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In this paper, the authors research and analyze the impact of factors that decisively influence making investment decisions in enterprises operating in the agriculture and processing industry sectors. The fact is that significant foreign direct investments have been coming to Serbia for many years, but the development gap with comparable countries in Central and Eastern Europe is not decreasing. Analysis show that economic development cannot be left only to the market and foreign investments, but an appropriate economic policy is needed to encourage public and private investments, based on domestic savings. Authors believe that companies from agriculture and processing industry should be carriers of economic growth and development, employment, exports and the creation of new value, but they need a stable and predictable business environment, as well as the support of official economic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critical reflection on the operational logic, ideological inconsistencies, and material fallout of the tea plantation economy of northeastern India, a large-scale commercial enterprise that induced transformative changes to the region's biosocial landscape for a century and more. Unlike existing works on the subject, however, this study focuses on agro-economic ideology - namely the relationship between the crop and its built environment - to highlight the impact of tea on labor, disease ecology, and modernist parables of "progress" in British East India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity is crucial for the production of a range of marketed and non-marketed ecosystem goods and services. This paper reviews the empirical evidence for the role of terrestrial biodiversity and biodiversity conservation in economic development and poverty, at both the macro (e.g. country) and micro (e.g. farm) scales. It first examines general relationships between biodiversity and economic development before showing how biodiversity influences ecosystem services. Second, future scenarios and challenges for biodiversity and development are examined, given projections for further changes in global population, economic growth, and consumption. Third, the relationship between biodiversity protection and incomes is investigated. Two specific policies, protected areas and bioprospecting, are reviewed with respect to their impacts on the welfare of the resource-dependent poor. In conclusion, improvements in policy design and implementation could help minimize the possibility of earth’s sixth mass extinction event, at least within a few generations, while ensuring that the poor are not made worse off as a result of policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Historians have long debated the relationship between Ireland's long-term economic performance and the distinctive features of its culture and political system. The catastrophic downturn that has taken place since 2008, coming at the end of a period of unprecedented growth, has given these questions a new and pressing relevance. By historicising fluctuations and economic crisis in the more distant past, economic historians can provide important insights for contemporary debates. The four items in this symposium are revised versions of papers delivered to the Annual Conference of the Irish Economic and Social History Society, which was held at University College, Cork, on 17-18 September 2010. Mary Daly's paper covers the belated Irish reaction to the Great Depression in the 1930s, while Brian Girvan argues that the failure of the Irish establishment to engage positively with the new international economic institutions established after the Second World War exacerbated Irish economic difficulties in the 1950s. Frank Barry has focused closely on the Exports Profit Tax Relief Scheme of 1956, as a major turning point which led to greater foreign direct investment thereafter. The final paper by Eoin O'Leary suggests that the small scale of the Irish economy was an important factor in accounting for recent spectacular growth trends, arguing that centralized economic policies are unsuitable for an economy the size of the Republic of Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS paper started out as a paper on the role of agriculture in the economic development of the Argentine. In effect, this is still what it is. But it is more, for to discuss the role of agriculture one needs to understand the nature of the development process of the economy as a whole. In seeking this broader understanding we have, to our minds, resolved the apparent paradox of inflation coupled with stagnation and heavy unemployment that has characterised the recent history of the Argentine economy. In doing so, we believe that we reveal previous diagnoses and policy prescriptions to have been grounded in fallacy. We have tried to build a model in which the strategic assumptions covering the choice of relevant variables and their magnitudes reflect the realities of the Argentinian situation. This we set out in Section II. In Sections III and IV we set the model to work introducing some additional assumptions, in particular as to government policies and money wage changes. Section V contains a commentary on the devaluations of 1958 and 1962 analysed in the light of the model. Our analysis has policy implications, which we discuss in Section VI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two centuries, the reallocation of labor out of agriculture has been a dominant feature of structural change and economic growth in the United States. This paper uses an accounting framework founded in economic theory to decompose this reallocation into three components: a demand-side effect due to the low income elasticity of demand for agricultural goods (Engel effect), and two supply-side effects, one due to differential sectoral productivity growth rates (Baumol effect), and the other to differential capital deepening. The results show that the Engel effect accounts for almost all labor reallocation until the 1950s, after which the Baumol effect becomes a key determinant. Our framework provides a unified account of long-run structural change, and demonstrates that historical interpretations and theoretical models that emphasize only one dimension of this process cannot properly account for the dramatic history of labor reallocation in the United States. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reflects on the economic policy toward agriculture by Theodore W. Schultz in response to the responsiveness of the farmers to economic signals. Schultz contended that the output growth in traditional agriculture so with the new sources of permanent income flows could be realized through the application of science and technology. On the other hand, he strongly opposed the argument that the farmers in developing countries were guided by tradition or culture. He also abolished the contention that the farmers did not respond to economic incentives. These arguments can be seen in his book Transforming Traditional Agriculture. However, the critics questions the efficiency of his approach to understand the problems of developing countries.

