world for 2018-2022 and investigates the cointegration between both export/import and economic growth of Bulgaria through employing yearly data for 1990-2022. The Engle-Granger's cointegrating test was used to study the long-term relationship between variables. The results show a positive and significant long-term relationship between Bulgarian exports and imports and gross domestic product at a 99% confidence level. This leads us to two conclusions: first, Bulgarian exports are more variable over time than Bulgarian imports, and second, the development of Bulgarian foreign trade will positively affect its economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper utilizes a comprehensive approach to threshold cointegration to analyse the Israeli per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth dynamics. The timeseries data for the years 1980--2019 are taken. The study uses a two-regime threshold error correction model (TECM) to test short- and long-term growth factors. The results reveal that Research and Development (R&D) expenses measured as a percentage of GDP are the primary driving force in the long and short term. The threshold value of 3.25% of GDP exhibits a substantial difference between the two regimes corresponding to the development phases of the Israeli economy. The results are validated using various tests for threshold models. The general conclusion is that the applied hierarchical procedure for TECM model construction is robust and universal for modelling economic growth. The results allow the formulation of policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide insights into the decoupling of GDP growth and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Morocco, a developing country with the ambitious goals of reducing GHG and strongly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. The Engle-Granger cointegration method was used in addition to the Tapio elastic analysis based on annual time series data from 1990 to 2018. The cointegration test indicates a significant long-term relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and Gross Domestic Product with a coefficient equal to 0.85. On the other hand, Tapio's decoupling index method presents mixed results both by pollutant and by time period. Nevertheless, total greenhouse gas emissions, with a decoupling index valued at 0.7, exhibit a weak impact decoupling throughout the entire sample period wherein emissions continue to grow at a lower rate than the Gross Domestic Product. The findings are coherent with the view that more aggressive carbon pricing initiatives (CPI) policies will likely be necessary to achieve the ambitious goals set by the Moroccan government to achieve absolute decoupling. [Display omitted] • Engle-Granger cointegration and Tapio's elastic analysis to study decoupling. • One of the first decoupling studies done for North Africa particularly Morocco. • Long-term relationship found between Gross Domestic Product and greenhouse gases. • Weak decoupling state was the most frequent in Morocco between 1990 and 2018. • Need for more aggressive policies such as carbon pricing initiatives (CPI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current studies on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKC), which stipulates the association between economic growth and environmental pollution as an inverted U-shaped curve, appears to have had varied findings. Thus, the principal objective of the current research exploration was the examination of a conceivable association between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and economic growth in Sierra Leone, for the period, 2002-2015, and the endorsement of the EKC hypothesis relating to the Sierra Leone economy. This was significant because nearly all prior researches on CO2 and economic growth relationship in developing nations were on the EKC hypothesis, rather than the nexus between CO2 emissions and economic growth. The apposite research methodology was quantitative with time series data comprising 56 observations and 6 variables. Utilizing the autoregressive maximum likelihood [AR(2)] model, the results revealed the gross domestic product per capita, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy individually had significant effects on carbon dioxide pollution emissions. However, the AR(2) model showed no support for the EKC hypothesis in Sierra Leone. Moreover, applying the Phillips-Ouliaris cointegration model, the outputs specified a statistically significant long-run relationship between CO2 and, at least, one element of economic growth (Rho = -20.529, Tau = -3.907, p < .05). In addition, the error correction model (errorECM1) employed to examine the short-run departure from the long-run had the anticipated symbol, and was statistically significant (ßerrorECM1 = -.159, SE = .052, t = -3.07, p = .004), indicating a rapid correction progression to long-run equilibrium of about 15.9% annually. Nevertheless, both the long-and-short-run models showed no support for the EKC hypothesis in Sierra Leone, for the examination period. Obviously, the strong and positive effect of foreign direct invest on CO2 in the longrun and short-run models had a policy corollary because the effect seemed to insinuate a surge in foreign direct investment inflows concurrently enhanced CO2 pollution emissions in the country. The findings had significant applied and policy implications because of the suggestive necessity for foreign direct investment and energy policies to aim at less greenhouse effect production methods, to guarantee both environmental imperishability and the realization of sustainable economic growth objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy plays an important role in economic development. This paper deals with the long-run relationship between energy consumption and real GDP for V4 countries from 2005 to 2019. The analysis was based on the unit root tests, co-integration tests, and causality tests. There are two questions. The first question is if energy consumption the stimulus to GDP, resp. energy consumption causes GDP. And the second question is if GDP the stimulus for energy consumption, resp. GDP causes consumption of energy. Energy consumption has an essential role in the economy on both the demand and the supply. It means that there should be a causal relationship from energy consumption to GDP as well as vice versa. Given that in the long run the energy consumption Granger causes the GDP in Slovakia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, it means that energy consumption could cause economic growth in these countries. The only country where no significant relationship between energy consumption and the GDP has been demonstrated in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investments are seen as a prerequisite for gaining and maintaining competitiveness. The research objective of this study is to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in "new" European Union member countries using various unit root, cointegration, as well as causality tests. The paper employs annual data for FDI and gross domestic product (GDP) from 2002 to 2018 for the 13 most recent members of European Union (EU13): Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. An estimated panel ARDL (PMG) model found evidence that there is a long-run equilibrium between the LogGDP, LogFDI and LogFDIP series, with the rate of adjustment back to equilibrium between 3.27% and 20.67%. In the case of the LogFDI series, long-run coefficients are highly statistically significant in all four models, varying between 0.0828 and 0.3019. These coefficients indicate that a 1% increase in LogFDI increases LogGDP between 0.0828% and 0.3019%. Results of a Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test indicated that a relationship between the GDP growth rate and FDI growth rate is only indirect. Finally, only weak evidence was shown that FDI had a statistically significant impact on GDP in the EU13 countries over the period 2002-2018. This report of findings contributes to the literature concerning FDI and economic growth, namely regarding the current understanding of the relationship between these two factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the potential impact of promoting non-fossil fuel energy on India's economic growth in a regime based non-linear asymmetric framework. The empirical outcomes affirm regime-shift and asymmetric cointegrating links of the non-fossil fuel energy usage represented by combustible renewables & waste (CREW) and alternative & nuclear energy (ANEN) with the gross domestic product (GDP). The study establishes the existence of threshold cointegration between CREW and GDP. The causal links between CREW and GDP are regime variant and asymmetric, whereas the dynamics between ANEN and GDP are proven to be asymmetric and regime invariant. CREW and GDP supports a feedback hypothesis in a normal regime and a conservation hypothesis in a rare regime. The asymmetric causality between CREW and GDP validates an inverse feedback hypothesis and a negative growth hypothesis. A negative growth hypothesis is also ascertained between ANEN and GDP. The empirical findings convey meaningful insights for government and policymakers. • Examines the link between non-fossil fuel energy and economic activity in India. • Regime shifts, threshold and asymmetric cointegration found. • Feedback hypothesis in a normal regime is demonstrated in long run. • Positive change in combustible renewables & waste causes economic growth adversely. • Negative changes in alternative & nuclear energy drives positive economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]