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Exploration of the Red Planet is essential on the way through both human colonization and establishing a habitat on the planet. Due to the high costs of space missions, the use of distributed sensor networks has been investigated to make in situ explorations affordable. Along with this, the devices with ultralow-power receivers, which are called zero-energy (ZE) devices, can pave the way to further discoveries for the environment of Mars. This article focuses on wireless power transmission to provide the power required by ZE devices on the Martian surface. The main motivation of this study is to investigate whether conventional harvesters and communication units can supply the required power for a long distance. The numerical results show that it is possible to deliver power to ZE devices without utilizing any sophisticated hardware. In addition, the effects of pointing error and dust storms on harvesting performance are investigated. Comprehensive simulation results reveal that harvester selection and design should be done by considering propagation channel and transmitter characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, satellite communication (SatCom) systems have been widely used for navigation, broadcasting application, disaster recovery, weather sensing, and even spying on the Earth. As the number of satellites is highly increasing and with the radical revolution in wireless technology, eavesdropping on SatCom will be possible in next-generation networks. In this context, we introduce the satellite eavesdropping approach, where an eavesdropping spacecraft can intercept optical communications established between a low Earth orbit satellite and a high altitude platform station (HAPS). Specifically, we propose two practical eavesdropping scenarios for satellite-to-HAPS (downlink) and HAPS-to-satellite (uplink) optical communications, where the attacker spacecraft can eavesdrop on the transmitted signal or the received signal. To quantify the secrecy performance of the scenarios, the average secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability expressions are derived and validated with Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, the secrecy throughput of the proposed models is investigated. We observe that turbulence-induced fading significantly impacts the secrecy performance of free-space optical communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonterrestrial networks have been attracting much interest from the industry and academia. Satellites and high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems are expected to be the key enablers of next-generation wireless networks. In this article, we introduce a novel downlink satellite communication (SatCom) model, where free-space optical (FSO) communication is adopted between a satellite and a HAPS node. A hybrid FSO/radio-frequency transmission model is used between the HAPS node and the ground station (GS). In the first phase of transmission, the satellite selects the HAPS node that provides the highest signal-to-noise ratio. In the second phase, the selected HAPS decodes and forwards the signal to the GS. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, outage probability expressions are derived for exponentiated Weibull and shadowed-Rician fading models while considering the atmospheric turbulence, stratospheric attenuation, and attenuation due to scattering, path loss, and pointing errors. Additionally, asymptotic analysis is carried out, and diversity gain is provided. Furthermore, the impacts of the aperture averaging technique, temperature, and wind speed are investigated. We also provide some important guidelines that can be helpful for the design of practical HAPS-aided SatCom. Finally, the results show that the use of HAPS improves the system performance and that the proposed model performs better than all other existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the outage performance of wireless networks with unstructured topologies is investigated. The network reliability perspective of graph theory is used to obtain the network outage polynomial of generalized wireless networks for both uncorrelated and correlated wireless channels. A relationship is established between the max-flow min-cut theorem and key communication performance indicators. The diversity order is equal to the size of the minimum cut-set between source and destination, and the coding gain is the number of cut-sets with size equal to the minimum cut. An ergodic capacity analysis of arbitrary network topologies based on the network outage polynomial is also presented. Numerical results are used to illustrate the technical definitions and verify the derivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum sensing is one of the means of utilizing the scarce source of wireless spectrum efficiently. In this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model employing spectral correlation function (SCF) which is an effective characterization of cyclostationarity property, is proposed for wireless spectrum sensing and signal identification. The proposed method classifies wireless signals without a priori information and it is implemented in two different settings entitled CASE1 and CASE2. In CASE1, signals are jointly sensed and classified. In CASE2, sensing and classification are conducted in a sequential manner. In contrary to the classical spectrum sensing techniques, the proposed CNN method does not require a statistical decision process and does not need to know the distinct features of signals beforehand. Implementation of the method on the measured over-the-air real-world signals in cellular bands indicates important performance gains when compared to the signal classifying deep learning networks available in the literature and against classical sensing methods. Even though the implementation herein is over cellular signals, the proposed approach can be extended to the detection and classification of any signal that exhibits cyclostationary features. Finally, the measurement-based dataset which is utilized to validate the method is shared for the purposes of reproduction of the results and further research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of localization systems in our daily lives is increasing. As next-generation networks will introduce hyper-connectivity with emerging applications, this impact will undoubtedly further increase, proliferating the importance of location information's reliability. As society becomes more dependent on this information in terms of products and services, security solutions will have to be enriched to provide countermeasures sufficiently advanced to ever-evolving threats, forcing the joint design of communication and localization systems. This article envisions integrated communication and localization systems by focusing on localization security. Also, conventional and next-generation attacks on localization are discussed along with an efficient attack detection method and a testbed-based demonstration, highlighting the need for effective countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent developments on opening the terahertz (THz) spectrum for experimental purposes by the Federal Communications Commission, transceivers operating in the range of 