Development take-offs have been rare in the argricultural sectors of the newly emerging countries. In fact, in Asia, Africa and Latin America, development planning has not succeeded in producing dramatic change and upsurge, despite the considerable investment which has been committed to this primary sector. A renewed effort to generate greater increases in productivity is now underway in India, Pakistan and other developing economies. The investment in irrigation, with its demand for new techniques of farming, new crops, and new markets, has occasionally been the exception in the general farm picture. This paper discusses an approach and a focus in the planning process which is paying off in the small but significant Middle Eastern country of Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose - To analyze the impact of agricultural sector on the economy of North Cyprus, which suffers from political problems and drought over the years. Design/methodology/approach - Annual data covering 1975–2002 period has been used to find the direction of causality in Granger sense between agricultural growth and economic growth after employing unit root tests to see if the variables under consideration are stationary. Findings - Results of the present study first suggest that agricultural output growth and economic growth as measured by real gross domestic product growth are stationary at their levels, thus, they are naturally co-integrated. They are in long run equilibrium relationship. And secondly, there is feedback relationship between these variables that indicates bidirectional causation among them in the long run period. Research limitations/implications - A more expanded data can be used for further comparison. Furthermore, a future study can be done for other islands to make comparison across themselves. Practical implications - This study has shown that although North Cyprus suffers from political problems and drought in the agriculture sector, this sector still has an impact on the economy. Thus, effective policies related with this sector should be developed by authorities. Building pipelines from Turkey, which are at the agenda of North Cyprus and Turkish governments over the years should immediately put into action. This will have enormous impact on both sides of the island on the way to a solution in Cyprus problem. Originality/value - This study is the first of its kind which analyzes the relationship between agricultural output and economic growth in a small island which has a closed economy and is politically non-recognized state. Furthermore, it is a rare study made for small islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most profound changes in the United States in the past century is the national abandonment of farming as a livelihood strategy. This change is evident both in the exodus of Americans from farming and in the conditions faced by the farmers remaining, most of whom are marginal producers in an increasingly concentrated industry. In this article, we provide a retrospective account of the empirical and sociological fate of family farmers. While sociologists have had longstanding interest in agrarian change, research on contemporary farmers is largely confined to specialty publications, with a loss to the discipline at large. We examine three distinct research traditions that continue to document farm transformation: research on macro-level transformation, community impacts, and household response. While these traditions evolved separately, we describe how they overlap and inform each other. Most notably, research on household and community responses delineates meso- and micro-level institutional factors that extend macro-level theory. Research on the contemporary farm population offers an alternative context in which to intenogate conventional accounts of economic development; such research yields insights about aspects of social life being rediscovered as part of the new economy and continues to pull sociologists into politically charged public policy debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores why Great Britain became an industrialized and urbanized economy long before France. On the eve of the Great War, agriculture, according to official censuses of population, continued to provide employment for up to 41 per cent of the workforce in France and generated around 35 per cent of the country's national income. In Britain only 8 per cent of the workforce could be officially classified as employed on the land, and agriculture accounted for a mere 5 per cent of gross domestic product. Around 1911, 35 per cent of the population of France resided in towns containing populations of 3,000 and above, while the comparable proportion for Britain was 78 per cent. Structural change in France was in large measure predetermined by a combination of geographical endowments and a system of property rights inherited from its feudal past. Both constraints, operating within the context of pre-chemical and pre-mechanical agricultural systems, so limited the scale and scope of French endeavours to follow the path taken by Britain between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, became almost irrelevant to conditions in France.

Northern Ghana is Ghana's problem region. It is a large area accounting for about half the total land surface of Ghana, yet it is the least developed part of the country. It would be futile to seek to explain the lack of economic development in the region mainly with reference to the problems of the savanna environment, which indeed are no more serious than in many other parts of West Africa where there has been greater economic development. The reason must be sought primarily in the strategy adopted for economic development, which at first failed to identify the fundamental problems of low productivity in food farming and high transport costs. Later, the solution of the transport problem was made conditional upon the success of the measures adopted for increasing agricultural productivity; yet these measures proved to be partially unrealistic since they ignored long-established local values and preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]