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A dual‐band liquid cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna with pattern diversity at two different frequency bands is proposed using the lower order and higher order modes of the HEM and TM modes namely HEM11δ, HEM12δ+1, HEM31δ+1, HEM13δ, TM01δ, and TM02δ. The proposed antenna is designed to cover the GPS L2 band and the lower Wi‐Fi band at 1.227 and 2.4 GHz frequencies, respectively. The HEM modes which constitute the primary radiating modes achieved around 20.84% and 19.35% impedance bandwidth at lower and higher bands, respectively. In the later stage, beam‐steering is performed, whereby the realised broadside HEM modes at both lower and higher bands were passively steered with simple physical re‐orientation of the antenna structure. For this, the liquid's natural fluidic property of adhering to gravity is taken as an advantage which makes the proposed antenna adaptively steer its radiation pattern always towards the sky, irrespective of the tilt angle of the antenna. This concept of passively steering two modes at two different frequency bands without the use of any mechanical, electrical, or other associated components is presented for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a dual-band closed-slot multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for terminal wireless applications. By simply inserting additional slots between the closely spaced parallel-arranged radiation slots, the signal impedances of common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) can achieve similar status, and the strong mutual coupling effect is then eliminated. The proposed slot antenna pair shows good isolation of better than 20 dB across the desired Wi-Fi bands. In addition to the one-wavelength slot antenna, flexible extension to a more compact half-wavelength slot pair is given for future industrial design (ID), which provides further validation of the method. We fabricate the $4\times4$ MIMO antenna system constituted by two sets of one-wavelength closed-slot pairs. The experimental results show that the proposed MIMO antenna can offer isolation of better than 18 dB, an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of lower than 0.1 between all ports, and a wide −3 dB efficiency bandwidths across the desired bands. The results confirm that the proposed antenna is a viable candidate for Wi-Fi communications inside routers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the demands of the new frequency bands and the $4\times 4$ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) specification brought by fifth generation (5G), a triple-band microstrip patch antenna and its four-antenna module are proposed. Based on the half-mode microstrip patch, the first three modes of TM1/2,0, TM1/2,1, and TM3/2,0 that can be independently tuned are engineered to cover the three Chinese 5G bands (N41/N78/N79). The proposed triple-band microstrip patch antenna with the volume of $33.5\times 32.5\times 4$ mm3 shows the −6 dB frequency bands of 2.47–2.75 GHz, 3.39–3.60 GHz, and 4.69–5.10 GHz, which makes a nice compromise between antenna volume and impedance bandwidths. Four such patches are arranged in a sequentially rotated style to constitute the triple-band four-antenna module, which is with the volume of $71\times 71\times 4$ mm3. Measured results of the module show high performance. The reflection coefficients of the four elements are almost identical: the bandwidths are 2.50–2.75 GHz, 3.41–3.62 GHz, and 4.68–5.01 GHz; all the isolations are better than −13.3 dB; the average total efficiencies of the four elements are between −1.41 and −1.11 dB, −2.45 and −2.10 dB, and −1.81 and −1.53 dB for N41, N78, and N79, respectively; and all the envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) are lower than 0.07. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The huge proliferation of the antenna number brought by 5G greatly increases the pressure of the bezels of the 5G terminals. To release the pressure, planar four-antenna module with miniaturization and wideband performance that can be implemented on the back cover is proposed in this article. Four identical dual-mode PIFAs are arranged in a sequentially rotated style and the whole antenna appears in a circular shape. Each antenna element is a slotted quasi-quarter circle with one inner edge shorted and the other two edges left open, and it is coupled fed by an L-shaped microstrip line. A cross line that connects all the four elements together is used to improve the isolation of the neighboring elements. The four-antenna module covering N77 is with the diameter of 30.6 mm and height of 2 mm. The measured results show that for all the four antenna elements, the −6 dB impedance bandwidths cover 3.3–4.2 GHz, all the isolations are better than 9.7 dB, the average total efficiencies are between 36% and 40%, and envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) are lower than 0.5. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the smallest four-antenna module covering 3.3–4.2 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism for the radiation efficiency local minimum in antennas, especially for open-slot antennas and T-shaped antennas, has been investigated. It is found that the local minimum in those antennas always corresponds to an ideal differential mode. Furthermore, the frequency position of the ideal differential mode is decided by the parasitic parts of the antennas. Simple methods for estimating the local minimum position are proposed based on the mechanism we have found. In addition, the duality relation between those two types of antennas is also discussed. Our findings provide a guideline for designing mobile phone antennas with improved efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a general decoupling method based on a new perspective of common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) cancellation is proposed. For two closely spaced antennas, the mutual coupling effect can be analyzed and solved by exciting them simultaneously with in-phase (CM) and out-of-phase (DM) signals. It is theoretically proved that, if CM and DM impedances are the same, the mutual coupling effect between two separated antennas can be totally eliminated. Therefore, we can solve the coupling problem by CM and DM impedance analysis and exploit the unique field properties of characteristic modes to assist in antenna decoupling in a physical intuitive way. To validate the feasibility of this method, two practical design examples, including the decoupling between closely spaced dipole antennas and planar inverted-F antennas, are proposed. Both design examples have demonstrated that the proposed method can provide a systemic design guideline for antenna decoupling and achieve better decoupling performance compared to the conventional decoupling techniques. We forecast the proposed decoupling scheme, with a simplified decoupling procedure, has great potential for the applications of antenna arrays and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, zero-ground-clearance