0.1THz-10THz, which are known as THz bands, will enable ultra-high throughput wireless communications. However, actual implementation of the high-speed and high reliability THz band communication systems should start with providing extensive knowledge in regards to the propagation channel characteristics. Considering the huge bandwidth and the rapid changes in the characteristics of THz wireless channels, ray tracing and one-shot statistical modeling are not adequate to define an accurate channel model. In this work, we propose Gamma mixture based channel modeling for the THz band via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. First, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is applied to characterize the Gamma mixture model parameters, and then EM algorithm is used to compute MLEs of the unknown parameters of the measurement data. The accuracy of the proposed model is investigated by using the Weighted relative mean difference (WMRD) error metrics, Kullback-Leibler (KL)-divergence, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test to show the difference between the proposed model and the actual probability density functions (PDFs) that are obtained via the designed test environment. To efficiently evaluate the performance of the proposed method in more realistic scenarios, all the analysis is done by examining measurement data from a measurement campaign in the 240 GHz to 300 GHz frequency range, using a well-isolated anechoic chamber. According to WMRD error metrics, KL-divergence, and KS test results, PDFs generated by the mixture of Gamma distributions fit to the actual histogram of the measurement data. It is shown that instead of taking pseudo-average characteristics of sub-bands in the wide band, using the mixture models allows for determining channel parameters more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of real-time software-controlled reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) units is proposed to increase the reliability of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. The optimum placement problem of the RIS units is formulated by considering their sizes and operating modes. The solution of the problem is given, where it is shown that the optimal placement of the RIS depends on the locations of the transmitter and the receiver. The proposed RIS-supported highway deployment can combat the high path loss experienced by the use of higher frequency bands, including the millimeter-wave and the terahertz bands, that are expected to be used in the next-generation wireless networks. By using the proposed RIS-powered architecture the existing base station deployment plans can remain operational while providing reliable and energy-efficient connectivity for autonomous vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, there has been an explosive growth of smart devices applications with high computational demands and critical latency. The Internet of Things (IoT) multi-access edge computing (MEC) framework offers a lower latency and a higher speed to the users, by offloading the cloud computing capabilities at the nearest edge of the mobile network. In this operating scenario, the proper allocation of limited resources is one of the biggest challenges, and security is becoming vital as the number of devices in an IoT network tends to billions. According to recent studies, even authorized edge devices may be a significant threat for IoT networks (i.e., selfish behavior), as a result of mixed service structures with a wide range of different requirements. Thus, this work proposes a novel two-fold method to allocate resources and then identify attackers (selfish IoT malicious devices) by means of a reputation-based stable matching policy. The devices are categorized in three different states, namely honest, suspicious, and malicious states, according to their reputation indices. Our algorithm allows to move the devices between the three states, in order to exclude malicious devices and to rehabilitate users identified as unintentional attackers (due to bad propagation conditions). Theoretical and simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of such approach for identifying malicious IoT devices in MEC networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High altitude platform station (HAPS) systems have recently attracted renewed attention. While terrestrial and satellite technologies are well established for providing connectivity services, they face certain shortcomings and challenges, which could be addressed by complementing them with HAPS systems. In this article, we envision a HAPS as a super macro base station, to which we refer as HAPS-SMBS, to provide connectivity in a plethora of applications. Unlike a conventional HAPS, which targets broad coverage for remote areas or disaster recovery, we envision next-generation HAPS-SMBS to have the necessary capabilities to address the high capacity, low latency, and computing requirements, especially for highly populated metropolitan areas. This article focuses mainly on the potential opportunities, target use cases, and challenges that we expect to be associated with the design and implementation of the HAPS-SMBS-based future wireless access architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User-centric and low-latency communications can be enabled not only by small cells but also through ubiquitous connectivity. Recently, the vertical heterogeneous network (V-HetNet) architecture has been proposed to backhaul/fronthaul a large number of small cells. Like an orchestra, the V-HetNet is a polyphony of different communication ensembles, including geostationary Earth orbit and low Earth orbit satellites (e.g., CubeSats), and networked flying platforms along with terrestrial communication links. In this study, we propose terahertz (THz) communications to enable the elements of V-HetNets to function in harmony. As THz links offer large bandwidth, leading to ultra-high data rates, it is suitable for backhauling and fronthauling small cells. Furthermore, THz communications can support numerous applications from inter-satellite links to in-vivo nanonetworks. However, to savor this harmony, we need accurate channel models. In this article, the insights obtained through our measurement campaigns are highlighted to reveal the true potential of THz communications in V-HetNets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a promising technology that obtains energy from electromagnetic waves. As an alternative energy source, this modern technology can provide power wirelessly enabling the practical use of battery-free devices and it is also expected to be widely used in future applications. Many studies have examined the effects of different modulation techniques on power or efficiency in RF energy-harvesting systems. In this article, the effects of different modulation techniques, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), phase-shift keying (PSK), and frequency shift keying (FSK) on charging time, were measured and theoretically analyzed in detail. The measurement system was designed using a signal generator, an RF energy-harvesting circuit, and other auxiliary devices. The signal generator produced four different modulated signals as transmit power signals from 1 to 10 dBm at the interval of 1 dBm, and then, the