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The article discusses studies pertaining to U.S. Intra-City Business Areas in the 1930's. The study was designed to determine specific business conditions in various parts of the city. The study revealed four principle types of retail structure. They are the central business district, the outlying business center, the neighborhood business district, and the isolated store cluster. The central business district draws customers from all parts of the city and outlying suburbs. Intra-city business data reveals the relative importance by volume of sales and number of stores of each business area within a given city.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the regional profile of poverty in Uttar Pradesh, one of the most populated and impoverished states of India. It also identifies the factors underlying the inter-regional differences of poverty in the state.Design/methodology/approach Regional estimates have been evaluated by dividing the state into four economically classified regions (Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern), using the unit-level records of two latest available Consumption Expenditure Surveys of NSSO representing the period 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Poverty has been defined by the latest available Rangarajan Expert Groups’ poverty line and aggregated in terms of headcount ratio and share of below poverty line population. Furthermore, to investigate the correlates of poverty, a survey-based logistic regression has been estimated specifically for each region and for both rural and urban areas.Findings Estimates reveal that though overall poverty in the state has declined, inter-regional poverty trends witness rise in the level of impoverishment particularly in urban Southern Region (SR), rural Eastern Region (ER), and in both rural and urban areas of Central Region. Nevertheless, the inter-regional disparity in poverty has observed a decline; it can further be eliminated if such high poverty reduction in urban ER and rural SR is sustained along with a similar progress in their impoverished counterparts.Originality/value The study recommends that poverty alleviating policies in the state should focus more on reducing the household size, development of socially excluded sub-groups (Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes), delivery of basic facilities (education and health care), and enhancement of employment prospects for casual laborers, with special emphasis on identified impoverished regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohesion policy belongs among the most important fields of EU interests. Its objectives are achieved by many ways with respect to diversity among the European regions at the level of NUTS 2. The aim of this paper is to analyse relevant indicators, and via the evaluation of EU regional policy effectiveness to rewiev difference in the production-consumption patterns of behaviour of European regions; focussing on convergence and variabiliness of these regions. With defined goal in mind, the regions have been classified. To classify the regions, the relational indicator has been created. The relational indicator has been developed as the relationship between the index of relative performance and index of relative consumption sources. The changes of relational indicator, as well as the GDP per capita criterion, have been evaluated in two periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the international financial and economic crisis have been felt strongly and over the regional economy. The economic crisis in Romania due to wrong macroeconomic policy mix adopted in recent years is mainly a domestic crisis. The main cause is excessive consumption on credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Sheffield's attempts, during the early 1980s, at promoting economic regeneration through popular cultural production were unconsciously suggestive of later creative industries strategies. Post-work economic policies, which became significant to the Blair government a decade later, were evident in urban centres such as Manchester, Liverpool and Sheffield in nascent form. The specificity of Sheffield's socio-economic configuration gave context, not merely to its industrial narrative but also to the city's auditory culture, which was to frame well intended though subsequently flawed strategies for regeneration. Unlike other cities, most notably Manchester, the city's mono-cultural characteristics failed to provide an effective entrepreneurial infrastructure on which to build immediate economic response to economic rationalisation and regional decline. Top-down municipal policies, which embraced the city's popular music, gave centrality to cultural production in response to a deflated regional economy unable, at the time, to sustain rejuvenation through cultural consumption. Such embryonic strategies would subsequently become formalised though creative industry policies developing relationships with local economies as opposed to urban engineering through regional government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider an economic geography model of a new genre: All firms and workers are mobile and their agglomeration within a city generates costs through competition on a housing market. In the case of two sectors, contrasted patterns arise. When one good is perfectly mobile, the corresponding industry is partially dispersed whereas the other is agglomerated, thus showing regional specialization. When one sector supplies a nontradeable consumption good, this sector is more agglomerated than the other. The corresponding equilibrium involves an urban hierarchy in that a larger array of varieties of the two goods is produced within the same city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We model the effects of changes in a federal government’s inter-regional transfers within the context of a CGE model of a federal system in which regional governments act to maximise the welfare of the residents of their region subject to the effects of their decision on regional economic outcomes. Regional governments are modelled as players in a non-cooperative game. Simulations are conducted with six versions of a small two-region model, each calibrated for a particular Australian state and the rest of the nation. We show that a change in the level of transfers has little influence on per-capita private consumption, government consumption and welfare, and that its main effect is to induce migration from the donor region to the recipient region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the regional differences in consumer usage of eggs. The marketing of any commercial product is beset with problems. Such problems become particularly acute when demand for the product declines over a period of time. One such market is that for eggs. In many cases advertising and promotion have been shown to increase the sales of certain products. Advertising and promotion might, therefore, be considered as a method for halting the decline and possibly increasing the household demand for eggs. One of the major problems of effective advertising is the relevance of the advertising message to the consumer. Increasing the weight of advertising will have little or no effect on sales if the advertising message is not applicable, or memorable to the consumer. From the results of this survey it is evident that consumer usage of eggs, and consequently the relevance of the advertising message, varies regionally, It is therefore suggested that for effective egg advertising the advertisement content should be orientated to each region's unique consumer attitudes and usage of eggs. In the light of this, the two regions will now be considered separately.