dual antenna pair with high isolation and balanced high performance is proposed. A T-shaped monopole intersects with a T-shaped slot that is etched on a large ground edge, constituting the CPW-fed dual antenna pair. By exploiting the odd and even modes of the CPW structure, two orthogonal characteristic modes including the in-phase current and monopole modes can be excited, generating high port isolation. Both modes are unbalanced mode, which means that the ground currents can be fully excited, so the two antennas are with balanced high performance. A sub-6 GHz antenna pair that occupies a footprint of $15\times 7$ mm2 ($0.18\,\,\lambda \,\times 0.08\,\,\lambda$) is analyzed and the simulated results show an isolation of better than −24 dB and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of lower than 0.0016, −6 dB bandwidths of 230 and 240 MHz, and average efficiencies of 57.9% and 57.4%. A four-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array is fabricated and measured to verify the feasibility. The measured isolations and ECCs of the two modes are, respectively, better than −20.0 dB and 0.04, −6 dB bandwidths are 230 MHz/240 MHz and 220 MHz/230 MHz, and average efficiencies are 54.5%/50.2% and 49.9%/48.6%. The proposed dual antenna pair exhibits a great potential for 5G MIMO smartphone application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel self-decoupled multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna pair with a shared radiator is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) smartphones. In our approach, a radiator is directly excited by two feeding ports, and interestingly, the two ports are naturally isolated across a wide bandwidth without using any extra decoupling structures. To offer a deep physical insight of the self-decoupling mechanism, a mode-cancellation method based on the synthesis of common and differential modes is developed for the first time. The proposed self-decoupled antenna pair shows a good isolation of better than 11.5 dB across the 5G N77 band (3.3–4.2 GHz) with a radiation pattern diversity property. Based on the self-decoupled antenna pair, an $8 \times 8$ MIMO antenna system, constituted by four sets of antenna pairs, is simulated, fabricated, and measured to validate the concept. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed $8 \times 8$ MIMO system can offer an isolation of better than 10.5 dB between all ports and a high total efficiency of 63.1%–85.1% across 3.3–4.2 GHz. With the advantages of self-decoupling, shared radiator, simple structure, wide bandwidth, and high efficiency, the proposed design scheme exhibits promising potential for the future highly integrated MIMO antennas for 5G smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel concept of antenna design, termed differential mode/common mode (DM/CM) design, is proposed to achieve a highly integrated multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna unit in mobile terminals. The inspiration comes from a dipole fed by a differential line which can be considered a DM feed. What will happen if the DM feed is transformed into a CM feed? Some interesting features are provided in this article. By symmetrically placing one DM antenna and one CM antenna together, a DM/CM antenna can be achieved. Benefitting from the coupling cancellation of antiphase currents and the different distributions of the radiation currents, a DM/CM antenna can obtain high isolation and complementary patterns, even if the radiators of the DM and CM antennas are overlapped. Therefore, good MIMO performance can be realized in a very compact volume. To validate the concept, a miniaturized DM/CM antenna unit is designed for mobile phones. The 24.2 dB isolation and complementary patterns are achieved in the dimension of $0.330 \lambda _{0} \times 0.058\lambda _{0} \times 0.019 \lambda _{0}$ at 3.5 GHz. One $8 \times 8$ MIMO antenna array is constructed by using four DM/CM antenna units and shows good overall performance. The proposed concept of DM/CM design may also be promising for other applications that need high isolation between closely packed antenna elements and wide-angle pattern coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a polarization-orthogonal co-frequency dual antenna pair suitable for fifth-generation (5G) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) smartphone with metallic bezels. The proposed spatial-reuse dual antenna pair consists of a split on the metallic bezel and a slot on the mainboard ground, where the slot is centered on the split. Two orthogonal degenerate characteristic modes operating at half wavelength including in-phase current and slot modes can be excited on the same antenna structure. An end-shorted microstrip line that crosses the split is used to excite the in-phase current mode, producing $y$ -polarized radiation, while a symmetrical slot-centered Y-shaped feeding network with its shorted ends crossing the slot is adopted to excite the slot mode, producing $x$ -polarized radiation. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a co-frequency dual antenna pair suitable for smartphone with metallic bezels is proposed. A sub-6 GHz dual antenna pair operating at 3.5 GHz that occupies a footprint of $25 \times 7 \times 1.5$ mm3 shows a simulated isolation better than −24.1 dB without any external decoupling measures and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) lower than 0.008. A four-antenna MIMO array is fabricated and measured to verify the feasibility. Across the operation band, the measured isolation of the antenna pair is better than −20.1 dB and other isolation levels are all better than −12.7 dB, the ECCs of any two antennas are lower than 0.13, and the total efficiency range of the four antennas is 35.2%~64.7%. The proposed dual antenna pair exhibits a great potential to be applied in future 5G MIMO smartphone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fold monopole/dipole/loop antenna offers unique advantages over a conventional Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and monopole antenna for a mobile cellular device. Perhaps the most significant benefit is the fact that up to three resonant modes could be generated in a single continuous loop structure. In this paper, a novel hexa-band internal folded monopole/dipole/loop antenna has been proposed. The proposed antenna has four resonances in which three of them are 0.5\lambda, 1\lambda and 1.5\lambda modes. The distinctive feature of the antenna is an extra 2\lambda folded dipole mode, which has not been reported so far, is excited and utilized. All these four modes can be employed to cover the Low LTE700/GSM850/900 Band (LB: 698–960 MHz) and the High GSM1850/1900/UMTS2100 Band (HB: 1710–2170 MHz). The proposed loop antenna has been simulated, prototyped and tested. It is shown that the numerically simulated results are in close agreement with the experimental prototype results and proved that the antenna operates as proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]