RF energy-harvesting circuit was fed with these power signals. According to the measurement results, four different modulation techniques charged the RF energy-harvesting circuit at different times. It was observed that the 4-ASK modulation technique had the shortest charging time in the range of 1–10 dBm when comparing to QAM, PSK, and FSK modulation techniques, and thus, it was evaluated to be the most suitable modulation technique for the RF energy-harvesting system among these modulation techniques in terms of charging time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a promising technology that obtains energy from electromagnetic waves. As an alternative energy source, this modern technology can provide power wirelessly enabling the practical use of battery-free devices and it is also expected to be widely used in future applications. Many studies have examined the effects of different modulation techniques on power or efficiency in RF energy-harvesting systems. In this article, the effects of different modulation techniques, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), phase-shift keying (PSK), and frequency shift keying (FSK) on charging time, were measured and theoretically analyzed in detail. The measurement system was designed using a signal generator, an RF energy-harvesting circuit, and other auxiliary devices. The signal generator produced four different modulated signals as transmit power signals from 1 to 10 dBm at the interval of 1 dBm, and then, the RF energy-harvesting circuit was fed with these power signals. According to the measurement results, four different modulation techniques charged the RF energy-harvesting circuit at different times. It was observed that the 4-ASK modulation technique had the shortest charging time in the range of 1–10 dBm when comparing to QAM, PSK, and FSK modulation techniques, and thus, it was evaluated to be the most suitable modulation technique for the RF energy-harvesting system among these modulation techniques in terms of charging time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquity of many different networking options with diversified wireless radio access technologies creates an exciting opportunity to use heterogeneous networks (HetNets) for localization systems. Toward this motivation, in this paper, we propose two different inter-network localization frameworks based on maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for HetNets with multi-connectivity by considering the propagation characteristics of individual network tiers in a realistic manner. The first is inter-network noncooperative (INN) based on the weighted superposition of the location estimates of individual network tiers along with their reliability. The second is inter-network cooperative (INC) grounded on the joint utilization of raw received power measurements from all network tiers. We also derive Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) expressions for both frameworks as a theoretical performance benchmark. Furthermore, we obtain another performance criteria called as spatial quantization error bound to analytically determine the effect of grid search algorithm, which is used for solving the INN and INC ML cost functions, on localization performance. Extensive simulations validate our proposed localization frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of sensor technologies, various application areas have emerged. The usage of these technologies and exploitation of recent improvements have clear benefits on building applications. Such use-cases can improve smart functions of buildings and can increase the end-user comfort. As a similar notion, building automation systems (BAS) are smart systems that target to provide automated management of various control services and to improve resource usage efficiency. However, buildings generally contain hardware and control services from a diverse set of characteristics. The automated and central management of such functions can be challenging. In order to overcome such issues, an Emergency Evacuation Service is proposed for BAS, where requirements of such central management model are analyzed and model content and subservice definitions are prepared. A crucial scenario, which could be a necessity for future BAS, is defined and an approach for evacuation of people in the buildings at emergency situations is proposed. For real-life scenarios, the Evacuation Service is implemented by using a low-cost design, which is appropriate for Internet of Things (IoT) based BAS applications. As demonstrated, the proposed service model can provide effective performance in real-life deployments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity shares the need for Internet access. However, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that only 63 percent of the world's population is connected in 2021. The emerging low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation networks, planned to be composed of thousands of satellites, have the potential to connect all through their global footprint and bridge this ever-existing digital divide. Supported by more cost-effective launch systems and reconfigurable software architectures, the capabilities of new LEO satellites are significantly higher than traditional satellites. Moreover, these mega-constellations can provide services not only to sparsely populated areas but also to urban centers to enable and maintain their economic sustainability. However, the provision of access equality would still require architectural, management, and operational changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the variations in the local mean received power, the shadow fading is a relatively understudied effect in the literature. The inaccuracy of the universally accepted lognormal model is shown in many works. However, proposing other statistical distributions, such as gamma, which are not stemmed from the natural underlying physical process, cannot provide sufficient insights. Conceding the physical process of multiple reflections generating the lognormal distribution, in this paper, we propose a generalized mixture model that can address the modeling inaccuracies observed with a single lognormal distribution that may not correctly represent empirical data sets. To show that lognormal mixture model can be used under any shadow fading condition, we prove that an arbitrary probability density function can accurately be represented by a mixture of lognormal random variables (RVs). One of the main issues associated with mixture models is the determination of the mixture components. Here, we propose two solutions. Our first solution is a Dirichlet-process-mixture-based estimation technique that can provide the optimum number of components. Our second solution is an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm-based technique for a more practical implementation. The proposed model and solution approaches are applied to our empirical data set, where the accuracy of the mixture model is verified by using both confidence-based and error-vector-norm-based techniques. Concluding this paper, we provide outage and cellular coverage probability expressions, where we show that more accurate shadow fading models yield more realistic performance estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]