Despite the rapid development of techniques of regional economic analysis during the past years, most regional models have continued to focus upon selected aspects of the regional economy rather than upon its totality. This disparate collection of partial-equilibrium models generally does not make it possible to determine the full general-equilibrium effects of a given economic change on the total regional economy. The growing need for comprehensive region models for planning and policy analysis suggests that there would be substantial value in having models that synthesize the relevant aspects existing regional economic theory into a single integrated construct. A general equilibrium analysis of direct and indirect effects requires a complete simultaneous model of the regional economy such as the Massachusetts Economic Policy Analysis model for Massachusetts. This model incorporates the relationships between basic accounting and input-output, plus the additional equations necessary to determine the interdependent effects of a factor cost change on employment, wages, income, population, labor force participation, consumption, personal taxes, local government expenditures, and other relevant variables.

Policy debates over energy pricing frequently pit ‘producing states’ against ‘consuming states.’ Such a distinction ignores the fact that ownership of energy-producing and energy-using assets is geographically dispersed, and that trade links regional economies. Incorporating these factors as well as alternative patterns of the incidence of higher gas prices into an analysis of natural gas decontrol reveals a significant influence on the net interregional transfers resulting from decontrol. Apparent ‘consuming’ regions could benefit from gas decontrol, and ‘consuming’ regions generally do not benefit from policies that tax producer windfalls from decontrol and then redistribute the revenues as compensation to gas users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to discuss virtues and limitations of certain operations and results already achieved in interregional and regional input-output analysis and to indicate some of the directions along which exploratory research is now proceeding and tentatively to evaluate its significance. Different lines of agricultural production tend to require different sets of inputs, at least to a limited extent. Hence, per dollar value of agricultural output regional input requirements will differ from one another simply because of difference in composition of agricultural output. The industry which exports most might be the very industry whose production should be discouraged because of its inefficient use of resources and because of falling advantage or mounting disadvantage from a comparative cost standpoint. Or, it may be that imports in an industrial sector in which there is little production and consumption in a given region should be greatly encouraged in order to promote new types of industries in the region which can produce at a definite cost advantage for domestic and export demand.

The authors comment on Mayfair Mei-hui Yang's article on economic hybridity, ritual expenditures and Georges Bataille's concept of "general economy." They present queries about the models presented focusing on the Yang's sources of theoretical inspiration and not her use of them. They question whether Bataille's vision of capitalism is not itself caught in capitalism's self-mythologization as a desacralized and productivist space and worry about the slippage between the linguistic and the biological notion of hybridity.

The author comments on Mayfair Mei-hui Yang's article on economic hybridity, ritual expenditures and Georges Bataille's concept of "general economy." She states that the article provides a provocative argument about local cultural autonomy, subversions of global capitalism as well as the complexities of socioeconomic and cultural transformations in China. She asserts that culture in Wenzhou is positioned within a field of inequalities and as readily manifested in conflict and fragmentation as in order and stability.

The author comments on Mayfair Mei-hui Yang's article on economic hybridity, ritual expenditures and Georges Bataille's concept of "general economy." He states that religious practice and the ritual expenditure on spectacular performances of sacrifice and destruction are not activities usually associated with rapid regional economic development. He asserts that the paper did not unfold stories of religious squandering, general sacrifice, indulgent consumption and tomb building into the dominant narrative of global capitalist penetration. What Yang aimed to confront in her search for new conceptual vocabularies is the lingering influence of economic determinism.